I-Literary Current. Izitayela zeteksthi nezitayela

Ukugeleza kwezincwadi yinto evame ukukhonjiswa esikoleni noma eqenjini lokubhala. Kusho iqembu lobuciko bomuntu siqu, libhekene nohlelo-ubunye obuhle, kanye nobuhlobo obuseduze nobuciko. Ngamanye amazwi, uhlobo oluthile (njengengxenye encane) yomkhuba wokubhala. Okusebenzayo, isibonelo, kuRussia Romanticism, ikhuluma "ngezingqondo," "ifilosofi" kanye "nezindlela zokuphila". Emaphethelweni aseRussia abhalisa, ososayensi bahlukanisa isiqondiso "senhlalo" kanye "nesokwengqondo".

Classicism

Lesi siqondiso nesitayela sobuciko ezincwadini nasebucikweni baseYurophu ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19. Igama livela egameni lesiLatini elithi "classicus" - eliphelele.

Ukunyakaza kwemibhalo yekhulu le-19 kunezici ezikhethekile:

1. Ukucela amafomu nezithombe zobuciko bezincwadi zasendulo njengendlela yokulinganisa, ngaleyo ndlela isimiso sokuthi "ukulingiswa kwemvelo" sithuthukile, okusho ukunamathela emithethweni eqinile etholakala kuma-aesthetics yasendulo.

2. Isisekelo se-aesthetics yisimiso sokuhlelwa kwemicabango (okuvela kwisiLatini "isilinganiso" sisho ingqondo), eqinisekisa imibono ngemisebenzi yobuciko njengokudala ukukhiqizwa okubonakalayo okudalwe, okuhlelwe kahle, okwakhiwe ngokuhlakanipha.

3. Ngokweklasiki, azikho izici ezizimele ezithombeni, ngoba okokuqala zibizwa ukuba zifake izihloko ezijwayelekile, zizinzile, ngezibonakaliso ezingapheliyo, ezenza njengendlela yokwenza izinto eziningi ezingokomoya nezenhlalakahle.

4. Umsebenzi wezenhlalakahle wezobuciko. Ubuntu obuvumelanayo bukhuliswe.

Sentimentalism

I-Sentimentalism (ihunyushwe kusukela eNgisi izindlela zokuzwa "ukuzwela") - okwamanje ezincwadini nasebucikweni baseYurophu ngekhulu le-18. Ukukhanyisa ukukhanya okulungiselelwe ngosizo lwenkinga, ekukhanyeni yisigaba sokugcina. Ngokuyinhloko ngokulandelana kokulandelana kokuthandana kwakhe, wakwazi ukumbonisa ezinye zezici zayo.

Izindlela zokubhala izincwadi, izinkondlo zalesi sikhathi zinezici zayo ezikhethekile:

1. Ukuzizwa ngokwemvelo kuhlale kuthembekile emibonweni yomuntu ojwayelekile.

2. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-classicism kanye nama-pathos ayo okufundisa, ingqikithi ye "ubuntu bomuntu" yabizwa ngaphandle kwesizathu kodwa ngomzwelo.

3. Isimo sokwakheka komuntu ongcono akusiyona "indawo yokuvuselela umhlaba," kodwa ukuthuthukiswa nokukhululwa "kwemizwa yemvelo."

4. Amaqhawe ezincwadi ezithandwayo azithandwa ngabanye: ngokusuka (noma ukukholelwa) yizintando yeningi, izwe elingokomoya eligcotshwe ngabantu abavamile liyingxenye yezinzuzo zomzwelo.

5. I-sentimentalism ayifuni "ngokungenangqondo": isimo sengqondo esiphikisanayo, izifiso zomzwelo ezingathandabuzwayo zibonakala sengathi ziyatholakala ekuchazeni okunengqondo.

I-Romanticism

Lona ukuthambekela kokubhala kakhulu kunazo zonke ezincwadini zaseYurophu naseMelika ngasekupheleni kwe-18th - ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19. Kulesi sikhathi, konke okungavamile, okumnandi, okungajwayelekile kwakubhekwa njengokuthandana, okwenzeka kuphela ezincwadini.

