Struve Vasiliy Yakovlevich: Biography nesithombe

Struve Vasiliy Yakovlevich - umsunguli lonke uhlanga lwamakhosi lososayensi ngubani yengacabangi ukuphila kwami konke ngaphandle astronomy. Indodana yakhe, abazukulu umzukulu inkanyezi anikezelwe ukukhonza isayensi. Usosayensi German kanye isiRashiya, umsunguli ukufunda izinkanyezi, ilungu Petersburg Academy of Sciences, umqondisi lokuqala Pulkovo Observatory, umsunguli we-Russian Umphakathi Geographical - owayengeyena kuphela Vasiliy Yakovlevich Struve.

i-curriculum vitae

Umuntu owasungula le lwamakhosi abadumile wazalwa ngo 1793 e Altona - idolobha elincane German. Uyise wayengumGreki umqondisi sokuzivocavoca wendawo. Vasiliy Yakovlevich Struve, ogama sithombe kuzo zonke yephuzu ukufunda izinkanyezi, ekuqaleni kwaba imfundo ehluke ngokuphelele. Ukuzibiza kwakhe kuqala kwakungumprofethi kolimi. Ukuqeqesha usosayensi esizayo owaqhutshelwa e Tartu University, manje esibizwa eTartu. Nokho, Struve yakhe yokushaya Vasiliy Yakovlevich - umsunguli lwamakhosi zezinkanyezi - itholakala ngesayensi yemvelo.

Catching ngaphansi kolimi uyise, le nsizwa isivele engu-nanhlanu yalungiswa ngokugcwele yokwamukelwa yemfundo ephakeme. Ngaleso sikhathi, umfowabo omdala lesetivele tifundziswe eLulwimini sokuzivocavoca ka Dorpat. Yingakho, kanye isifiso ukugwema izinsizwa zibe ibutho sikaNapoleon, eqale e-ngentuthuko lempi, Struve wakhetha lokhu inyuvesi.

sezinkanyezi Ikusasa kakhulu ngenkuthalo kolimi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wabhala indatshana voluminous. Nokho, maduzane nje, Struve Vasiliy Yakovlevich eyenziwa kakhulu kude izinkulumo uDkt Parrot ngendaba "physics". Futhi kamuva, ngeseluleko nalokhu kwesibili, yangena shí ekuhloleni izinkanyezi. UProfesa Guth - uprofesa waseyunivesithi - ukusekela ngokugcwele kuye igxathu lakhe lokuqala ngqa isayensi lezinkanyezi. Kakade ngo-1813 wamela mqondo yakhe Struve.

izinyathelo kuqala

Cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo, waqala ukufundisa ngesikhathi esifanayo wamiswa sezinkanyezi obuka kuyo le nyuvesi. Naphezu kwezimo zobumpofu obukhulu futhi ukuntuleka imishini, Struve namanje ephethwe bezikhandla. Waze ephethwe ukwenza umsebenzi obalulekile ngokokuqala ukuthi ngingabazi amathuluzi afanelekile ukuqapha declinations zezinkanyezi, wazama ukwenza lokhu nge ithuluzi ukuba sendleleni ukubala enyukele kwesokudla ezinye inkanyezi polar.

ukuphila Siqu

Vasiliy Yakovlevich Struve, ogama Umlando womuntu ophilako kusukela ngalesisikhathi nolimi bokufundwa, eshadile 1815. ekukhetheni kwaKhe kwaba umhlali Altona Emilia Vall. Naye ahlala khona waze 1834. Nokho, kuleli phuzu umshado azalelwa izingane nambili, ezine washona eminyakeni yobungane.

Kusukela ngo-1828 Struve wathatha esitokisini lomshana wakhe uTheodore, ogama umnakekeli yaqale umfowabo Ludwig - uprofesa anatomy e-University of Dorpat.

Ngemva kokufa Emilia, naye 1834. washada Johanna Bartels, owayenguyise indodakazi Mathematics Bartels. Nge Struve yakhe wazalelwa izingane eziyisithupha, babo ngasinda uyise ezine kuphela.

