Ihlelo lokukhambisa iingazi ka okusasibungu: incazelo, sakhiwo kanye netimphawu

izimpethu Annelid - cishe Uhlobo olukhulu kwezilwane ephakeme, khulula-abahlala inhlabathi, ulwandle namanzi okuphuza. Lolu hlobo lwe-worm unenhlangano eziyinkimbinkimbi ngaphandle roundworms noma flat.

Ngo izimpethu zinhlobo ringed okokuqala avele ingaphakathi yesibili, ehleleke kakhulu igazi supply system kanye nesimiso sezinzwa.

Earthworm: isakhiwo

Ngo cross-section umzimba kakhulu isiyingi. Ubude obuphakathi --30 cm Separated 150-180 izingxenye, noma izingxenye .. Ziyisivikelo, elisesifundeni yesithathu phambi umzimba, wenza umsebenzi walo esikhathini ocansini (inyokane - hermaphrodite). Ezinhlangothini zingxenye kukhona evuthiwe encane bristles ezine kanzima. Isiza ukufuduka komzimba worm enhlabathini.

Umbala ngokubomvu ithole ansundu kakhulu, njalo esiswini kancane alula kakhulu kunomoya ngemuva.

isidingo yemvelo

Ihlelo lokukhambisa iingazi zonke izilwane, kusukela vtorichnopolostnyh annelids. Yasungulwa ngenxa ukwanda yomsebenzi ekuphileni (njengoba kuqhathaniswa, isibonelo, flatworms). Life siyahamba njalo kudinga esitebeleni umsebenzi eyingqabavu kwemisipha, nakho kubangela isidingo ukwandisa amaseli bephethe umoya-mpilo nezakhi ezingasetshenziswa kuphela ukuletha igazi.

Kuyini isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi we okusasibungu? Imithambo ezimbili eziyinhloko - umhlane esiswini. Ngo ingxenye ngayinye phakathi kwemithambo ihlolwe looped izitsha. Kulawa, angaba kancane uqweqwe futhi wambozwa kwemisipha izicubu. Ngo lezi zitsha, ukwenza umsebenzi inhliziyo, imisipha, ukuzisika, baphokophelele igazi phakathi Umthambo besisu. Ring "Inhliziyo" yale ukufinyelela Umthambo umgogodla ube valve akhethekile ukuthi ungayeki ukugeleza kwegazi ayo ngokuthatha indlela okungeyona ukuya. Yonke imikhumbi zihlukaniswe inethiwekhi enkulu capillary ayetholakala. Oxygen kuzo livela emoyeni futhi kusukela amathumbu zikwazi ukuthola izakhi. Capillary okuyizinto kwemisipha izicubu, ukunikeza-carbon dioxide futhi imikhiqizo yokubola.

Sokujikeleza uhlelo okusasibungu ivaliwe, njengoba isikhathi ukunyakaza akusho hlanganise ingaphakathi uketshezi. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukwandisa kakhulu izinga lokugayeka kokudla. Izilwane ukuthi akudingeki esimisweni segazi ukudonsa, shisisa ngezansi kabili.

Ihlelo lokukhambisa iingazi ka okusasibungu

Umsoco ukuthi lapho ukusivumela amathumbu impethu ukunyakaza, lisabalaliswe isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi yakheke kahle.

Iwawo kunzima ngokwanele kule hlobo lwezilwane. Nangaphezulu amathumbu kuwo wonke umzimba ziyizitsha. Lo mkhumbi wayedlula emhlane, ifakwe imisipha. Yena, zincipha futhi ngilulekela, inamagquma odlulela igazi kusukela emuva phambi emzimbeni. Amazenge phambi (e izinhlobo ezithile izimpethu kuyinto 7-11, y nezinye - 7-13) Umkhumbi ehamba emuva, ubikwe nge amabhangqa amaningana ezitsheni kuyoshaya transverse kuya ezinkulu (ngokuvamile 5-7). Ihlelo lokukhambisa iingazi ka okusasibungu lezizitsha kulingisa izinhliziyo. Imisipha baye basungula kakhulu namandla ukudlula omunye, ngakho bathatha induna lonke uhlelo.

izici obusebenzayo

Umsebenzi sokuhamba kwegazi of okusasibungu kufana nemisebenzi hemodynamics ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla. Igazi ephuma inhliziyo, uwela emgodleni etholakala ngaphakathi komgodi ongaphakathi kwamathumbu. Kuyinto ukunyakaza kuze kube sekupheleni ezingemuva amaseli worm. Isendleleni leligazi athwala izakhi emiphongolweni emincane, elise izindonga amaseli. Ngalesi sikhathi, notshwala igazi isibunu.

