France ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20: izici ukuthuthukiswa

Ukubona i imvuselelo kwezomnotho kanye namasiko waseFrance ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ngo okufutshane, kuye kwaba esinye sezikhathi inombolo ikhuluma ngemibuso yezwe emikhulu kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngo inqubomgomo angaphandle, waya rapprochement neBrithani neRussia. Domestically, e 1900 - 1914 iminyaka. obandayo kwesimo phakathi kwe Socialists futhi ngokulinganisela. Lokhu kwaba yinkathi lapho bekhuluma ngabo ngokwabo akuveza limenyezelwe unganelisekile isimo sabo sokusebenza. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 yaphela nge isimemezelo kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ne-oda zezwe ezishintshayo.

umnotho

Kusukela iphuzu kwezomnotho umbono, France e-19 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 sihlangabezane ukukhula okukhulu. Kwaba okufanayo kweziningi lonke elaseYurophu futhi e-United States. Nokho, e-France le nqubo usezuze izici esiyingqayizivele. Ukwakhiwa kwezimboni kanye ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni kwakungafanele okushesha njengokungena kubaholi ukhiye (ikakhulukazi e-UK), kodwa baqhubeka ukuthuthukisa isigaba sabasebenzi nabantu onxiwankulu baqinisa amandla abo.

Ngo 1896-1913 GG. kwakukhona okuthiwa "revolution yesibili ezimbonini". It kwaphawulwa obhekwe ugesi kanye nezimoto (noma izinkampani Renault futhi Peugeot abazalwane). Aviation wazalwa. France ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ekugcineni atholwe yonke izifunda ezimbonini. Rouen, Lyon futhi Lille laliyisikhungo yendwangu, futhi Saint Etienne no Le Creusot - izindawo Metallurgical. Motor futhi uphawu ukukhula wahlala nojantshi. Kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kunethiwekhi yabo. Railways babe ukwamukelwa into utshalomali. Kwenziwa lula exchange of izimpahla kanye ukuhweba nge wesimanje ezokuthutha sekubangele ukukhula yezimboni olwengeziwe.

ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni

Ilondolozwe amabhizinisi amancane. Cishe ingxenye yesithathu abasebenzi wezwe wayeyenza imisebenzi yasekhaya (ikakhulukazi abathungi). Ngobusuku obandulela kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, emnothweni French yayisekelwe lwemali oqinile kazwelonke futhi kuhluke eziningi ezingaba khona. Ngesikhathi esifanayo Kwakukhona amaphutha: izifunda eseningizimu yezwe abasasilele emuva ekuthuthukisweni yezimboni enyakatho.

KwamaDorobha kakhulu kuthonywa umphakathi. France ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwaba namanje ezweni lapho ngaphezulu kwengxenye kule ndawo (53%) wawuhlala edolobhaneni, kodwa emzaneni laqhubeka lenyuka outflow. Kusukela 1840 kuya 1913. labantu republic ukhulile esuka kubantu abayizigidi ezingu-35 kuya ku-39. Ngenxa ukulahlekelwa Alsace kanye Lorraine empini nge Prussia amashumi eminyaka baqhubeka ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe labantu kulezi zifunda ezweni lawo mlando.

babhekane nezinga elikhulu kwezenhlalo

Life kushiyelwa edabukisayo. Nokho, njengoba kwakunjalo nakwamanye amazwe. Ngo-1884, umthetho owaphasiswa okwamvumela ngokudala emtsetfweni (zabasebenzi). Ngo-1902 kwaba khona united Jikelele Confederation of Labour. Izisebenzi bazihlela, phakathi kwazo ezikhulayo isimo izinguquko. France ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 ahluka ngokusho izidingo zabo kanye.

Isenzakalo esibalulekile kwaba kudalwa nomthetho omusha zenhlalo (ngo-1910 kwaba khona umthetho ku impesheni ngoba abasebenzi futhi abalimi). Noma kunjalo, izinyathelo zikahulumeni kakhulu abasasilele ngemuva angomakhelwane efanayo eJalimane. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamabubulo waseFrance ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwaholela kwandzisa lwati yezwe, kodwa izinzuzo Kuye kwasakazwa Ukuboshelwa. Iningi lazo uthola noma iyiphi onxiwankulu kanye labantu Paris. Ngo-1900 ezitimeleni dolobha wavulwa, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo Iye yaba khona II yesimanje Imidlalo yama-Olympic.

isiko

Ngo-French, igama elithi ezamukelwe ngu Belle Epoque - ". Belle Epoque" Ngakho kamuva waziwa ngokuthi inkathi esukela ekupheleni kuze XIX leminyaka-1914 (ekuqaleni kweMpi Okokuqala Umhlaba). Wayelethwa kumakwe kuphela ukukhula komnotho, okutholwe yisayensi futhi intuthuko, kodwa futhi izimbali yamasiko eyenzeka ngo France. Paris ngenkathi ngokufanele ngokuthi 'enhloko-dolobha zomhlaba. "

Umphakathi jikelele ukuthi babanjwe isithakazelo amanoveli athandwayo, Boulevard amathiyetha opperetam. Sasisebenza Impressionists kanye Cubists. UPablo Picasso baba emhlabeni odumile ngaphambi kokuqala kwempi. Nakuba wazalwa indoda yaseSpain, konke empilweni yakhe yokudala asebenzayo kwakuhlangene Paris.

