IPanama Canal: ngonyaka we wokuvulwa luhlobo nalokho okukushoyo zomlando

Sekungamakhulu eminyaka isintu besilokhu uzama kabusha izimo eMhlabeni zemvelo ukuze bathole imali yesibonelelo. Isibonelo salokhu i-kabusha iPanama Canal, ngonyaka we wokuvulwa luhlobo kwaphawulwa umcimbi ezathonya ukuthuthukiswa lonke lwemikhumbi kule ngxenye yomhlaba, naphezu izici ezingezinhle ukwakhiwa.

Panama-canal

Lokhu okwenziwe wadala imizimba amanzi etholakala Central America. Isiteshi ukhonza njengomdala e-Atlantic Ocean imingcele kwakwakhe ne-Caribbean. Ubude mdweshu kuzinga ezijulile yamanzi - mayelana 82 km kanti ububanzi 150 m, kuyilapho umkhumbi sihamba endleleni ngokusebenzisa esangweni ezintathu, bese ukuwela ichibi lokwenziwa ka Gatun. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba izigaba eziningana futhi Miraflores (tank amanzi zemvelo) ise bay umshini. Zonke indlela futhi iPanama Canal, unyaka wokuvulwa okuyinto - eyodwa namakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye namashumi amabili.

Ukwakhiwa kwalesi sikhungo kwakubaluleke kakhulu sokuthuthukisa ubudlelwane bezomnotho phakathi kwalamazwe LaseMelika Ephakathi, kanye kwenkululeko navigation. Isiteshi ivumela ukudlula enjalo imikhumbi ezinkulu njengale esitsheni imikhumbi emathangini avuzayo, kuyilapho kulondolozwa ezingaphezu kuka-10 000 km komgwaqo. Ukuze umsebenzi wiring kwenziwe isevisi ekhethekile, isikhathi esichithwa yonke ingxenye, isilinganiso siyizinsuku amahora mayelana 9.

isakhiwo esikhulu

IPanama Canal, wokuvulwa ngonyaka okuyinto kwasho ukuqaliswa imibono imiqondo eminingi yekhulu le-19, waqala nomlando wayo ekupheleni 1882, lapho kwaqala ukwakhiwa. Wema ekuqaleni kwazo unjiniyela omkhulu French - Ferdinant Bala de Lesseps, okwadingeka ngaleso isipiliyoni mzuzu kubekwa yimpumelelo of Suez Canal.

Inkampani mfula ithebhu zidingidwa International Congress ngonyaka we-1879 e-France, bese wathola imvume kusuka kuhulumeni Colombian iminyaka 99. Lo msebenzi wathatha indawo ngesisekelo ababhalisile ukubolekisa, ne ngentengo eyodwa share kwaba franc 500.

Njengoba izazi-mlando ziye zaphawula, Bala uFerdinand de Lesseps kwaba usomaqhinga okunekhono eyiqaphuqaphu, kodwa indalo yakhe yakamuva - iPanama Canal (unyaka wokuvulwa ngenhla) - kube umphumela odabukisayo, mhlawumbe ngenxa underestimation yezindleko sokuqala le phrojekthi. Ukuheha inqwaba zimali, unjiniyela wethule izibalo encishisiwe cishe kabili lokho, yebo, kwaba nomthelela ekuphumeleleni kwalo msebenzi ukukhuthazwa.

"Panama umkhonyovu"

Ephefumlelwe ngemuva kokuqala ukwakhiwa umphathi iphrojekthi okwadingeka abhekane nakho okuningi izikhathi edabukisayo. Imali kubalulekile akwanele, kusukela le loan sokuqala futhi akazange eyolanda wesithathu izimali kuhlelwe. Of abasebenzi kwakungafanele kahle, ngaphezu, kahle kwendle zenzeka umqedazwe umalaleveva, i-typhoid nesihudo bangiphuca abantu. Hope wayebuthakathaka, futhi uma umuntu kwase bambuza umbuzo: "Yini unyaka wokuvulwa iPanama Canal?" - ngokuqinisekile unjiniyela akakwazanga ukuphendula lowo mbuzo.

Lesseps umndeni wazama alungise leso simo, futhi iphrojekthi kushintshiwe ngesikhathi ekufuna we unjiniyela F. Byuno-Baril, ababenikele ukusetshenziswa kuphuma. Futhi edumile Umakhi A. Eifel lalibizwa kanjalo, kodwa sekuphele iminyaka engu-8, kuphela Angaba yizingxenye ezimbili imisebenzi zavezwa. Ukuze uqhubeke iphrojekthi engunyaza ukubolekisa, okuyinto akudingekile imvume kubaphathi, kodwa uhulumeni uTheodore Roosevelt futhi Chamber of amaphini akayithandanga lokhu kuthengiselana.

Ngemva kwalokho, ngo-1892, nehlazo ka Ngokwezinga lomhlaba wonke, kanye nabaholi ukwakhiwa lesi siqephu ngokugwetshwa. Bala uFerdinand de Lesseps wakhululwa engena ngenxa yokuguga, futhi indodana yakhe - Lesseps abasebasha, isikhonzi ukulawula okuningi futhi A. Eifel bagwetshwa imigomo ahlukahlukene.

Unyaka ka wokuvulwa iPanama Canal khona ukuthethelelwa igama Lesseps, igama lakhe ususuliwe yenhlamba lokukhwabanisa. Ukudlula kwesikhathi kuye kwabonisa ukuthi lo muntu omkhulu kwadingeka imigomo nezimiso olungenabugovu.