Izincwadi ezithandwayo zangekhulu le-19 eRussia zaziwa ngokuthi:

1. Ukulwa nokukhanyisa, okwakubonakala ekuhambeni kokuthandana nokuzizwa komzwelo, futhi kakade ekuthandeni kwafinyelela phezulu. Imingcele yezenhlalakahle zomphakathi ingabizwa ukudumazeka emiphumeleni yokuguqulwa kanye nezithelo zomphakathi ngokujwayelekile, imibhikisho ngokumelene nokuphila okuvamile, okuhlambalaza nokuhlaselwa kwamabhuntshi. Ukwenzeka kwezindaba akuhambisani nokuthi "ukucabanga," ukungaqondakali, ukuphelela kwezimfihlakalo nezenzakalo ezingalindelekile, futhi i-oda lomhlaba elijwayelekile liphikisana nobuntu bomuntu kanye nenkululeko yalo yemvelo.

Ukujwayela okungaqondakali okuyizinto okuyizinto eziwusizo "ukuhlupheka kwezwe", "ukuzamazama komhlaba" (njengesibonelo, amaqhawe ezincwadi kaJyron, A. Vigny, njll). Isihloko esithi "izwe elibi elilele ebubini" lalibalabala kakhulu "emidlalweni yesikhathi esizayo" noma "izinhlekelele zokuphela" (ETA Hoffmann, E. Po).

3. Ukukholwa emoyeni onamandla onke, ekubizeni kwakhe ukuvuselelwa. Ama-litkrators athola ukubunzima okungaziwa, ukujula komuntu ngamunye. Abantu kubo bawu-microcosm, indawo yonke. Ngakho-ke i-absolutization yemigomo yomuntu siqu, ifilosofi yabantu ngabanye. Isikhungo semisebenzi yothando sasilokhu sibe indoda eqinile, eyingqayizivele, umphakathi ophikisanayo, izimiso zakhe nemithetho yakhe yokuziphatha nokuziphatha.

Imvelo

Ukusuka kwisiLatini kusho imvelo - imigqa yombhalo we-Silver Age, eyagcina iqale eYurophu nase-United States.

Izici:

1. Ukuzama ukuthola imifanekiso enembile, enembile nangenabuhlungu yobuntu kanye neqiniso elibhekene nemvelo yemvelo kanye nemvelo, eqondwa ezimweni eziningi, njengezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nemvelo yansuku zonke. Isici sezenhlalo nezomlando asifakiwe. Umsebenzi oyinhloko wezazi zemvelo ukutadisha umphakathi ngokugcwele okufanayo lapho ososayensi bemvelo bafunda khona imvelo, ulwazi lwezobuciko lufaniswa nolwazi lwesayensi.

2. Yonke imisebenzi yobuciko yayibhekwa njenge "imibhalo yabantu", imigomo eyinkimbinkimbi yokucubungula yayibhekwa njengokuqedela nokuphelele kwezenzo zokuzicabangela ezenziwa kuyo.

Izazi zezincwadi ziye zayeka ukuziphatha kahle, zisho ukuthi iqiniso elifanekiselwayo liyakwazi ukuchaza ngokwanele. Babecabanga ukuthi izincwadi kanye nesayensi yangempela ayinalo ilungelo lokukhetha izinto, njengokungathi azikho izihloko ezingafaneleki noma izifundo ezingafaneleki kubalobi. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukunganaki komphakathi nokungabi nalutho kwakuvame ukuvela emisebenzini yaleso sikhathi.

Ukuziqhenya

Ukuqagela kungukuthi ukugeleza kobuciko nokubhala kokuqala kwekhulu lama-20. Umsuka wayo uthatha ku-Renaissance ("ukubuyisana kabusha kwe-Renaissance"), kanye nase-Age of Enlightenment ("ukukhanya kokukhanyisa"). Ngokokuqala ngqá ukubonakaliswa kwemvelo kwaqashelwa kumlando wesigodi wesikhathi esidlule, izindabakwane zasendulo.

Izici eziyinhloko zamanje:

1. Abaculi babonisa umhlaba wangaphandle ezithombeni ezihambisana nalokho okushiwo yizwe.

2. Ngokweqiniso, izincwadi zikhonjiswa ngendlela yokuqondiswa komuntu ngamunye nomphakathi oseduze.

3. Ulwazi losuku lwamanje luza ngosizo lwezithombe ezidalwa ngenxa yokufaniswa kwamaqiniso eqiniso ("esimweni esivamile, izinhlamvu ezijwayelekile").

