Uyini cytoplasm? Isakhiwo, ukwakheka kanye izakhiwo cytoplasm

Uyini cytoplasm? Kuyini isimo sawo futhi Ukwakheka? Yini umsebenzi ingabe ukwenza? Kulesi sihloko, sizofunda uphendule ngokuningiliziwe yonke le mibuzo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sizobheka izici isakhi cytoplasm futhi impahla yayo, kanye ukhulume division of ikhambi colloidal, isakhiwo cell ulwelwesi kanye organelles yeselula ezibucayi.

Amayunithi isakhi zonke izicubu amaseli kwezitho. Izinhlobo ezimbili inhlangano kwesakhiwo

Kuyaziwa ukuthi amangqamuzana akha izicubu yazo zonke izitshalo nezilwane. Lezi iyunithi isakhi zonke izinto eziphilayo kungahluka ijamo, ubungako ngisho Sakhiwo sangekhatsi. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo babe nezimiso ezifanayo ekuphileni izinqubo, kuhlanganise umzimba, ukukhula kanye nokuthuthuka, ukucasuka kanye kokuhlukana. Amafomu elula zokuphila aqukethe amaseli olulodwa futhi ezala sokuhlukanisa.
Ososayensi baye ezimbili izinhlobo cell ohlakeni lwale nhlangano kwabelwe:

• prokaryotic;
• eukaryotic.

Sinenkosi eziningi umehluko isakhiwo sabo. I cell prokaryotic olwakhiwe core sishoda. chromosome wakhe olulodwa itholakala ngokuqondile cytoplasm, esingavunyelwe uhlukane nezinye izakhi. isakhiwo esinjalo esivamile amagciwane. cytoplasm labo ayiyinhle lichaza ekwakheni izakhiwo, kodwa kukhona ribosome ezincane. Eukaryotic seliyinkimbinkimbi kunalokho amaseli prokaryotic. DNA wakhe ihlobene amaprotheni kuma-chromosome, okuyinto zitholakala endaweni ehlukile cell organelles - i-nucleus. It ahlukaniswa nezinye organelles of ulwelwesi ukungena nakwamanye amazwe yeseli futhi siqukethe izinto ezifana chromatin, ijusi enuzi kanye nucleolus. Noma kunjalo, kukhona okuthile ezivamile izinhlobo ezimbili yenhlangano yeselula. Futhi prokaryotes futhi eukaryotes babe ulwelwesi. Futhi okuqukethwe kwawo kwangaphakathi ethulwa isixazululo ekhethekile colloidal, lapho kukhona organelles ehlukahlukene ukusebenza okwesikhashana.

iseli Eukaryotic: i-cytoplasm. Ukwakheka kwalo kanye nemisebenzi

Ngakho, siye inhliziyo ucwaningo lwethu. Uyini cytoplasm? Ake sihlole kabanzi lokhu kumiswa cell. I cytoplasm kuyinto eza kuqala kubo ingxenye amaseli kahle phakathi nengaphakathi kanye ulwelwesi plasma. -Semi ketshezi, it is ebuswa tubules, microtubules, microfilaments futhi kwayo. Futhi ngaphansi cytoplasm kungaqondakala isixazululo colloidal okuyinto libhekene ukunyakaza izinhlayiya colloidal kanye nezinye izingxenye. Kulesi semi naphakathi ehlanganisa amanzi compounds ahlukahlukene organic futhi wezinto ezingaphili, wahlela cell izakhiwo, organelles, kanye ukusebenza okwesikhashana. Izinhlelo ezibaluleke kakhulu yiwona cytoplasm. It lucwaningo yokubhaliswa zonke izingxenye yeselula e uhlelo olulodwa. Ngenxa tubules futhi microtubules cytoplasm yengqamuzana wenza umsebenzi lwamathambo futhi inikeza indawo izinqubo bokuphila kwamakhemikhali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunika litfuba yonke organelles cell futhi inikeza ukunyakaza. Lezi zici kukhona cytoplasm iseli kubaluleke kakhulu, njengoba uvumele iyunithi isakhi zonke izinto eziphilayo ukuze bafeze umsebenzi wabo ezivamile. Manje ngoba sewuyazi ukuthi lokho cytoplasm. Njengoba kahle onjani isikhundla esitokisini yini edingekayo "umsebenzi" lisebenza. Okulandelayo sicabanga ukwakheka kanye nesakhiwo yesixazululo colloidal kabanzi.