Russian sibalo waseshashalazini Sergei Diaghilev ihlelwe inhlokodolobha French yaminyaka yonke "Izinkathi isiRashiya," owaba ukuzwa emhlabeni wonke uphinde uvule Russian izifiki. Ngalesi sikhathi e-Paris kwathengiswa out kudlalwé "The Rite of Spring" by Stravinsky, "Shaherazady" by Rimsky-Korsakova mina T. D. "Izinkathi Russian" Diaghilev yashintsha fashion. Ngo-1903, liphefumulelwe ballet imvunulo umklami Pol Puare wavula ngokushesha baba indlu yokukhulekela ehlelweni imfashini. Siyabonga kuye, lo corset is yisikhathi. NaseFrance 19 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwaba ngokuba umhlaba wonke njengoba beacon kwamasiko.

inqubomgomo angaphandle

Ngo-1900, iFrance, kanye eminye imibuso yezwe eziningana ezihilelekile ukucindezelwa we Boxer Ukuvukela China buthaka. Empire Celestial ngaleso sikhathi izimo zinzima zezenhlalo kanye nezomnotho. Izwe lagcwala nabezizwe (kuhlanganise French), okuyinto ngenkuthalo angenelele ukuphila yangaphakathi yezwe. Babengabahwebi nezithunywa zevangeli ezingamaKristu. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-China, futhi kwakukhona ukuvukela abampofu ( "boxer"), wahlela ezimpini amakota angaphandle. Kwemibhikisho bevinjelwa. Paris wathola 15% of the lokumiswa enkulu abayizigidi ezingama-450 liang.

inqubomgomo angaphandle eFrance ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 liye okusekelwe ezimisweni eziningana. Okokuqala, leli zwe lalikhungethwe Izwe elaliphethe ikoloni nge Holdings enkulukazi e-Afrika, futhi kwakudingeka bavikele izithakazelo zabo ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba. Okwesibili, ukuwuqondisa phakathi nezinye izifundazwe enamandla European, uzama ukuthola sizana yesikhathi eside. France ngokuvamile ibe inhliziyo eqinile anti-German (ezigxilile ukunqotshwa by Prussia empini ye 1870-1871.). Ngenxa yalokho, i-republic waya rapprochement neBrithani.

ingcindezelo

Ngo-1903, i-English eKing Edward VII wavakashela Paris ekuvakasheni zamanxusa. Ukulandela ukuvakasha, isivumelwano esasayinwa, owawuthi iBrithani neFrance ihlukaniswe kwemikhakha izithakazelo zabo wamakoloni. Ngakho-ke sengathi imfuneko ngowokuqala ekudalweni kwendoda nowesifazane Entente. Isivumelwano wamakoloni ukuvumele France ukuba usebenze ngokukhululekile Morocco, nase-United Kingdom - eGibhithe.

AmaJalimane wazama ukumelana intuthuko kwabaphikisi bakhe e-Afrika. Besabela kuleso simemo, France waqhuba inkomfa Algiers lapho amalungelo ayo kwezomnotho Maghreb eye yaqinisekiswa England, Russia, eSpain nase-Italy. Germany isikhashana wahlala atihambi todvwa. ukujika okunjalo imicimbi okuhambisana ngokugcwele izinga anti-isiJalimane, owawungumnyaka France ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Inqubomgomo Foreign ngokuqondile Berlin, futhi bonke abanye izici zayo zinqunywa ngokuhambisana nalo motif. The French kusungulwa protectorate phezu Morocco ngo-1912. Ngemva kwalokho, kwakunomsebenzi ukuvukelwa, okuyinto ukuyiveza ibutho esengaphansi Yubera Liote.

Socialists

Noma yimuphi isici France ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 ngeke akwenze ngaphandle kokukhuluma ithonya elikhulayo imibono leftist kulowo mphakathi. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ngenxa ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni yezwe liye landa inani lezisebenzi. Abasebenzi bafuna ngodli ukumelwa kwabo uhulumeni. Bafika-ke sibonga Socialists.

Ngo-1902, i-Bloc kwesokunxele iwine okhethweni eduze Chamber of amaphini. Lo mfelandawonye amasha aphethwe izinguquko eziningana eziphathelene nokuvikeleka komphakathi, izimo zokusebenza imfundo. Eziwubala steel isiteleka. Ngo-1904, lonke eningizimu yeFrance bamukela abasebenzi isiteleka abakhonondayo. Khona-ke umholi French Socialist Zhan Zhores wadala iphephandaba adumile "L'Humanite". Lokhu sefilosofi mlando hhayi kuphela elwela amalungelo abasebenzi, kodwa futhi bamelana ingcindezelo futhi impi. Fanatic sezombusazwe ubuzwe wayebulewe ngosuku olwandulela kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Isibalo Zhana Zhoresa wayengomunye walaba Pacifism ezinkulu zomhlaba wonke kanye bafisa ukuba uphawu ukuthula.