4. Ubuciko obungokoqobo ubuciko bokuqinisekisa impilo, ngisho nokuxazulula ukuxabana okukhulu. Lokhu kunesizathu sefilosofi - i-Gnosticism, ukubekezela ekuqondeni kanye nokwanele kokubonakaliswa kwezwe elizungezile, okuhluke ekuthandaneni.

Isikhathi Sesiliva

Amaphethri wezincwadi ze-Silver Age anezici ezinjalo:

• Ukucabanga ukuthi kunezizwe ezimbili (real and otherworldly);
• Ukukhomba ezimpawu zokweqiniso;
• Ukubukwa okukhethekile emvelweni wezemvelo njengomphambanisi emfanekisweni wezwe nokuqonda kwawo;
• Ukuthuthukiswa kokuqoshwa komsindo ngesimo sezinkondlo ezihlukene;
• Ukuqonda umhlaba nge-mystification;
• Okucuketfwe okuningi (amacebo, ama-allegory);
• Ukufuna uhlobo lwenkolo ("inkolo yamahhala yenkolo");
• Ukubuyiselwa kwemvelo kuphelile.

Izincwadi zangekhulu le-19 eRussia

Imvelaphi yezitayela zobuciko eRussia ihlotshaniswa nesimo sezenhlalakahle sokuphila kwabantu baseRussia - ukuvuka kwamazwe wonke emva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Lokhu kwakungesiqalo nje kuphela ukuvela, kepha futhi nokukhethekile kweziqondiso zezinkondlo zikaDemembrist (uVK Kiichelbecker, uKF Ryleev, u-AI Odoevsky wenza njengesibonelo), umsebenzi wakhe owaphefumulelwe imibono yenkonzo yomphakathi, egcwele imibono yomzabalazo nenkululeko .

Isici sesici se-Romanticism eRussia

Isici esibaluleke kunazo zonke ukuthuthukiswa kokubhala okuphoqelelwe eRussia ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, okubangelwa "ukugijimela" kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezigaba ezihlukahlukene ezenzeke emazingeni kwamanye amazwe. I-romanticism yaseRussia inamathele ukuthambekela kwangaphambi kokuthandana kanye nokuthambekela kokukhanyisa kanye ne-classicism: ukungabaza mayelana nendima yokucabanga endaweni yonke, inkolelo yemvelo, ukuzwela, i-elegiac melancholism, ukuhlanganiswa ne-classic oda yezinhlobo nezitayela, ukuziphatha okulinganiselayo, kanye nokulwa nomfutho wokunciphisa ngokweqile "ngenxa yokuchithwa kwe-harmonic" .

Akhmatovo Yamanje

Umtapo wezincwadi we-Akhmatova wangaphandle uphazamisa lolu limi, ngesikhathi esifanayo luholela emcabangweni ongenamqondo, ongenamqondo ngokuphelele (ngoba ukuziphendulela ngokwakho kuhlose ukuqeda ukuxubana okuvelele ezincwadini zaleyo minyaka).

Amaqhawe amaculo ase-Akhmatova ajwayelekile, afuna ukuphila. Bacabanga kwezinye izigaba. Bangabesifazane, badumala othandweni, abacabanga ukuthi bathole imfihlo: uthando olunjalo alukho. Kodwa kungekudala ukuthi ama heroines ahlala nezibuko ezibomvu phambi kwamehlo abo, ngoba wonke umuntu uyajabula ngokungazi. Baye balinda ukuvakashelwa, besaba ukuhlukaniswa kwabathandekayo babo, bahlabelela "izingoma zokuthanda". Kodwa konke kwaphela ngomzuzwana. Ukuqonda kwabo akujabulisi nhlobo. Emavesini imigqa "kusukela kulowo mzuzwana yonke into ibonakala igula". Ngisho nemilayezo eyinkimbinkimbi encrypted iyacaca kakhulu. Wonke owesifazane oye wabhekana nokulahlekelwa uthando uzozizwa ngale ndlela.