Ingabe kukhona umehluko ku cytoplasm yezitshalo nezilwane amaseli?

organelles Membranous, elise isixazululo colloidal, kubhekwe Golgi apharathasi, reticulum endoplasmic, mitochondria, lysosomes, kanye yangaphandle plastid ulwelwesi cytoplasmic. Ngo izilwane nezitshalo amaseli kuyahluka Ukwakheka naphakathi semiliquid. I cytoplasm ku cell isitshalo has a organelles ekhethekile - le plastids. Ziyakwazi iprotheni emizimbeni ethize kuhluke umsebenzi, ifomu nombala zombala ngemibala ehlukene. Plastids zitholakala cytoplasm futhi ayakwazi ukuthuthela ehambisana nesiphithiphithi. + Zikhula, ziyanda futhi ukukhiqiza organic compounds equkethe enzyme. I cytoplasm yengqamuzana isitshalo inezinhlobo ezintathu plastids. Aphuzi noma orange ngokuthi chromoplasts, oluhlaza - chloroplast, futhi kungekho nto enemibala emihle - leucoplasts. Kukhona esinye isici isici - eyinkimbinkimbi Golgi emelelwa dictyosome chithi saka cytoplasm. Ngo amaseli isilwane, ngokungafani kuya isitshalo, le cytoplasm izingqimba ezimbili etholakalayo. Engaphandle ngokuthi ectoplasm, kanye kwangaphakathi - endoplasma. Isendlalelo lokuqala eyakhelene ulwelwesi cell, kanti eyesibili - phakathi kwayo ulwelwesi yenuzi ukungena nakwamanye amazwe. Ectoplasm yakhiwa inqwaba microfilaments - zingu molecule globular actin amaprotheni. Endoplasm iqukethe organelles ahlukahlukene, elimbudumbudu futhi elinesimo viscosity aphansi.

Hyaloplasm kuseli eukaryotic

Ngesisekelo cytoplasm ka eukaryotes kuyinto okuthiwa hyaloplasm. Kuyinto okusaluketshezi, kungekho nto enemibala emihle, isixazululo-non-iyunifomu lapho izinqubo umzimba njalo zenzeka. Hyaloplasm (ngamanye amagama, matrix) kuyinto uhlelo colloidal nge isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi. isakhiwo Its kuhlanganisa RNA namaprotheni encibilikayo, lipids futhi polysaccharides. Ngo namanje aqukethe abalulekile lemali hyaloplasm nucleotide, amino acid, ama-ion wezinto ezingaphili, ama kanye compounds yohlobo Na ^- noma Ca ^2+. I-matrix has a isakhiwo homogeneous. Itholakala izinhlobo ezimbili zazo zibizwa gel (eziqinile) kanye sol (liquid). ukuhwebelana Mutual phakathi kwabo zenzeka. Esigabeni ketshezi kukhona uhlelo thinnest amaprotheni sesigcilikisha ngokuthi mikrotrabekulami. Babopha zonke izinhlaka ngaphakathi engqamuzaneni. Futhi sihlala endaweni lapho niwela iqembu ribosomes. Mikrotrabekuly nge microtubules futhi microfilaments akha skeleton cytoplasmic. Kuchaza futhi ulawula indawo yabo bonke organelles cell.

