Kanjani impova kanye kokukhulelwa e nezitshalo eziqhakazayo? Lokho nezitshalo eziqhakazayo esuka odongeni esibelethweni okhula ngayo?

Izimbali zezitshalo ayiqembu elikhulu futhi ezihlukahlukene, evelele phakathi eziphilayo kakhulu eliwumhlaba. Kusukela nezitshalo eziqhakazayo main ezitshalwa umuntu, kuncike ngoba ukhona. Kodwa ukuthi izitshalo zom wabonakala, kufanele uhambe ngokusebenzisa isigaba impova kanye kokukhulelwa. Njengoba kwenzeka, ukufunda lesi sihloko.

impova

Le nqubo ukudluliselwa impova evela stamens ku pestle. Kanjani impova kanye kokukhulelwa e nezitshalo eziqhakazayo? Lokhu kwenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili: self-impova impova evela kwezinye. Endabeni wangaphambili ukudluliselwa impova okusanhlamvu endaweni pestle senzeka kwelinye imbali. Ngakho impova ipea noma Tulips. Lapho uMhloli Wemiqulu we impova imbali eyodwa isitshalo is adluliselwe ku-pistil lomunye. Izitshalo impova ikakhulukazi ezinambuzaneni, ezimweni ezingajwayelekile - umoya (sasemhlangeni kanye birch), izinyoni namanzi.

Ngenxa yalokho impova by izinambuzane kwakhiwa elikhanyayo, izimbali kahle obonakalayo wephunga elimnandi kanye nectaries ukuthi ikhiphe uketshezi elimnandi. Ngisho izitshalo ezifana yakha eziningi impova. Kuyinto ukudla izinambuzane. Basuke bakhangwa imibala egqamile kanye nephunga izimbali. Lapho izinambuzane ziyasuswa umpe, zithinta kobuso okusanhlamvu impova, okuyinto unamathele umzimba wabo, endleleni eya imbali kwesinye isitshalo, ahlale phezu pistil. Futhi impova izinambuzane. Abaningi nezitshalo eziqhakazayo zithola impova izinambuzane abathile kuphela: isinemfu olunephunga elimnandi - amabhu, clover esimhlophe - bee, kanye edlelweni - a bumblebee.

izitshalo Cross-impova zingcono bazivumelanisa ezishintshashintshayo zendawo eziphila kuyo. Kodwa inqubo impova kulokhu kuxhomeke ezicini eziningana. A self-impova akuxhomekile lutho. Ngoba akesabi izimo sezulu kanye nokuntuleka abaxhumanisi.

kokukhulelwa

Zempova ehlela phezu inhlamba, kancane kancane iqala ukuhluma. Kusukela amaseli vegetative kuyinto ukuthuthukiswa ende impova ishubhu. Sikhula, isifinyelele ezingeni yokuma esibelethweni, bese ovule. Ngasikhathi sinye, yebhangqa spermatozoon ziyahlangana ukuthi lingena tube impova. Yena, pyltsevhodu engena ovule. Khona-ke tube eliseningizimu okuphukile kudedela isidoda wesilisa, okuyinto zabe isikhumba embryonic, ibizwa ngokuthi isikhwama. Lapha bayatfutfuka amaqanda.

Ngaphezu kwalokho kukhona oocyte kokukhulelwa nomunye sperm ekwakhekeni zygote, okuyindawo uqala ukwakha umbungu encane ngokuphelele umzimba omusha odabuka isitshalo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kukhona Fusion ne yesibili isidoda-nucleus ye-zygote noma nge cores polar. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka cell triploid kusukela lapho endosperm kwenzeka. Ibizwa ngokuthi izicubu izakhi, equkethe izinqolobane materials ludingeka ekuthuthukisweni evamile umbungu zalesi sihlahla esizayo. Yilokho emizimbeni wethule ukuzala zezimbali.

