Ukufundisa jikelele kohlelo lwezemfundo: zinhloso nezinjongo

Didactic ohlelweni lwezemfundo kuyinto isakhiwo okuhlangene ehlanganisa imigomo ethile, izimiso yenhlangano, izindlela kanye namafomu ukuqeqeshwa.

zinhlobo

Abacwaningi banamuhla ukuhlukanisa izinhlelo ezintathu eziyinhloko didactic ukuthi kukhona ukungezwani phakathi kwakho okukhulu phakathi kwabo:

• Didactics Herbart.
• Dewey uhlelo.
• umqondo ophelele.

Ake sizame ukubona izimfanelo ngamunye wabo, ukuthola izici ezifanayo kanye ehlukile.

didactics Herbart

sefilosofi German Gerbart I. F. sikuhlaziye bahumusha ekilasini-sifundo ifomu uthisha Polish Yana Kamenskogo. Herbart isungule uhlelo ayo izindlela didactic yokufundisa, ngokusekelwe steel impumelelo theory of kwengqondo nasezimisweni zokuziphatha 18-19 eminyaka. Umphumela wazo wonke inqubo yemfundo uthisha German imfundo kubhekwe umoya oqinile indoda enekhono yokubhekana ngokuphumelelayo nanoma ibuphi ubunzima. Umgomo omkhulu uhlelo didactic kwahlonzwa kwetinhlavu izimfanelo zokuziphatha komuntu.

imibono kahle imfundo Herbart

Phakathi uhlele kabusha imicondvo lemcoka ukuthi ezihlongozwayo ukusebenzisa inqubo yemfundo, sigqame:

• nezifiso Ukuphelela emkhakheni ingane, isiqondiso beyofuna ukukhula zokuziphatha.
• Sokuthakazelelwa ozoqinisekisa kusebentisana emkhatsini intando yabo futhi nikhathalele nezabanye.
• Justice isinxephezeliso zonke ukuthukwa futhi ukwazi ukuthwala usizi oluthile.
• inkululeko Inner, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukufanisa izinkolelo kanye nezifiso indoda.

Lokulalela kanye Nokuziphatha Psychology uthisha kwadingeka uhlamvu elifanayo ezintweni eziphilayo. izinhlelo yakhe didactic zisekelwe idealist nefilosofi-German. Phakathi nemingcele main gerbartovskoy didactics kubalulekile ukuphawula unakekelwe isikole kumiswa ngokwengqondo kwezingane. Ngokuphathelene imfundo yomuntu, khona-ke lokhu indima babelwe Herbart umndeni. Ukuze ukwakheka eqinile, ngokuziphatha isimilo abafundi, kusikiselwa ukusebenzisa isiyalo esiqinile. Kusukela ngombono wakhe, othisha kwakufanele babe izibonelo zangempela zokwethembeka nobuqotho ukuze abafundi babo.

Imininingwane didactics Herbart

Umsebenzi lobuholi esikoleni wukuqinisekisa emisebenzi unomphela kubafundi, ukuhlela ukuqeqeshwa kwabo, enifeza nokuqapha okuqhubekayo yentuthuko bangakwazi ukucobelelana ngobuhlakani nangamandla, abafundi accustom oda nesiyalo. Ukuze esikoleni wayengekho iziyaluyalu, Herbart ezihlongozwayo ukwethula kwezithibelo ezithile kanye enqabelo. Endabeni nokwephula imithetho olwamukelwa, waze wavumela ukusetshenziswa kuhlawuliswa ngekushaywa. Kunikezelwe kubo izinhlobo izifundo ezifundiwe ohlelweni didactic kusho ukusetshenziswa esiphezulu nemisebenti lephatsekako. uthisha-German wayegxila synthesis intando, imizwa, ulwazi, isiyalo futhi oda.

