UDonga LwaseBerlin: umlando ukudalwa nokubhujiswa. I kokudilika Wall

Kulesi sihloko, Berlin Wall ezocatshangelwa. Umlando zendalo futhi kubhujiswa lesi eziyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwemibuso super sibonisa bengathandwa futhi kuyinto samuntu "impi yomshoshaphansi".

Ngeke ufunde nje kuphela izimbangela lesi silo amakhilomitha amaningi, kodwa futhi uthole ukwazi amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo ezihlobene khona nokuwa "Anti namaFascist odongeni ukuzivikela."

Germany emva Okwesibili Umhlaba

Ngaphambi siyaqonda eyakha uDonga LwaseBerlin, kubalulekile ukuba ukhulume esimweni samanje ngaleso sikhathi esifundeni.

Ngemva kokunqotshwa eMpini Yezwe II, Germany kwakuhlezi amane uthi. ingxenye yayo entshonalanga elalihlala amasosha aseBrithani, e-United States futhi France, namazwe ezinhlanu empumalanga kulawulwa eSoviet Union.

Okulandelayo sizoxoxa kanjani isimo kancane kancane ukufuthelana phakathi "iMpi Yomshoshaphansi." Futhi, sixoxe ngokuthi kungani ukuthuthukiswa kwala mazwe womabili, ezinze e-esishintshashintshayo entshonalanga nasempumalanga ithonya, waya ngezindlela ezahlukene kakhulu.

GDR

Njengoba sizobona eminye, umlando Berlin Wall awabonisi nje indawo ukushayisana we Bloc sezenhlalo kanye amazwe aseNtshonalanga, kodwa futhi ukwehlukana kancane kancane izingxenye amandla olulodwa.

Ngo-October 1949, i-German Democratic Republic yasungulwa. labunjwa cishe isigamu ngonyaka emva ukwakheka FRG.

GDR matasa indawo yamazwe emihlanu ezazingaphansi kwawo umsebenzi eSoviet. Lezi zilimi zazihlanganisa Saxony-Anhalt, eThuringia, Brandenburg, Saxony, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.

Ngemva kwalokho, umlando Berlin Wall zizobonisa theku ukuthi zingase zimiswe phakathi kwala makamu amabili alwayo. Ngokwe-Umlando wabantu ababephila, West Berlin yayihlukile kuleyo yasekuqaleni East London ngesikhathi Tehran futhi Seoul kusukela Pyongyang.

Germany

Ngo-May 1949, iFederal Republic of Germany yasungulwa. Berlin odongeni eyishumi nambili buhlukaniswe umakhelwane wayo osempumalanga. Okwamanje, uhulumeni ngokushesha abuyiselwe ngosizo emazweni kabani amabutho kwamiswa ku insimu yalo.

Ngakho, ababekade isiFulentshi, American waseBrithani umsebenzi ezizobekwa kuyo iminyaka emine ngemva isiphetho seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili yaphenduka eJalimane. Kusukela engxenyeni phakathi izingxenye ezimbili eJalimane senzeka e-Berlin, inhloko-dolobha isimo esisha baba Bonn.

Ngemva kwalokho, Nokho, kuleli zwe sekuba isihloko impikiswano phakathi Bloc sezenhlalo kanye kosozimali West. Ngo-1952, Iosif Stalin ezihlongozwayo demilitarization yaseJalimane khona kwalo okwalandela njengoba ebuthakathaka, kodwa isimo esisodwa.

US elahla yephrojekthi ngosizo we LukaMarshall uphendulela eNtshonalanga Jalimane amandla eyanda ngokushesha kangaka. Iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu, kusukela ngo-1950, kukhona boom ezinamandla, okuyinto Historiography ngokuthi "isimangaliso kwezomnotho".
Kodwa standoff ubabonisa phakathi amabhulokhi.

Berlin crisis ngo-1961

Phezu okuvela a "ncibilika" e iMpi Yomshoshaphansi ngxabano iqala futhi. Esinye isizathu wadutshulwa phansi elaseSoviet Union, uyinhloli indiza American.

Ukuhlehliswa ingxabano esilandelayo, okuholele uDonga LwaseBerlin. Unyaka yokwakhiwa kwalesi inkani lesikhumbuzo nobuwula - 1961 th, kodwa empeleni sekuneminyaka isikhathi eside, ngisho noma hhayi incarnation impahla.

Ngakho Stalin isikhathi kwaholela emikhulu izingalo uhlanga, okuyinto okwesikhashana wayeka ne okusungulile mutual InterContinental ezicitshwayo ballistic.