Ngezinye Tartu Observatory

Ngo-1819 Struve waqokwa umqondisi walo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, waba uprofesa ngokugcwele eyunivesithi. Sekudlule iminyaka engaphezu kwengu amabili nakho njengoba umqondisi we Dorpat Observatory, Vasiliy Yakovlevich Struve ibahlomisé yayo top-notch futhi ezingavamile kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi, amadivayisi kanye zomculo. Lapho ekupheleni 1824 wakwazi ukuthola chetyrnadtsatifutovym Fraunhofer refractor futhi Ushneydera kokuba Nine Inch lens, okusho ukuthi ongcono nomkhulu ngobukhulu ngesikhathi, wazinikela sezinkanyezi ukusebenza ngomdlandla esingakhulumekiyo. Ngenxa yokuthi yaqala inkathi yomsebenzi ngokungakhathali futhi zizale yesayensi, eyathatha iminyaka engaphezu kuka-nantathu. Uma ngaphambili Struve Vasiliy Yakovlevich - isazi sezinkanyezi kuNkulunkulu - waneliswa ngokuthola kanye nekulinganisa eyaziwa kakade kusukela Herschel kanambambili inkanyezi izinhlelo ke yokufuna oncomekayo observation amathuluzi wokutadisha kakade bathola omunye ukukhanya wakwazi ukuya ekuhlaziyweni ezimele. Wayebuka zonke izinkanyezi ubukhulu lesishiyagalolunye phakathi North Pole kanye degrees amabili eningizimu Nokwehla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutadisha Vasiliy Yakovlevich Struve, ogama biography ligcinwe njengoba usosayensi othile waqala ngokunembile ne Dorpat Observatory, kanyekanye ukuwuvula izakhiwo ezintsha ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane ezintathu, iningi labo kunqunywa isikhundla, efunde trajectory motion kanye anezakhi ezikhethekile.

Kuvulwa Pulkovo Observatory

Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-nesishiyagalolunye, ukunwetshwa Petersburg njengoba kwalesi sigodi kwaholela isidingo ukusungula i Observatory yezinkanyezi, engaphandle kwedolobha. Saqala nokusebenzela ukuletha search indawo efanelekayo eduze enhlokodolobha enyakatho. Kwakungelula. Ukuze Observatory kwakudingeka indawo ephakeme, kodwa kuya entshonalanga yomuzi welula eGulf of Finland, naseningizimu, nangasogwini lolwandle nasempumalanga, at ibanga amakhilomitha amabili, welula Izimfunda ezingasogwini. Yakha enyakatho Petersburg akazange enze umqondo, njengoba kulokhu yonke ingxenye eseningizimu yaleli esibhakabhakeni - iqeda dusted etholakala eduze settlement omkhulu - esicini esibaluleke kunazo ukuyohlolwa.

Ngo 1830, uMbusi uNicholas ngathola umbiko ukuthi wabhala Struve Vasiliy Yakovlevich. Kuyo, wachaza ngokuningiliziwe imisebenzi okubekwa phambi izindikimba ezintsha kanye kahle esikhulu yezinkanyezi, okuyinto obekumele ukwakha eduze Petersburg. Ngokushesha kwanqunywa ukuba uqale ukwakhiwa amakhilomitha amabili eningizimu yomuzi - kwi Pulkovo Heights. umsebenzi Architectural kwanqunywa ukuphathisa umakhi Russian owaziwa Briullov. Umqondisi nenhloko umsebenzi yenhlangano ku ukudalwa izindikimba ezintsha waqokwa Struve, ngaleso sikhathi wasebenza e Tartu University. Kusukela 1833, waba umhlanganyeli ezimatasa enqubeni. Pulkovo Observatory lavulwa ngo-Agasti 1839. Futhi Struve Vasiliy Yakovlevich baba umqondisi walo wokuqala.

Isazi sezinkanyezi u-kusukela ngosuku lokuqala kwaba ukuthi abe umhleli kakhulu. Njengoba kubekwa itshe kuqala ukwakha Observatory, okwenzeka ngo-June 3, 1835, ngaphambi wokuvula yayo 1839, Struve yena abaqondiswa cishe wonke umsebenzi wokwakha.

Kube yasungulwa engcono ngobukhulu ngesikhathi pyatnadtsatidyuymovy refractor isibonakude. Ukujula kanye nekhwalithi Pulkovo Observatory imishini efakwe cishe ngokushesha ngemva kokuba wokuvula yayo kwaba endaweni yokuqala emhlabeni. Futhi ngokusho ukuqashelwa okwalandela edumile nososayensi waseMelika Newcomb, yena waba inhloko-dolobha yezinkanyezi zomhlaba.