izinto eziphilayo futhi wezinto ezingaphili ku colloidal isixazululo amaseli

Ake sibheke ukuthi yini ukwakheka amakhemikhali cytoplasm? Izinto eziqukethwe cell kungenziwa labizwa ngamaqembu amabili - organic wezinto ezingaphili. Okokuqala okwethulwa amaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate, amafutha kanye acid nucleic. Carbohydrate ethulwa cytoplasm ka mono-, thini futhi polysaccharides. Ngu monosaccharides, zinhlayiya kungekho nto enemibala emihle, ukunambitheka ngokuvamile amnandi zihlanganisa fructose, glucose, ribose nokunye okunjalo. D. molecule Esibanzi polysaccharides aqukethe monosaccharide. Esikhathini kwengqamuzana, amelelwa isitashi, glycogen kanye cellulose. Lipids, amangqamuzana omoya isb amafutha, izinsalela kumiswa glycerol futhi fatty acid. cytoplasm Sakhiwo: izinto wezinto ethulwa ngokuyinhloko amanzi, ngokuvamile kufana 90% ngesisindo. Yena wenza ku cytoplasm imisebenzi ebalulekile. Amanzi uketshezi jikelele, kunikeza kuyaqina, kuyinto ngqo iqhaza kulengqungquthela izinto, kokubili ngaphakathi futhi phakathi amaseli. Ngokuphathelene Macro ukuthi zakha isisekelo biopolymers, ezingaphezu kuka-98% of the ukwakheka Imininingwane elalihlala-mpilo cytoplasmic, i-hydrogen, carbon nitrogen. Ngaphandle kwabo, iseli iqukethe sodium, i-calcium, i-sulphur, magnesium, chlorine ne abanye. I nosawoti wamaminerali abakhona njengoba anions futhi cations, lapho isilinganiso inquma asidi yabo.

I izakhiwo yesixazululo colloidal kuseli

Cabangela eminye, iziphi izici eziyinhloko cytoplasm. Okokuqala, it is a cyclosis njalo. Kuyinto intracellular cytoplasm ukunyakaza. Waqale kuqoshwe futhi kuchazwe ekhulwini le-18, i-Italy usosayensi Corti. Cyclosis kwenziwe kulo lonke cytoplasm, kufaka phakathi tyazhah ukuxhumanisa i-cytoplasm ukuze nucleus. Uma ezinyakazayo nganoma yisiphi isizathu prekraschaetsya - efa iseli eukaryotic. I cytoplasm kuyadingeka e cyclosis njalo, okuyinto Kutsho ukujikeleza organelles. Ijubane motion matrix kuxhomeke ezicini eziningana, kuhlanganise ukukhanya kanye lokushisa. Ngokwesibonelo, e-epidermis isivinini onion izikali cyclosis imayelana 6 m / s. cytoplasm ukunyakaza emzimbeni isitshalo has nethonya elikhulu ukukhula nokwakheka kwalo, ukuthuthukisa ezokuthutha izinto phakathi amaseli. Impahla ezibalulekile yesibili viscosity yesixazululo colloidal. It siyahluka kakhulu kuye ngohlobo zisifake. Ezinye viscosity eziphilayo nezidalwa cytoplasm kuphela kancane mkhulu kunezinhliziyo viscosity yamanzi, abanye, kunalokho, ukuze sifinyelele viscosity glycerine. Kukholakala ukuthi luncike umzimba. Ukushintsha olunzulu kwenzeka, ephansi viscosity yesixazululo colloidal. Esinye isici esibaluleke semipermeable. I cytoplasm e ngezithako zawo has a ulwelwesi nokukhawulela. Ziyakwazi ngenxa ekhethekile ikhipha unekhono ngokukhetha ukudlula molecule ezinye izinto futhi ungalahlekelwa nezinye. permeability okukhethwayo we cytoplasm linendima ebalulekile enqubeni zokuphila. Akukhona njalo kukho konke ukuphila, ukushintsha ngeminyaka kanye nokwenyuka kwezinga isitshalo eziphilayo ne ukukhanya okwandayo umfutho kanye lokushisa. Kunzima overestimate ukubaluleka cytoplasm. Kuyinto ahileleke amandla umzimba, ezokuthutha izakhi, excretion exotoxins. Liphinde njengesenzo osmotic isithiyo matrix kanye ehilelekile ukulawulwa okusezingeni eliphezulu enqubweni yentuthuko, ukukhula cell division. Kubandakanya the cytoplasm udlala indima ebalulekile-DNA ukufanisana.