Mayakovsky

Inqubo yeRussia yezinkondlo, kanye nenqubo yombhalo kaMayakovsky iminyaka engamashumi amabili (kuze kube yiminyaka ye-1920) iboniswe ngengcebo ekhethekile kanye nokuhlukahluka: yiyo kanye le minyaka eyabonisa ukuqala kanye nokuvela kwamaqembu ezinkambiso zanamuhla nezitayela, nomlando wokuthuthukiswa ohlotshaniswa nokuhluma kwemisebenzi yabaculi abadumile Amazwi. Kwakusekupheleni kwalezi zenzakalo ukuthi indlela yokudala yomlobi V. Mayakovsky yavela.

Yesenin

U-Yesenin wafunda izincwadi ezikhathini ezinzima. Impi yama-imperialist, lapho iRussia idonsela khona, yaphawula ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwaze kwaba nzima. Ukuhlukaniswa kwahlelwa phakathi kwezingcweti ze-Russian intelligentsia iminyaka engamakhulu amabili ne-revolution ejulile ka-1907. Inkambo yezincwadi zika-Esenin yayiwuhlobo oluthile lwezindlela ezidabukisayo, ezahlukana nomqondo wendabuko wangaleso sikhathi ezincwadini zaleso sikhathi, futhi imisebenzi yakhe yayihlanganiswe ngaphansi "kwempi kuze kube sekupheleni kokunqoba". Futhi ngokusekelwa kwempi eRussia kwakuyi-Socialist-Right Revolutionaries neMensheviks, eyayinethonya elikhulu emibuthanweni yase-Russian intelligentsia. Impi nomlobi omkhulu wasekela impi. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, imifudlana yombhalo weSiliva Age kanye nezisekelo zawo zaphela. I-intelligentsia futhi, ikakhulukazi, iRussia-Democrats yaseRussia ayikwazanga ukuqinisa isikhundla sezincwadi nobuciko, ukuletha ukusondela noma ukuyeka ukushintsha.

Isi-Russian Acmeism

Inkambo yokubhala yama-acme yahlukaniswa nesithakazelo esikhulayo emibuthweni yamasiko, yangena ngocingo lwe-eras. "Usizi ngenxa yezwe elincane lezomnotho" - ngakho-ke u-OE Mandelshtam wabe esichaza i-acmeism. Ama-mood kanye nama-motif "amanoveli angavamile" kanye nesiko seLermontov sika "izinkondlo zensimbi" ezisuka eGumilyov; Isithombe sesithombe esidala saseRussia sokubhaliswa kweDante kanye namanoveli angokwengqondo e-AA Akhmatova; Umqondo wefilosofi yemvelo kaZenkiewicz; Izwe lasendulo laseMandelstam; Izwe eliyingqayizivele likaN. Gogol eNarbut, GS Skovoroda - futhi akulona uhlu lwamaqoqo amasiko aphethwe yi-Acmeists. Ngamunye we-Acmeists ngesikhathi esisodwa wayenemvelaphi yokudala. Lapho i-NS Gumilev enkondlweni yakhe yembula "ubuntu obunamandla", futhi imisebenzi kaMay Kuzmin yafihla uphawu lwe-akmeism lwe-aesthetics, umsebenzi ka-AA Akhmatova no-Yesenina waqhubeka ngokuqhubekayo, imingcele emincane yokuzimela, Lapho izizathu zokuqala nezokuthanda izwe zikhona. Okutholwa yi-Acmeists emkhakheni wefomu lobuciko kusasetshenziswa ezinye izimbongi zanamuhla.

Izitayela zemibhalo yekhulu lama-20

Okokuqala, lokhu kuqondiswa emlandweni we-classical, wama-archaic kanye nansuku zonke; Imodeli yesikhathi se-Cyclic; Izinganekwane zamakhologi - imisebenzi yakhiwe njengezigogodla zokukhumbula kanye nezcaphuno ezivela emisebenzini edumile.

Inkambo yokubhala yaleso sikhathi inezingxenye ezingu-10:

1. I-Neomythologism.

2. Autism.

3. Ukuxolisa / iqiniso.

4. Okubalulekile isitayela ngenhla indaba.

5. Umbhalo ematheksthini.

6. Ukubhujiswa kwesakhiwo.

7. Ama-pragmatics, hhayi ama-semantics.

8. Isivumelwano, hhayi silulumagama.

9. Umbukeli.

10. Ukuphulwa kwemigomo yokubambisana kombhalo.