Okusho imiqondo didactic

Nguye owokuqala ezihlongozwayo ukuqeqeshwa hhayi ahlukene nemfundo, kubhekwe ezimbili abafundisi eside kuphela ekuhlanganisweni. Umnikelo lomcoka didactic ukuqeqeshwa uhlelo akhe kubé ukwabiwa eziningana imikhakha yemfundo. Wasikisela isikimu ukukukhanyisa likasoseshini wadlula lapho, khona-ke uhlelo, bese-ke izindlela. inqubo Ihlangano, wakha ngesisekelo izethulo, eyayintula kancane kancane ukuya amakhono theory. On the ezisebenzisekayo umqondo akhiwa Herbart, aphume umbuzo. Wayekholelwa ukuthi kwakubalulekile ukuba unike umfundi ulwazi theory, kodwa ukuthi ngeke noma uzosebenzisa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, akunandaba ngalesi sikole.

abalandeli Herbart

Abafundi nabalandeli nguthishela German waqala T. Ziller, Rein B., F. Dörpfeld. Bakwazi ukuthuthukisa kanye nesimanje imibono komfundisi wakhe, wazama ukuhlukana uhlelo yabo icala didactic futhi unilateralism. Rein izigaba ezinhlanu zokuqeqeshwa lwaqala, futhi abelwe okuqukethwe ngamunye, yezinjongo eziyinhloko, izindlela ehlongozwayo ifeze. Ngo uhlelo iyunithi lakhe lisho nge material amasha, ukudidiyela ulwazi kanye nolwazi lokuthi abafundi banikezwa ngaphambili, kanye zamagama nokuhlolwa kwe-nemakhono labawatfolile.

Ukuqhathanisa imiqondo eziningana didactic

Othisha kwakungafanele babegcina athobele zonke izinyathelo esisemthethweni ukuqeqeshwa, banikezwa ilungelo ukuthuthukisa izindlela sokuthuthukiswa ukucabanga zezingane, bathola imfundo egcwele. izinhlelo ezinjalo didactic inqubo yokufunda yayikhona kuze phakathi nekhulu leminyaka eledlule e-Europe. odokotela bengqondo Modern bayaqiniseka ukuthi umqondo we nethonya elibi endleleni umsebenzi ezikoleni. Kwaphela isikhathi eside wonke uhlelo didactic igxile ukudluliswa yothisha abafundi ulwazi ngomumo. Akukho lapho kumiswa nemibandela iSilekeleli Sokwazisa, izenzo lokusungula, aphume umbuzo. Umfundi kwakudingeka buthule eklasini, lalelisisa umeluleki wakhe, ngokunembile futhi ngokushesha enze zonke iziqondiso zakhe kanye nezincomo. I passivity abafundi kwaholela eqinisweni ukuthi abanaso isifiso ukuba bathole ulwazi, lenqwaba abafundi ongazange afune ukuba bathole ulwazi, ngasala esikoleni, baduduza emamaki abanelisi. Zazingekho othisha amathuba ukuhlonza kanye nokuthuthukiswa abafundi abanamakhono futhi onekhono. Uhlelo isilinganiso Kusolwa futhi ethungatha impumelelo ngabanye yomfundi ngamunye. Phawula ukuthi ngaphandle didactics Herbart uhamba, kwakuzoba noshintsho omuhle ohlelweni ezemfundo, okuyinto zenzeka ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule kanye uyaqhubeka namuhla.

Didactics Dzhona Dyui

uthisha waseMelika kwengqondo Dzhon Dyui athuthukile umahluko phakathi imodeli kobushiqela Herbart othisha. Imisebenzi yakhe baye baba counterweight sangempela imiqondo zemfundo ekhona. uthisha waseMelika wagomela ngokuthi eyisisekelo ohlelweni lokufundisa ekhona phambi kwakhe, kwaholela kuphela imfundo olukha phezulu zesikole. Ngenxa yokuthi le kugcizelelwa main wabekwa ekudluliseni ulwazi theory, kwakukhona gap omkhulu phakathi ngokoqobo. Abafundi "eyayigcwele" ulwazi asikwazanga ukusebenzisa ulwazi lwabo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingane ukuthola "ulwazi ngomumo eyenziwe", abazange kudingeka senze umzamo ukuze ngokuzimela ukucinga ulwazi oluthile. It aningenanga German eluhlelweni lwemfundvo kanye inkulumo izimfuno ebhalisiwe izidingo zezingane, izithakazelo umphakathi, ukuthuthukiswa kwabanye. Dewey, ucwaningo lakhe laqala esikoleni eChicago 1895. He qamba ifayela ikhadi imidlalo didactic eklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa umsebenzi izingane. Uthisha wahlabeka bakwazi ukuthuthukisa isici esisha "umqondo ophelele". ukubukwa Psychological and yefilosofi umbhali, ingane iqala ucabange uma kukhona ubunzima obuthile phambi kwakhe. Kuyinto enqubeni ye sinqobe izithiyo, ingane iqala ukucabanga. "Isenzo Okugcwele" nokucabanga Dewey kuhilela izinyathelo ezithile:

• Ukuvela nobunzima.
• Ithola izinkinga.
• Ekwakhiweni imibono eyayisinesikhathi.
• Ukuthwala ukuqinisekisa logic of hypothesis edalulwa.
• Ukuhlaziya imiphumela ucwaningo nalokho esikubonayo.
• Ekunqobeni izithiyo.