Umsebenzi ngesikhathi Pulkovo Observatory

Eminyakeni yokuqala khona salo msebenzi ukuqhubeka ku ekutadisheni izinkanyezi kanambambili, ezaqala ngo-St George sika, Struve Vasiliy Yakovlevich. Okutholakele ezenzeka esikhathini inkathi nomsebenzi wakhe Pulkovo Observatory, babephakathi esibaluleke kunazo uchungechunge izifundo emkhakheni yezinkanyezi. Ukuze ubone ukuthi ibanga izinkanyezi - lolu daba nesithakazelo futhi ukhathazekile ososayensi abaningi abadumile yesikhathi. Struve, enethemba ukufakazela imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukufuduka Parallax, evulekile ngisho uCopernicus waqala yokulinganisa ngokucophelela isikhundla Vega. Wayesebenza ku trajectory lokhu inkanyezi ekhanya kakhulu kuze 1840. Futhi nakuba ibanga elithile kuzo-Vega ke ososayensi bebelokhu ukulungiswa ngesisekelo izibalo ezinembile, Nokho, lo msebenzi Struve kwaba ngomunye wabokuqala emlandweni astronomy imisebenzi ngempumelelo nangokunquma ibanga inkanyezi ethile. Kuyinto ngenxa yalesi simo kamuva kweyodwa msebenzi omkhulukazi yadalwa. Yathandwa ukuthi izinkanyezi amalanga lelikhashane kakhulu, imisebe yokukhanya kuyiphi Ukhuthaza ngesivinini 300,000 km / s, ukufinyelela Umhlaba amashumi ngisho namakhulu eminyaka.

kwelanga

umsebenzi Ukuthela V Ya. Struve kwaqhubeka waze 1858. Kodwa lapho ukugula okungathí sina, squinting yakhe, axoshwe senzo, i-Observatory, athatha izintambo kobuholi indodana yakhe - usosayensi abanamakhono Otto Struve. Vasily Yakovlevich - umsunguli lwamakhosi zezinkanyezi - washona ngo-1864. Kuyathakazelisa, kodwa kwaba ngawo lowo nyaka, Pulkovo Observatory kugujwa amabili nanhlanu yayo ngalo.

ukutholakala

Emkhakheni yezinkanyezi, V. Ya. Struve uye wafakazela lokuhlushwa wangempela izinkanyezi ezingxenyeni eyinhloko Galaxy. Ubalungisisile futhi esiphethweni sokuthi kukhona ukubaluleka ukumuncwa interstellar yokukhanya. Olukhulu astronomy lezinkanyezi Unomsebenzi yakhe eyayinesihloko esithi "Izifundo yezinkanyezi lezinkanyezi." Lapha kulapho Struve based nokucabanga yayo ukuthi kukhona Iqiniso ukumuncwa ukukhanya emkhathini interstellar nokukhuphula inani lezinkanyezi per unit umthamo njengoba zisondela ukuba i-Milky Way.

Ososayensi ukutadisha izinkanyezi kanambambili, ungase Inani kakhulu ngendlela ezimbili izinhlu izinto ubisi bawashicilela, ngokulandelana, ngo 1827 futhi 1852 ngokulandelana. Struve Vasiliy Yakovlevich, omisebenzi yakhe abhekwa eliyisisekelo kule nsimu yezinkanyezi, okokuqala emhlabeni wakwazi balinganise ukuya Vega e umlaza Lyra. Le nkanyezi - bhá lwesithathu esibhakabhakeni ebusuku ngemva Sirius futhi Arcturus, okuyinto kungabonakala nasemkhakheni eRussia kanye eduze phesheya. Futhi umlaza Ophiuchus Struve wathola esigaxeni kwamaplanethi. Ngaphansi kokuqondisa kweNdikimba Vasily Yakovlevich kanye Umdabuli K. Tenner kwenziwa ngesilinganiso degree of the arc Meridian evela ogwini Arctic Ocean emlonyeni elingaseMfuleni iDanube. kunalokho materials eziwusizo zazitholakala ukucacisa kahle ukuma kanye nosayizi umhlaba.

abalandeli

Struve Vasiliy Yakovlevich, ogama lwamakhosi akuyona izazi zezinkanyezi kuphela, kodwa futhi kusukela abaqavile emphakathini kanye nangesimo sezepolitiki, kuyinto umsunguli yonke umkhakha wesayensi lezinkanyezi. Umsebenzi wakhe waqhubeka indodana yakhe u-Otto, nabazukulu ababili - futhi Hermann Ludwig, kanye umzukulu - i isazi sezindikimba ezisemkhathini. I Struve ubudala kukhona owaziwa umthaki wemithi, ohlakaniphile, orientalist futhi academician we-Academy of Sciences zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa.

inkumbulo

Bhala igama lengane usosayensi odumile asihlali ukhohlwe. Ngo-1913 i-iplanethi encane inombolo 768, sitholwe sezinkanyezi Russian Neuimin, Struveanoy ogama lakhe behlonipha lwamakhosi umndeni zezinkanyezi Struve.