Lapho isidoda iqanda, kanye nezinye, kanye nuclei polar uhlangane ndawonye, inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i kokukhulelwa double. Kuyinto isici kuphela izimbali futhi isici esikhethekile angiosperms. I ovule avundiswa liyakhula libe imbewu. Ngenxa yalokho, esibelethweni ikhula pestle. Ngo eziqhakazayo esuka odongeni esibelethweni we embungwini.

ukukhiqizwa kabusha

Noma yimuphi isitshalo, ukufinyelela usayizi ethile futhi bephumelele esiteji ezifanele ukuthuthukiswa, iqala nokuzala eziphilayo yalolu hlobo okwamanje. Lena imifanekiso, okuyisici edingekayo ekuphileni. ngaleyo ndlela bonke eziphilayo isikhathi khona kwezinhlobo. Ukuhlukanisa phakathi kobulili kanye ukukhiqizwa kabusha asexual, ebanjwa ne iqhaza lomuntu oyedwa olungelo. Lapho izitshalo ukuthuthukisa namangqamuzana akhethekile - ezinhlamvu, eziphilayo ziqala ukuba azale ande.

Lokhu kuyefana wona, ulwelwe Izinhlobo wona club, futhi horsetails. Izingxabano namangqamuzana encane okhethekile nge-nucleus futhi cytoplasm, okuyinto camera. Bayakwazi uhlale isikhathi eside zimo ezimbi. Kodwa, ukuthola endaweni evumayo, ngokushesha ziqhume bese ziqala ukwakheka izitshalo ondodakazi yakhe izakhiwo musa ihluke umzali.

Ngo ukuzala iduna nensikazi germ cells iyahlanganiswa, okuphumela ekwakhiweni of inkampani eziphilayo, qualitatively sihluke umzali. Kukhona kuwukuthi kakade usuthandana eziphilayo sabazali isimiso kwabesifazane nabesilisa.

Ukwakheka kanye nasekuthuthukisweni kwezwekazi lase ovule isitshalo

Njengengxenye ovule evelele indima makrosporangy. Lokho-ke kwenzeka laying omunye umama iseli kuyiphi akhiwa makrospory. Ezintathu kuzo aqale ukuba afe, futhi, ekugcineni, ubhujiswe. makrospora Okwesine - njengabesifazane, kwenze ibe yinde futhi nucleus yayo liyahlukana. Khona-ke ukuhamba nuclei indodakazi e izigxobo ezahlukene iseli ukuma side. Ngamunye Singumgogodla namanje uhlukanisa kabili.

, Yakheke Amaseli etholakala eduze izingongolo ezahlukene by cores ezine. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi-yolk sac umbungu, equkethe nuclei haploid e inani izingcezu eziyisishiyagalombili. Bevela kuzo zonke cores ezine eyodwa yazo kulandele maphakathi sac umbungu. Lapho uhlangane, kuphumele yesibili nucleus -diploidnoe.

Khona-ke esakeni embryonic ku cytoplasm, nuclei akhiwa phakathi ngodonga emangqamuzaneni. Isikhwama iba amaseli eziyisikhombisa. Mayelana omunye izingongolo zalo iyona apharathasi Iqanda, okubandakanya Iqanda esikhulu amaseli ezimbili asizayo. Ngesikhathi ezinye isigxobo kukhona ibekwe antipodes amaseli, womathathu. Ngakho, esikhwameni manje eziyisithupha amaseli haploid nokukodwa diploid, ne-nucleus yesibili. Itholakala enkabeni ye-yolk sac umbungu.

Uyini esibelethweni?

Ubizwa ngokuthi i-phansi uqweqwe ingxenye pestle ngaphakathi komgodi avaliwe lapho zitholakala lo ovule. Impova liphuma inhlamba of the pistil e ovule, okuyinto ivikelwe kwezimo ezingezinhle we umgodi yangaphakathi olumanzi. I ovule ukuthuthukiswa zesifazane germ cells - oocytes.

Ngo eziqhakazayo esuka odongeni esibelethweni eba izithelo nembewu. Lesi sizalo imbali kuyinto multilocular futhi unilocular. Esimweni sokuqala-ke luhlukaniswe ngodonga esidlekeni, kanti eyesibili - akukho. Izitshalo eziqhakazayo esibelethweni naye ehlukene ku seeded futhi polyspermous. It incike isibalo ovules kuwo: kusukela plums, isibonelo - omunye, kuyilapho poppy - eningi.