Imininingwane didactics Dewey

Ifayela adalwe nombhali imidlalo didactic le ehlosiwe "yokufunda inkinga ezisekelwe." Le ndlela ngempela ngokushesha bathola abasekeli phakathi zokusebenza kwengqondo European nabafundisi. Ngokuqondene isicelo kohlelo American ezikoleni Soviet, siphawula ukuthi umzamo, kodwa wayengatholi ethwele impumelelo. Isithakazelo endaweni didactics enjalo ebonakala eRussia kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21. Ukubaluleka imibono American Dewey kungenzeka indlela umahluko ukuqeqeshwa nokufundiswa yomfundi ngamunye. I sifundo isakhiwo isigaba samanje ngokuchaza inkinga, ekwakhiweni imibono eyayisinesikhathi, algorithm yosesho yezenzo, isifundo, ukuhlaziya imiphumela, ekwakhiweni iziphetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana umbono isethi.

Ukuqhathanisa kohlelo bendabuko kanye nomqondo Dewey

American waba Innovator inqubo Pedagogical kweqiniso. It esikhundleni "encwadini yokufunda" wanikelwa ithuba yokufuna asebenzayo elwati nemakhono. Kuqhame ezimele umsebenzi engqondweni yethu abafundi, lo thisha waba ngummemezeli umsizi abafundi bakhe. Thishela uhola ingane, amsize ukuba nginqobe ubunzima, ukubeka umbono sifinyelela iziphetho imiphumela eyatholakala. Kunalokho lwezifundo classical ahlinzekwa izinhlelo American ngabanye, okuyinto ungakwazi ukuthola ulwazi emazingeni ehlukene. Kusukela kulo mzuzwana iqala indaba imfundo umahluko nokuthathwa ngamuntu munye, iyunithi izinhlelo emazingeni eziyisisekelo futhi ezikhethekile. ukunakwa okuningi ikhokhelwa umqondo walo Dewey umkhuba, sibonga esikoleni wakhe uvele ezimele ucwaningo umsebenzi lezingane zesikole.

isiphetho

Uhlelo esikoleni njalo iyathuthukiswa, more xaka, sibonga izinhlelo ezintsha akhiwa zokusebenza kwengqondo kanye nothisha. Phakathi imiqondo eminingi didactic adaliwe past amabili eminyaka, kubaluleke ngokukhethekile yilona uhlelo zakudala Herbart, Dewey Uhlelo ezintsha. Kuyinto ngokusebenzisa le misebenzi kuye kwavela ezindaweni eyinhloko yemfundo, okuyinto kungabonakala izikole lanamuhla. Ukuhlaziya izitayela ezintsha, siphawula ukufunda "ngokusebenzisa ukuvulwa" ehlongozwayo ngu uthisha waseMelika uJerome Bruner. Lokhu kwaziswa kubonakala kwethu nezidingo kuya abathweswe iziqu kulesi sikole eyinhloko GEF. Abafundi kumele bafunde imithetho eyisisekelo kanye izenzakalo bemvelo, ngqo we ukuphila komphakathi, ukuchitha ucwaningo lwazo, iqhaza kumaphrojekthi ngamunye nanjengeqembu.

Abadali of the isizukulwane esisha yesibili izindinganiso isimo esetshenziswa umsebenzi wabo, imiqondo eziningana ezemfundo, ukukhetha okungcono yale mibono. Okubaluleke kakhulu ohlelweni didactic yesimanje ikhokhwe ekwakhekeni umuntu obunobunye ozazisa Lezwe yakhe, uyazi futhi ehlonipha bonke emasikweni abantu bakhe. Ukuze iziqu esikoleni iye ezovumelana nezimo zanamuhla wokuphila, Okubaluleke ngokukhethekile kunikezwa ukuthuthukiswa kwawena. Thishela ayisekho "umbusi", wavele uthumela abafundi bakhe, kuyasiza ukuze ubhekane nezinselele abasafufusa.