Ngo-1905, i-Socialists French lwabuthana futhi wadala Isigaba isiFulentshi Workers 'International. abaholi Its main babe Zhan Zhores futhi Jules Guesde. Socialist kwakudingeka abhekane nesimiso i abasebenzi ngokuya enganelisekile. Ngo-1907, ukuvukelwa Kwagqashuka Languedoc-abatshali awanelisekile maqondana nokungeniswa kwezincwadi ezishibhile iwayini Algeria. Ibutho, okuyinto uhulumeni usanda kwethula lento ezoqeda yezinxushunxushu, wenqaba ukudubula abantu.

inkolo

Izici eziningi French ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kwakushintsha ngokuphelele emphakathini French. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1905-ke wazitholela umthetho ku ukuhlukana neSonto isimo. Waba touch kokuphothula kwezinqubomgomo anti-kwabefundisi kahle leyo minyaka.

Umthetho waqeda kaNapoleon IsiVumelwano, eyakhishwa kudala ngo-1801. Kwakuthinta evunywe wokuziphilisa isimo kanye iziqinisekiso inkululeko kanembeza. Akekho amaqembu enkolo wayengasakwazi sibalela ukusekelwa isimo. Ngokushesha ngemva umthetho wagxekwa ngu Pope (iningi French babengamaKatolika).

Isayensi Nobuchwepheshe

Ukuthuthukiswa yesayensi France ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwaphawulwa uMklomelo KaNobel ngo Physics ngo-1903, okuyiwona kokutholakala radioactivity engokwemvelo uranium nosawoti etholwe Antuan Anri Bekkerl, Per Kyuri noMarie Sklodowska-Curie (iminyaka eyisithupha kamuva futhi bathola uMklomelo KaNobel Chemistry). Impumelelo ephelezelwa futhi udale entsha ubuchwepheshe izindiza umklami. Ngo-1909, uLouis Bleriot lokuqala landizela ngaphesheya kwe-English Channel.

wesithathu Republic

Democratic France ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, wayephila esikhathini Inkathi Okwesithathu Republic. Phakathi nale nkathi inhloko yezwe kwadingeka nabengameli abaningana Emil Lube (1899-1906), Arman Faler (1906-1913) kanye Raymon Puankare (1913-1920). Uyini inkumbulo yabo siqu, bashiya umlando wase-France? Emil Lube liqala ukubusa phakathi ukungqubuzana nomphakathi ukuthi emhlabeni okusezingeni eliphezulu iphrofayela icala Alfreda Dreyfusa kwaqubuka. Lokhu lempi (umJuda njengoba ukaputeni) wamangalelwa asihlola eJalimane. Loubet asuswe icala nimyeke ahambe endleleni yakhe. France, Okwamanje, wazibonela kuqubule kwamaJuda. Noma kunjalo, Dreyfus utholwe futhi avuselelwa.

Arman Faler ngenkuthalo waqinisa Entente. Ngaphansi kwakhe France, efana lonke elaseYurophu, ungahlosile ukulungiselela empini ezayo. Raymon Puankare lamiswa anti-German. Wachitha kabusha impi futhi ngakhula isikhathi ukuphila kuwo kusukela kwabaneminyaka engamashumi amabili kuya kwamathathu.

Entente

Ngisho ngo-1907, iGreat Britain, Russia nase France baye esingakaphothulwa umbimbi abo ezempi. I Entente kwamiswa ekuphenduleni nasekuqiniseni eJalimane. AmaJalimane, Austrians futhi amaNtaliyane kwakheka Triple Alliance e 1882. Ngakho, e-Europe lwaqhekeka kwaba amakamu amabili nobutha. isimo ngasinye noma kanjani ekulungiseleleni impi, enethemba ukuyisebenzisa bandisa insimu yabo futhi silungise isimo sakhe ngamandla amakhulu.

28 Julayi 1914 Serbian amaphekula uGavrilo Princip wabulala inkosana Austrian nendlalifa Franz Ferdinand. Sarajevo nhlekelele saba ibhaxa kokugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe II. Austria ehlaselwa Serbia iRussia wamelela Serbia futhi wakhe okushayisanayo ukusivumela amalungu Entente, kuhlanganise France. E-Italy, ehlanganisa Triple Alliance, wenqaba ukusekela eJalimane kanye Habsburg. Waba sizana France futhi lonke Entente ngo-1915. Ngesikhathi esifanayo e-Austria naseJalimane wajoyina yoMbuso WaseTurkey futhi Bulgaria (kusukela kumiswa Quadruple Alliance). IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala abuqede le "Belle Epoque."