Izici cell division

Zonke nezitshalo nezilwane amaseli wande sokuhlukanisa. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu ezaziwayo - okuqondile, okungenxa yezimo eqondile Ukunciphisa. Eyokuqala ubizwa nangokuthi amitosis. ukubuyabuyelela ongaqondile kwenzeka kanje. Ekuqaleni, "pereshnurovyvaetsya" core, bese division of cytoplasm kwenzeka. Ngenxa yalokho, amangqamuzana ezimbili kwakhiwa, okuyinto kancane kancane usayizi umzali. Lolu hlobo ukuhlukana izilwane kuyinto evamile. Ngokuvamile, lapho zenzeka division ngokungaqondile, okusho mitosis. Kuyinto okuningi amitosis nzima futhi ungachazwa ukuthi kukhona luyanda zamagama nucleus futhi kuphindaphindwe kabili inani DNA. Mitosis has izigaba ezine, ababiziweyo - prophase, metaphase, anaphase futhi telophase.

• Isigaba sokuqala libhekene kumiswa imicu ikhoyili chromatin ngesikhathi nucleus chromosome futhi kamuva ngokuthi "izikopelo". Kule nkathi kukhona ukungahambisani centrioles iye enyakatho futhi obumba achromatin uthi lokuphotha.
• Isigaba sesibili ka mitosis ungachazwa ukuthi chromosome, ukufinyelela esiphezulu Helix uqale esisogwini yenkabazwe amaseli ehlelekile.
• Esigabeni sesithathu wokuqhekeka Ama-chromosomes e ku chromatids ezimbili. Kulokhu, Imi lokuphotha intambo kanye indodakazi wadonsa Ama-chromosomes e ukuze izingongolo okuphambene.
• Esigabeni wesine mitosis kwenzeka dispiralizatsiya-chromosomes kanye kumiswa imvilophi yenuzi elibazungezile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo division of cytoplasm kwenzeka. Thina indodakazi iseli has a isethi diploid lezakhi zofuzo.

Ukuncishiswa division eziyizici amaseli ngokobulili. Kulesi hlobo cell ukubuyabuyelela kwenzeka kumiswa Ama-chromosomes e zokwakheka abhanqiwe. Ukukhethwa ingenye chromosome ayibhangqiwe. Ngenxa yalokho, ukunciphisa division zibe amangqamuzana ezimbili indodakazi ukuthola ingxenye chromosome isethi. Imidiyeni ingenye kuphela indodakazi cell. Ubulili amaseli nge uhhafu inani lezakhi zofuzo, abavuthiwe futhi abakwaziyo sokukhulelwa, ngokuthi owesifazane futhi gametes besilisa.

Umqondo ulwelwesi cytoplasmic

Kuzo zonke izilwane, izitshalo, amaseli ngisho amagciwane elula abe ekhethekile ebusweni iyunithi enciphisa futhi ivikela matrix kusukela imvelo bangaphandle. ulwelwesi Cytoplasmic (plasmalemma, ulwelwesi cell, plasma ulwelwesi) wembozwe ngokukhetha permeable zishintshe (amaprotheni, phospholipids), ohlanganisa cytoplasm. Siqukethe subsystems ezintathu:

• plasma ulwelwesi;
• eziyinkimbinkimbi nadmembranny;
• submembranny zemisipha hyaloplasm contractile kulandzelana nekuhlunga tinsita.

Isakhiwo ulwelwesi cytoplasmic wukuthi:-ke yakhiwa ezimbili zamatshe lipid molecule (bilayer), i-molecule ngamunye okunjalo umsila kanye ikhanda. Imisila zibhekane. Ziyakwazi hydrophobic. ikhanda Hydrophilic nangaphakathi namaseli kwangaphandle. I bilayer kuhlanganisa molecule amaprotheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyinto lipids azilingani futhi ezahlukene wahlela monolayer. Ngokwesibonelo, e yeseli eukaryotic cholesterol molecule zitholakala kwangaphakathi, eseduze cytoplasm, isigamu ulwelwesi. Glycolipids elise kuphela olwelwesini, futhi ama-carbohydrate zabo amaketanga njalo iqondiswe kwangaphandle. ulwelwesi Cytoplasmic has imisebenzi ebalulekile kuhlanganise nokukhawulela okuqukethwe yangaphakathi esitokisini kusukela imvelo bangaphandle, kuvumela ukungena izinto ezithile (glucose, amino acid) ku amaseli. Plasmalemma wenza ukudluliswa izinto esitokisini, kanye okukhipha yabo phandle, isb ukukhethwa. Ngokusebenzisa ezimbotsheni eyenza umuntu acabange eseZwini amanzi, ion futhi izinto ezincane molecule nezinhlayiyana indawo kuthiwa zithutha esitokisini esebenzisa phagocytosis. Uma uyikha phezulu le amafomu ulwelwesi microvilli invagination futhi diverticulum, okuyinto ncela ngempumelelo hhayi kuphela nokukhululwa izinto, kodwa futhi ukuxhumana namanye amangqamuzana. Ulwelwesi ivumela okunamathiselwe 'ubunye wazo zonke izinto eziphilayo "ezindaweni ezahlukene futhi kusiza ukunyakaza.