Manje, uma kwenzeka empini, ucashele ukuphakama yenuzi wayengekho super amandla.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi sika ingxabano isiKorea, ukungezwani yakha futhi. Inani Eliphakeme torque engu steel Berlin-Cuban missile ezihluzekile ngesikhathi sezinhlekelele. Njengengxenye sihloko sinesithakazelo kwesikwenzayo owokuqala. Kwathi ngo-August 1961, ngenxa kwaba ukudalwa Berlin Wall.

Ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili, njengoba sekushiwo, iJalimane yahlukaniswa yaba yizingxenye ezimbili uthi - capitalism kanye sezenhlalo. Phakathi izinkanuko ekhethekile, ngo-1961, Khrushchev sihamba ukulawula emkhakheni ehlasela sase-GDR Berlin. Ingxenye edolobhaneni elilodwa, elalingelamaFilisti iFederal Republic of Germany, baye bavakashela ukuvinjelwa US kanye kubangane bawo.

ultimatum Khrushchev sika ukhathazekile West Berlin. Umholi abantu baseSoviet bafuna ukunyuselwa amaholo demilitarization yayo. izimbangi esentshonalanga Bloc sezenhlalo wathi ukungavumelani.

Isimo engangibhekene naso iminyaka eminingana in limbo. ukuvakashelwa Khrushchev sika-US, Kwakubukeka sengathi ukudambisa isimo. Nokho, isehlakalo endizeni hlola U-2 esebeké engu- ngokugqamile phezu kungenzeka ekunciphiseni le ngxabano.

Umphumela waba izinkulungwane eyodwa nengxenye eyengeziwe US amasosha West Berlin kanye nokwakhiwa odongeni, esisuka phakathi komuzi ngisho nangalé kwalo, phezu ingxenye sase-GDR.

Usuku sokwakha "Anti namaFascist odongeni sokuzivikela" ubhekwa Agasti 13, 1961.

udonga

Ngakho, emngceleni phakathi ezimbili uthi ke lwakhiwe Berlin Wall. Umlando sendalo nokubhujiswa inkani lesikhumbuzo sizobuye kubhekwe.

Ngo-1961, izinsuku ezimbili (kusukela ngo-August 13 kuya ku-15) wayelulele ngocingo oluhlabayo, ngokungazelelwe sigaba hhayi kuphela ezweni kodwa futhi umndeni kanye isiphetho abantu abavamile. Lokhu kwalandelwa isakhiwo eyaphela kuphela ngo-1975.

Konke lokhu kushaft eyathatha iminyaka engamashumi amabili nesishiyagalombili. Ngesikhathi esigabeni sokugcina (ngo-1989), uhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kuhlanganisiwe udonga ukhonkolo mayelana ngamamitha amathathu nesigamu ubude futhi engaphezu kwekhulu amakhilomitha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufaka amakhilomitha ayisithupha nesithupha anezikhala metal, i-signal abantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu amabili amakhilomitha lukagesi futhi elikhulu elinaminyaka mihlanu amakhilomitha ube nemigodi ngemigodi.

Futhi, umklamo kwaba ifakwe anti-tank ezivikelweni, emngceleni izakhiwo, kuhlanganise kwemibhoshongo ezingamakhulu amathathu, kanye nokulawula emapheshana, okuyinto njalo angabekwa isihlabathi.

Ngakho, ubude esiphezulu we uDonga LwaseBerlin, ngokusho kwezazi-mlando ukulinganisela kowodwa namashumi amahlanu nanhlanu amakhilomitha.

Kwakuthinta kabusha kambalwa. Umsebenzi yakhula kakhulu kwenziwa ngo-1975. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izikhala kuphela kwakungasehlane laseBeti angabanjwa futhi phezu kwemifula. Bavame ekuqaleni olwalusetshenziselwa abokufika nesibindi kakhulu futhi eyenza ngokuphelelwa yithemba 'emhlabeni zama-Capitalist. "

Ukweqa umngcele

Ekuseni phambi kwamehlo angalindela abazihlelele GDR dolobha uDonga LwaseBerlin wavulwa. Umlando sendalo kanye Ukubhujiswa kwalesi eziyinkimbinkimbi libonisa ngokucacile ubuso wangempela uthi alwayo. Izigidi zemikhaya zahlukana ngobusuku obubodwa.

Nokho, isakhiwo kushaft akazange akuvimbele ukukhandwa ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe okuthuthukile insimu ka eMpumalanga Jalimane. Abantu belibangise ngaphesheya komfula futhi kuthiya. Ngokwesilinganiso (ngaphambi kokwakhiwa kocingo) nsuku zonke kusuka GDR le FRG waxosha ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, abantu ezingaba yingxenye yesigidi. Futhi yiminyaka engamashumi amabili nesishiyagalombili kusukela ukwakhiwa kodonga ke kuphumelela kuphela 5075 yokuwela emthethweni Kwakuseshwa.