Kumemori usosayensi omkhulu ngo-1954 futhi wadedelwa isitembu sokuposa. Sanikezelwa kuya Pulkovo Observatory. Ibonisa isithombe V Ya. Struve futhi izazi zezinkanyezi ezimbili ezidumile Russian. On eyikhulu ngokufa Vasily Yakovlevich, ngo-1964, it wadedelwa eyodwa ngaphezulu isitembu-USSR. portrait lakhe futhi ekhona analogue arc ozinikele, yaqanjwa sezinkanyezi okukhulu. Lezi izitembu abangu esikhishwe Lithuania (2009), Latvia, Estonia futhi Sweden (2011). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-1964 wentaba-International Astronomical Union elise ohlangothini ebonakalayo of the Moon, yaqanjwa ngokuthi V Ya. Struve.

Yamakhathalogi

Struve, ngokufanelekile njengezidalwa ezingaphezu kwabantu umsunguli igatsha lonke yezinkanyezi, e 1827 ngenxa yokubuka abantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu amabini anamahlanu amawaka izinto ezingcwele eshicilelwe ibhuku, ezazihlanganisa ezingaphezu kwezintathu izinkulungwane zezinkanyezi double futhi amaningi. Iningi lazo - e 2343 izwe - ziye zatholakala ososayensi. I 1837th yanyatheliswa umsebenzi yakhe edume kunazo zonke. Ngo "izilinganiso micrometric zezinkanyezi double" sanikezwa imiphumela izibalo ezingaphezu kuka nanye ayizinkulungwane wenza Vasiliem Struve iminyaka eyishumi nambili ngosizo we Dorpat refractor. Kokubili ikhathalogi, enyatheliswa ososayensi, baklonyeliswa wasebusika we-Royal Astronomical Society of London.

Ngo 1852 yanyatheliswa umsebenzi enesihloko esithi "isikhundla phakathi", okwakukhona kulo imiphumela yesikhathi eside kugcinwa ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane ezintathu izinkanyezi. Imisebenzi, okuyinto bathwalwa Struve nabasizi bakhe ngesikhathi Tartu Observatory for cishe engamashumi amabili kamuva kwesisodwa elisetshenziswa astronomy lezinkanyezi.

impumelelo

Vasiliy Yakovlevich Struve, Biography emfushane elibonisa indima yayo enkulu kuyisayensi yokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi, futhi benza umnikelo omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni isayensi ezifana geodesy. Esikhathini kusuka 1822 kuya 1827 ngaphansi kwesandla sakhe, nesilinganiso Meridian arc obuphelele wathwalwa Hogland Island, elise eGulf of Finland, emzini Yakobshtadta. Ngo 1828 ke sopryagli ne Analogue, ibalwa eningizimu-ntshonalanga yezwe. Khona-ke, lezi zilinganiso ziqhutshwa kusukela enyakatho kuya eningizimu. Ngenxa yalokho, ubude yonke we arc kulinganiswa lilungisiwe kunani 25 ° 20 '. Lalibizwa ngokuthi Russian-zaseScandinavia. Nokho, ochwepheshe know her ngaphezulu njengoba Struve Geodetic Arc.

isihloko

Vasily Yakovlevich khona ilungu zokuhlonipha cishe bonke amanyuvesi ezweni lakithi, kanye eziningi imiphakathi zesayensi angaphandle kanye zezifundiswa yesayensi. Phakathi nekhulu le-nesishiyagalolunye Struve nengxenye ekudalweni kwendoda nowesifazane Lisbon Observatory. It njengamanje ephethwe yi-City University, kodwa la mazwi lapho awusahloni-. It edalwa njengendodana Observatory ngomfanekiso Russia - Pulkovo - okwakubekelwa kubhekwe ngesikhathi inhloko-dolobha enkulu yezinkanyezi zomhlaba. uchwepheshe oyinhloko kuyi Ukukhetha ithuluzi kwaba abavelele sezinkanyezi Russian Struve.