Organelles ku cytoplasm kokuqanjiwe. reticulum Endoplasmic futhi ribosomes

Ngaphezu kwalokho hyaloplasm cytoplasm iqukethe futhi organelles eziningi ezincane ezingabonakali zihlukile isakhiwo. Ukuba khona kwabo ngezitshalo nangezilwane amaseli lisikisela ukuthi enza imisebenzi ebalulekile futhi ebalulekile. Ngokwezinga elithile, la imfundo morphological ifaniswe umzimba womuntu noma izidumbu zezilwane, okuyinto wanika ithuba ukubiza organelles yabo. Esikhathini cytoplasm ukuhlukanisa kubonakala isibonakhulu ukukhanya organelle isakhiwo platelet, mitochondria, kanye centrosome. Ngosizo ngesibonakhulu electron kuleli matrix wathola microtubules, lysosomes, ribosomes plasma inethiwekhi. I cytoplasm yengqamuzana is lwangena ngeziteshi ezahlukene, ezibizwa ngokuthi "endpolazmaticheskaya inethiwekhi." ulwelwesi yabo odongeni nabo bonke abanye organelles futhi bakha uhlelo olulodwa ukuthi yenza umzimba amandla, kanye ukuhamba izinto ngaphakathi amaseli. Izindonga zalezi ziteshi kukhona ribosomes, okuyinto ibukeke ubuhlalu amancane. Bona zingafakwa singly noma emaqenjini. Ribosomes aqukethe inombolo cishe alinganayo acid ribonucleic namaprotheni. Futhi e ngezithako zawo kuhlanganisiwe magnesium. Ribosomes abakwazi kuphela eziteshini EPS, kodwa futhi ukhululekile amanga cytoplasm, futhi zenzeka nucleus, lapho kwakhiwa bona. Isethi iziteshi kokuba ribosomes abizwa ngokuthi luyimbudumbudu reticulum endoplasmic. On kubo, ngaphandle ribosomes zitholakala enzyme anomthelela synthesis carbohydrate kanye amafutha. Ngo izimbotshana sangaphakathi iziteshi yengqamuzana imfucumfucu. Ngezinye izikhathi izandiso EPS vacuoles kwakhiwa - izimbotshana egcwele cell ubisi kanye ulwelwesi elinganiselwe. Lezi organelles silondoloze turgor ingcindezi. Lysosomes kukhona ukwakheka ezincane okweqanda. Basuke chithi saka cytoplasm. Lysosomes akhiwa-EPS noma Golgi eziyinkimbinkimbi, lapho eligcwele amangqamuzana hydrolytic. Lysosomes zenzelwe ukugaya izinhlayiya ngaphakathi amaseli ngenxa phagocytosis.

Cytoplasm: isakhiwo nemisebenzi organelles yayo. Plate Golgi eziyinkimbinkimbi, mitochondria, kanye centrosome