Yiziphi amaqanda?

Izinhlobo amaqanda zezimbali yilezi:

• Upper. By ayesisebenzisa igibele ngesihle, hatshi langaluphi zikhule kanye neminye iminyango imbali. udonga esibelethweni kwakhiwa kusukela carpels. Ngo eziqhakazayo esuka odongeni esibelethweni we embungwini. Isibonelo salokhu Buttercup nokusanhlamvu. Lezi imibala abizwa ngokuthi ohlangothini hypogynous noma okolopestichnyh.
• esibelethweni Lower uhlale lapho silahla. Yasungulwa iqhaza neminye iminyango imbali: kumila sepals kanye amacembe kanye stamens ukuthi izimbali eziningi anamekwe phezulu esibelethweni. Ngo izitshalo zom, ezindongeni razvivaetsyaplod esibelethweni. Isibonelo salokhu Asteraceae, umdolofiya futhi orchid izitshalo. Imbali okuthiwa nadpestichnym.

• esibelethweni Semi-bakhiphe elezinga eliphansi. phezulu zalo tho kuya kwezinye izingxenye, ngakho-ke imahhala. Izimbali yalolu hlobo abizwa ngokuthi polunadpestichnymi. Lezi izinhlobo ezikhiqiza amaqanda izimbali izitshalo lapho.

izitshalo eziqhakazayo

Bangabaholi iqembu lesichubekako kakhulu izitshalo, ababebalelwa zinhlobo lamakhulu amabili lamatshumi amahlanu futhi yasakazwa kulo lonke iplanethi enguMhlaba. Lesi sitshalo kulencane kubhekwa duckweed, ububanzi okuyinto lingana kuze fike milimitha. Uhlala emanzini. Izitshalo eziqhakazayo ngobukhulu - kungcono imithi, lafinyelela ukuphakama kwamamitha ayikhulu nokuningi.

Ukuvela eziqhakazayo kungenxa ukukhula kwezitho ekhethekile zokuzala - imbali. Kwezinye izitshalo it is zipendwe ngemibala egqamile, kanti abanye - iphunga elihle. Izimbali zezitshalo ezincane ukucasha, efana utshani. Naphezu okunhlobonhlobo nezitshalo eziqhakazayo, basuke ngokuvumelanayo bafakwe ezimpilweni zethu: ukuhlobisa izingadi namapaki, ukunikeza injabulo ukukhuluma nabo.

Isakhiwo imbali

Le mbali kuyinto eziyinkimbinkimbi isitho uhlelo enikeza zizalela isitshalo imbewu. ukubukeka kwakhe kwadabukisa okwandile angiosperm (izimbali) izitshalo emhlabeni. Imbali wenza imisebenzi eminingi. Wasiza yakha stamens impova okusanhlamvu, pistils nge ovules. Kufeza indima enkulu impova, kokukhulelwa, kumiswa imbewu kanye nezithelo.

Imbali kuquthiwe, soguquko lwegciwane singalawuleka, elinganiselwe ukukhula yokuphunyuka nithela perianth, pistils kanye stamens. Zonke angiosperms zifana ngezindlela isakhiwo kanye ezahlukene ifomu izimbali. Lokhu kwenzeka kudivayisi impova ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene.

Imbali Ungaqeda main noma lateral sifanamsindvo, ezinye zazo zíze ngaphansi imbali ibizwa ngokuthi pedicel. It mfushane kakhulu noma ngingekho izimbali sessile. Peduncle liphenduka le ayesisebenzisa, okuyinto side, convex, ngilugweda noma flat. Iqukethe zonke izingxenye imbali. Lokhu nge amacembe sepals, stamens pestle, kwakheka phansi okuyinto by esibelethweni, lapho kukhona ovules noma ovules. Le mbali nge esibelethweni ayesisebenzisa ngilugweda. Uma kwakhiwa esibelethweni is engxenyeni engenhla pistil, le ayesisebenzisa kuyinto convex noma flat.