Ngenxa yale njongo nemifula, SAPS (145 metres komhlaba), anomoya hang Awama-Glider, iziqukathi ngesimo izimoto ogandaganda, wathutha ngisho intambo phakathi kwalezi zakhiwo.

Isici ezithakazelisayo kwaba olandelayo. Abantu bathola imfundo khulula engxenyeni sezenhlalo yeJalimane, futhi kwaqala umsebenzi e-Germany ngoba kwakukhona amaholo aphezulu.

Ngakho, ubude uDonga LwaseBerlin ukuvumele intsha ukuba lokhozi izindawo zalo dengwane futhi basinda. Kwabahola impesheni njengoba kungekho isithiyo empambana azange abe angabanjwa.

Okunye ongakusho ukuze uthole yonke ingxenye esentshonalanga ye edolobheni isebenza nommeli-German Vogel. Kusukela ngo-1964 kuya ku-1989, yena basayina isivumelwano ingqikithi 2.7 amaRandi, abathengwé ikota GDR uhulumeni kwesigidi East namaJalimane kweziboshwa zezombusazwe.

Iqiniso elidabukisayo liwukuthi abantu bezama ukubaleka hhayi kuphela eboshwa, kodwa futhi esingu. Ngokusemthethweni abalwa 125 izisulu, unofficially inombolo luyanda kakhulu.

Izitatimende US kamongameli

kancane kancane kuyancipha ukuba mandla kwemizwelo emva kwenhlekelele naseCaribbean sinqanyuliwe uyahlanya izingalo uhlanga. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, abanye abengameli American uqala ukwenza imizamo ukubiza ubuholi Soviet ukuxoxisana nize settlement of ubudlelwano.

Ngale ndlela, bazama abonisa kulabo eyakhelwe Berlin Wall, ukuziphatha kwabo azitholakali kalula. Eyokuqala yalezi izinkulumo kwaba kwenkulumo Dzhona Kennedi ngoJuni 1963. Umongameli wase-America wakhuluma phambi umhlangano emikhulu eduze Rathaus Schöneberg.

Kule inkulumo namanje kwesokunxele ibinzana adumile: "Mina ngiyindlela - omunye Berliners." translation kokuguqula, namuhla osomahlaya American ngokuvamile ulichaze njengoba kusho ngephutha, "Mina -. Berliner" Empeleni, wonke amazwi ale inkulumo ulinganiswe nabanokuqonda, kanye ihlaya isekelwe kuphela zokungazi ubuqili izethameli German kwamanye amazwe.

Ngakho Dzhon Kennedi uwusekela eWest Berlin labantu.
umongameli Okwesibili, wavula ingqikithi ezithinta onogada ezineshwa baba uRonald Reagan. Futhi nje umphikisi wakhe virtual kwaba uMikhail Gorbachev.

UDonga LwaseBerlin kwaba iminonjana ingxabano endala futhi singathandeki.
Reagan ngazimemezela uNobhala Jikelele we-CPSU, ukuthi uma yokugcina ufuna ukukhululeka ubudlelwane futhi ikusasa elihle emazweni sezenhlalo, kuyafaneleka ukuza Berlin uvule isango. "Bhidlizani leli odongeni, uMnu Gorbachev!"

Ukuwa odongeni

Ngokushesha ngemva kwenkulumo, ngenxa imashi "yokwakha kabusha futhi glasnost" we sezenhlalo amazwe Bloc banyukubala Berlin Wall. Umlando sendalo kanye Ukubhujiswa kwalesi izinqaba kubhekwa kulesi sihloko. Ngaphambili, sakhumbula wakhiwe futhi nemiphumela ebuhlungu.

Manje sizogxila nokuqedwa lesikhumbuzo ukuze yobuwula. Kwake kwathi ngo-amandla eSoviet Union, Gorbachev sifika, uDonga LwaseBerlin isibe isikhubekiso. Ngaphambili, ngo-1961, lo muzi wawuyinhloko-imbangela ingxabano endleleni lokwakuvamile the West, kodwa manje kushaft uvinjelwe ekuqiniseni ubungane phakathi ngalokutsite esigodzini kanye alwayo.

Izwe lokuqala wachitha ingxenye yalo odongeni, baba Hungary. Ngo-August 1989, eduze nedolobha Sopron, emngceleni uHulumeni Austria, kwakukhona "Pan-European Picnic". ONgqongqoshe Foreign lamazwe amabili okuqaliswe ekuvalweni izinqaba.