Golgi eziyinkimbinkimbi emelelwa isitshalo amangqamuzana ngamanye corpuscles ehlotshisiwe ulwelwesi, futhi izilwane - tubules, Bubbles kanye amathangi. Lokhu organoid ngoba ukulungiswa zamakhemikhali ukuhoxiswa okwalandela kophawu phakathi cytoplasm we uketshezi cell. Iphinde eyenziwa synthesis polysaccharides futhi glycoproteins kumiswa. Mitochondria - inkonyane induku emise, filamentous noma ifomu luyimbudumbudu. Basuke kungagcini nolwelwesi ezimbili, okuyinto aqukethe ungqimba double phospholipids namaprotheni. Kusukela ulwelwesi lwangaphakathi yalezi organelles suka cristae, izindonga okuyizinto enzyme. Ngosizo lwabo, ukuhlanganiswa kwezici adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondria ngezinye izikhathi kubhekiselwa kuzo ngokuthi "yeselula izitshalo amandla" ngoba ukunikeza ingxenye enkulu triphosphate adenosine. It is esetshenziswa iseli njengendlela umthombo wamandla zamakhemikhali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, mitochondria yenze eminye imisebenzi, kuhlanganise isignali transduction, yokufa kwamangqamuzana engokwemvelo, iseli kwamangqamuzana. Centrosome (isikhungo cell) yakhiwa centrioles ezimbili, okuyinto ahlelwe engela komunye nomunye. Lokhu organelle kuyisici esihlupha bonke izitshalo nezilwane (ngaphandle isikhunta aphansi aphansi), futhi ukuba ikhombe izigxobo ngesikhathi mitosis. Iseli sokuhlukanisa iqale ihlukaniswe centrosome. Loku achromatin lokuphotha esichaza Ama-chromosomes e-orientation etshiyeneyo ngase-pole. Futhi kukhonjisiwe organelles cell kanye organelle kungenzeka injongo ekhethekile, njengemishado cilia futhi flagella. Futhi, ngezinye izigaba ezithile ekuphileni kungaba futhi ukufakwa, okungukuthi, timphawu isikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, izakhi ezifana amaconsi fat, amaprotheni, isitashi, glycogen, njll ...

Ama-lymphocyte - amaseli abalulekile izivikeli mzimba

Ama-lymphocyte - namangqamuzana ezibalulekile bohlanga wamangqamuzana egazi amhlophe nezilwane futhi bahlanganyele ukusabela immunological. Bahlukene ngobukhulu izici kwesakhiwo ku subgroups ezintathu:

• encane - ngaphansi kuka-8 microns ububanzi;
• naphakathi - ububanzi microns 8 kuya ku-11;
• okusezingeni eliphezulu - ezingaphezu kuka 11 microns ububanzi.

lymphocyte Small yibona egazini izilwane. Sinenkosi nucleus elikhulu nxazonke, lanqoba umthamo cytoplasm. I cytoplasm lymphocyte kule iqeqebana ifana usebe wenuzi noma isikela, eduze nezindawo ohlangothini core. Ngokuvamile ku-matrix iqukethe eziningi elimbudumbudu azurophilic owayemude encane. Mitochondria, izakhi ipuleti eyinkimbinkimbi kanye EPS tubules zimbalwa futhi zitholakala eduze komgodi zenuzi. lymphocyte okulingene nezinkulu ahlelwe kancane ehlukile. nuclei zabo ziyisiliva emabhontjisi emise aqukethe ayimbijana chromatin wafingqa. Ziyakwazi kulula ukuhlukanisa nucleolus. lymphocyte Cytoplasmic amaqembu lesibili nelesithathu has a usebe ebanzi. amakilasi amabili eyaziwa lama-lymphocyte, okubizwa ngokuthi B- ne-T-lymphocyte. Okokuqala kwakheka izilwane mielovidnoy umnkantsha. La mangqamuzana unekhono yakha immunoglobulin, ayisiza. Ngosizo lwabo B lymphocyte uxhumana antigen, beqaphela yokugcina. T-lymphocyte angasuselwa umnkantsha amaseli thymus (e tincetu yayo cortical okuyingxenye). Lawa cytoplasmic ulwelwesi ebusweni histocompatibility antigen, kanye receptor eminingi ngayo nefunda ngayo ukuqashelwa izinhlayiya angaphandle. lymphocyte Encane ikakhulukazi ethulwa T-lymphocyte (70%), phakathi lapho kukhona inani elikhulu amaseli eside waphila. Iningi B-ama-lymphocyte eyesikhashana - kuphi esisuka esontweni elilodwa kuya ngenyanga.

Sithemba athikili yethu iye yaba usizo, futhi manje wazi ukuthi yini cytoplasm, futhi hyaloplasm plazmelemma. Njengoba kahle, yini imisebenzi, isakhiwo kanye ukubaluleka ngenxa yokuphila umzimba izakhiwo cell.