Isakhiwo isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi of inyokane wukuthi izitsha e isitho ngasinye lihamba ku-capillary kulencane. Igazi lezi notshwala ezitsheni ngokufanele yonkana encipha, kusukela lapho igazi agelezela Umthambo amaphiko. Imisipha ku yonke imithambo yegazi, ngisho nomncane. Lokhu kuvumela igazi hhayi stagnate, ikakhulukazi azungeze uhlelo liningi igazi yalolu hlobo annelid.

amathumbu

Kule ngxenye yomzimba worm kuyinto ikakhulukazi obukhulu capillary plexus. Babonakala sisithandele emathunjini. Ingxenye capillary kuletha umsoco, enye ingxenye wabathwala wonke umzimba. Imisipha imithambo yegazi ezungeze emathunjini kwalesi silwane annelid, njengoba donsile njengoba isitsha amaphiko noma inhliziyo.

igazi ukwakheka

Ihlelo lokukhambisa iingazi ka okusasibungu ku-red gleam. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-ketshezi igazi zifana ngezindlela isakhiwo sazo sekhemikhali ukuze elithwala umoya-mpilo, igazi bengena Ukwakheka yezilwane ezinomgogodla. Umehluko itholakala ukuthi lezi izinto zitholakala plasma (ingxenye ewuketshezi yegazi Ukwakheka) e isixazululo hhayi egazi. kakhulu Igazi okusasibungu - namangqamuzana ngaphandle umbala, ngezinhlobo eziningi. Ziyakwazi ikhipha efana amaseli kungekho nto enemibala emihle ezakha igazi yezilwane ezinomgogodla.

Ahambisa umoya-mpilo amaseli

Amaseli-mpilo yezilwane ezinomgogodla zokuphefumula adluliselwe nge-hemoglobin. Igazi izimpethu izidakamizwa ezifanayo ukubunjwa, futhi kuletha i-oksijini ukuze zonke emangqamuzaneni omzimba. Umahluko owokuthi ukuthi izikelemu zokuphefumula akukho. Ngenxa yalokhu, "donsa" futhi "exhale" we ebusweni nomzimba.

I mncane ifilimu zokuzivikela (cuticle) kwesikhumba futhi epithelia ka worm abanesikhumba okusezingeni eliphezulu lwama-capillary inethiwekhi kuqinisekisa ukumuncwa ezinhle i-oksijini evela emoyeni. spider capillary likhulu kangangokuba akusekho ngisho ku epithelium. Ngakho, igazi enqamula izitsha umzimba Udonga nezitsha transverse esiteshini main stem, ukuze wonke umzimba is ahlanganiswe umoya-mpilo. I luhlaza obomvu umzimba kwalesi silwane ringed ulunika omkhulu capillary odongeni inethiwekhi.

Lapha kumelwe uqaphele ukuthi ifilimu ezondile ukuthi ihlanganisa umzimba inyokane (cuticle), oswakanyiswe kalula kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, i-oksijini siphela kuqala amathonsi amanzi, aphethwe epithelium cutaneous. Kule kusobala ukuthi isikhumba kumele kube esemanzi njalo. Ngakho, kuyacaca ukuthi nomswakama imvelo - isimo kubalulekile ukuphila kwalezi zilwane.

Ngisho omiswe kancane isikhumba uyafa. Ukuze isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi i okusasibungu engalethi-mpilo amaseli. Hhayi kakhulu eside kungaba siphila ezimweni ezinjalo, usebenzisa izindlela zokuphakelwa kwamanzi yasekhaya. Rescue nezindlala etholakala esikhunjeni. Lapho isimo siba ngempela okusasibungu acute iqala ukulahla uketshezi ingaphakathi, izingxenye vybryzgivaya ke kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ubekwe emuva.

Wokugaya ukudla bese izinhlelo sezinzwa

nemisundu eminingi isimiso sokugaya ukudla bungene siqukethe foregut, maphakathi kanye labaqaphi elingemuva. Ngenxa isidingo sokuphila bakhuthele wokugaya ukudla of nemisundu eminingi iye zaya izigaba eziningana ngcono. Ngo ipheshana wokugaya ukudla uvele neminyango, ngalinye elikwazi zase zihleliwe umsebenzi othile.

Umzimba omkhulu ohlelweni - tube emathunjini. It luhlukaniswe ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo, pharynx, emphinjeni, esiswini (umzimba kwemisipha), umkhatsi kanye amathumbu ngemuva, ingquza.

Ngo emphinjeni nomphimbo nezindlala ophumayo Amapayipi ukuthi sinomthelela baphokophelele ukudla. Ukudla midgut icutshungulwe amakhemikhali futhi imikhiqizo ukugaya kuthiwa angena egazini. Izinsalela ngokusebenzisa ingquza.

Ubude yonke worm ithole kusukela peritoneum sihamba emsipheni intambo. Ngakho, ingxenye ngayinye has ukuthuthukiswa ayo we izigaxa sezinzwa. Eme phambi kwaleso intambo emsipheni kuyinto ibhuloho annular ehlanganisa ISIZINDA ezimbili axhunyiwe. Ibizwa ngokuthi peripharyngeal emsipheni indandatho. It siyahluka endleleni inethiwekhi kwalapho kuhlangana khona imizwa wonke umzimba.

Wokugaya ukudla, isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi futhi ethukile ka inyokane lungaphezu eziyinkimbinkimbi, ngenxa intuthuko yabo bonke hlobo annelids. Ngakho-ke, uma iqhathaniswa nayo ezinye izinhlobo zezikelemu, banalo ahleleke kahle kakhulu.