Inqubo isivele kungenzeki ukuyeka. Ekuqaleni, uhulumeni we-German Democratic Republic wenqabile ukuba isekele lo mbono. Nokho, uma badabula leyo ndawo yeHungary eJalimane bawela izinsuku ezintathu abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi nanhlanu East amaJalimane, eqinisa kwaba engadingekile ngokuphelele.

UDonga LwaseBerlin kumephu siphela ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu, ukunqamula edolobheni efanayo. Ngobusuku lesishiyagalolunye ngo-October 10, 1989 ngavula ngokusemthethweni umngcele phakathi ezingxenyeni zasentshonalanga nasempumalanga yenhloko-dolobha German.

Wall esikweni

Kwaphela iminyaka emibili, kusukela 2010, isakhiwo yesikhumbuzo "uDonga LwaseBerlin" Yakhiwa. Kumephu kuthatha amane amahektha. euro amabili nesishiyagalombili million etshaliwe ukwakha yisikhumbuzo.

Itshe lesikhumbuzo siqukethe "-Windows Memory" (behlonipha amaJalimane, iphahlazeka ngenkathi bagxume besuka emazwini amafasitela eya emgwaqweni East German Bernauer Strasse, okuyinto usuvele iFederal Republic of Germany). Ngaphezu kwalokho, eziyinkimbinkimbi ihlanganisa Chapel of Reconciliation.

Kodwa hhayi lokho kuphela ku isiko edumile uDonga LwaseBerlin. Photo sibonisa, cishe enkulu kunazo zonke emlandweni igalari graffiti ngaphansi esibhakabhakeni evulekile. Uma East ukuqinisa indlela kwakungenakwenzeka, kuse ecaleni lasentshonalanga: zonke wembethe out imidwebo yobuciko kakhulu abaculi emgwaqweni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isihloko "ubushiqela shaft" usukela e iculo eziningi, imisebenzi ebhaliwe, amafilimu kanye nemidlalo ye-computer. Ngokwesibonelo, isimo ngobusuku lesishiyagalolunye ngo-Okthoba 1989 lunikezelwe ingoma "Umoya ka Guqula" iqembu oFezela, ifilimu "Good Bye, uLenin!" Volfganga Bekkera. Futhi omunye amakhadi e-Call umdlalo of Duty: Ops Black sidalwe kumemori izenzakalo at yokuhlola "Charlie."

amaqiniso

Inani le kokudilika Wall ayikwazi babenesibindi esikhulu. Lokhu okuvimbelayo kombuso wobushiqela livele abazihlelele ngokucacile nobutha, lanxa isikhathi washiya isikhundla sakhe kakhulu isimo.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, eminyakeni yokuqala ye defectors njalo iningi lawo amasosha vostochnonemetskie ukuqaphile odongeni. Kwakukhona futhi ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi - ayizinkulungwane nanye abasebenzi.

amahle Ikakhulukazi ngosuku lwamashumi amabili nanhlanu ngokumiswa walo wawenziwe Berlin Wall. Photo libonisa ukubukwa kungakhanyi ukukhanya okuvela phezulu. Abazalwane ababili Bauder esenziwe abaxhasi, owawungumnyaka ukwakha strip okuqhubekayo wezinkanyiso ocwebezelayo ubude lonke udonga wangaphambili.

Ukwahlulela uvote, ekwindla ka-shaft basutha phezu kwabakhileyo GDR kunezwe laseJalimane. Nakuba kwaba ukugeleza omkhulu kokubili izinkomba eminyakeni yokuqala. East amaJalimane waphonsa efulethini waya eJalimane acebile futhi evikelwe emphakathini. Futhi abantu engumthengisi we iFederal Republic of Germany wafuna ezishibhile GDR, ikakhulukazi kusukela kwakukuningi izindlu esishiywe dengwane.

Phakathi khona uDonga LwaseBerlin eMpumalanga uphawu kubiza kancane izikhathi eziyisithupha kuka entshonalanga.

Ngo ibhokisi ngalinye Umhlaba isiqophi umdlalo okungqubuzanayo (uHlelo lwango lokuqoqa) ukubeka ucezu nodonga isitifiketi sobufakazi bobuqiniso.

Ngakho, kulesi sihloko sisazi nge okubonakalisa division kwezomnotho, kwezombusazwe futhi kusekelwe endleleni ethile yokucabanga zomhlaba engxenyeni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili wesibili.

Inhlanhla kuwe, abafundi abathandekayo!