UBronstein David Ionovich: Umlobi weSoviet Grandmaster no-Chess

UBronstein uDavid Ionovich ungumkhulu weSoviet noRussia chess, ongumenzi wesicelo sokuba yiqhawe lomhlaba ngo-1951, iqhawe lamabili le-USSR. UBronstein wayebhekwa njengomunye wabadlali abaqine kakhulu emhlabeni kusukela maphakathi no-1940 kuya phakathi nawo-1970. Osebenza nabo bambiza ngokuthi i-creative genius, kanye nenkosi yamaqhinga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayesengumlobi odumile we-chess, incwadi yakhe ethi "International Grandmaster Tournament" yaba i-encyclopedia yangempela yabaqalayo nabadlali abanolwazi.

Ubuntwana nentsha

U-Bronstein uDavid Ionovich wazalelwa ngoFebhuwari 19, 1924 e-White Church (Ukraine), ensimini ye-USSR yangaphambili, wakhulela emndenini wamaJuda ompofu. Uyise, u-Ion Borisovich, wayeyisisebenzi esilula esitolo sokugcoba, futhi umama wakhe, uMaria Davydovna, wayephethe umnyango wokusebenza phakathi kwabesifazane (umnyango wabesifazane abasebenza nabesifazane abakhulayo) ekomidini lesifunda. Ngo-1926, umndeni waseBronstein wathuthela edolobheni laseBerdyansk, eduze nogu lwe-Azov, futhi ngokushesha, ngemva kweminyaka emine, wathuthela eKiev. Lapha uBronstein uDavid Ionovich uya esikoleni okokuqala. Umfana wafunda kahle, kodwa wazizwa ekhanga kakhulu ngezigaba ezihlukahlukene kanye nemibuthano - wayeyithanda izibalo, chess kanye ne-aeromodelling.

I-Kiev Chess School

Lapho eneminyaka eyisithupha ubudala, umkhulu wakhe wamfundisa ukudlala i-chess, futhi kungekudala umdlalo waba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni. Lo mfana wayehlale echitha i-chessboard, naye angadlala ngokumelene naye. Lapho eneminyaka eyishumi nambili, uDavid uwina umdlalo wakhe wokuqala we-chess (umncintiswano wenziwa esikoleni). Lokhu kufinyelela kwakuyisici esishukumisayo sokubhalisa kwisigaba se-chess. Umqeqeshi wakhe wayedumile emhlabeni wonke we-chess master u-Alexander Constantinople.

Isikole se-chess sathonya ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono we-young chess player, futhi maduzane uDavid Bronstein oneminyaka engu-15 ubudala ujoyina inkohlakalo ye-Kiev chess, lapho ethatha indawo yesibili. Ngonyaka ozayo, uDavid oneminyaka eyishumi nesithupha ubudala useyinhloko yezemidlalo (1940), ethatha indawo yesibili e-Ukraine chess.

I-Black Times

Ngo-1937, umndeni wakwaBronstein ubhekana nenhlekelele enkulu - ubaba uphethwe njengesitha sabantu futhi ugwetshwe ejele iminyaka engu-7. Kamuva leli qiniso lathinta isiphetho sikaDavid. Ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni esiphakeme ngo-1941, umdlali osemusha we-chess wayenamasu okutadisha izibalo eNyuvesi yaseKiev, kodwa idumela "lomonakalo" lomndeni lavimbela indlela eya eyunivesithi.

I-Great Great Patriotic War: impilo yomdlali we-chess

Ngesikhathi seMpi Enkulu yamaPatriotic, umdlali we-chess osemusha waphoqeleka ukuba aye edolobheni lase-Ordzhonikidze (manje eliVladikavkaz), eliseCaucasus, ngoba wathunyelwa ukusebenza kwelinye lezibhedlela (ngokusho kwemithetho yezempi). Ezingxenyeni zeSoviet Army, isidlali esincane se-chess asizange sithole ngenxa yemibono embi. UBronstein uDavid Ionovich ucele ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi ahambe phambili, kodwa akazange athathwe. Ngo-1943, ngenkathi iMpi yaseStalingrad isiphelile, uBronstein, kanye ne-brigade yentsha, yathunyelwa emzini ukuze kuvuselelwe imisebenzi. Phakathi namahora okusebenza wasebenza endaweni yokwakhiwa, futhi ebusuku wafunda futhi waphuthukisa ukuhlukahluka kwe-chess debuts, ukuhlanganiswa kokubhala kwi-scraps yephepha.

Ngemuva kokunqoba kwe-Red Army phezu kweJalimane lamaNazi, intsha yaseBronshtein imenywa eMoscow ukuba ihlanganyele emqhudelwaneni we-USSR chess, okwenza uDavid enze umphumela omubi kakhulu: intukuthelo yezemidlalo ikhuthaza umdlali we chess ukuba athuthukise phambili. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngo-1945 uBronstein uDavid Ionovich wangena eLeningrad Polytechnic Institute, lapho afunde khona kuphela ngonyaka.

Izimpumelelo neziqu

I-talent yemvelo kaBronstein eyamangalisa yabuye yavezwa ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe Elikhulu. Ngo-1946, wabashaya ngokuzethemba bonke abaphikisi emqhudelwaneni we-chess wobuqhawe eMoscow, ngo-1948 no-1949, Bheka izinkundleni ze-USSR ku-chess. Ukuqala kokuqala kwamazwe ngamazwe eBronstein kwaba emncintiswaneni eSaltsjöbaden (Sweden) ngo-1948, lapho anikezwa khona isihloko sikaGrandmaster.

Ngo-1950, iBudapest yaba nomqhudelwano wabadlali be-chess, lapho uBronstein ebeka khona ngokuzethemba abadlali abanjengo-Isaac Boleslavsky, uGideon Stahlberg noPaul Keres. Ngenxa yalokho, uMkhulu-mkhulu waseSoviet waba ngumqhubi womncintiswano wabamncintiswano ngo-1950, futhi manje endleleni eya kuDavid wayengumdlali wezwe kuphela - uMikhail Botvinnik.

Qhathanisa isihloko seqhawe lomhlaba ngokumelene neBotvinnik

Ngo-1951, uMikhail Botvinnik (iqhawe lomhlaba lamanje) noDavid Bronshtein (umdlali we-chess owawina umncintiswano wabamncintisana nabo) bahlangana emdlalweni weqhawe lomhlaba. Umphakathi wezwe we-chess awuzange wabelane ngombono wokuthi uBronstein angaba nethuba lokuwina - wonke umuntu wayeqothule uMikhail Botvinnik. Umdlalo wawulingana futhi unzima kakhulu kubo bobabili abaphikisi, ngemuva komdlalo wesikhombisa, isikebhe sasingu-4: 3 ngokuthanda iqhawe lamanje. Umzabalazo waqhubeka, abadlali be-chess baphendana ngokuhlukile noma bavumelana nomdwebo. I-Bronstein encane idlala kahle, ngezinye izikhathi kwakubonakala sengathi lo mqhudelwano uzoba yiqhawe. Futhi umzuzwana onjalo! Amaphuzu aphelele ngemuva komdlalo we-22 kwakunguBronstein - 11.5: 10.5. Kube nemidlalo emibili kuphela esele ngaphambi kwesihloko sokuhlonishwa "seqhawe lomhlaba". UDavid Ionovich wabulala ngangokunokwenzeka, kodwa iqembu elihle kakhulu lilahlekelwe yi-bang, lidlala i-endgame engathandeki. Umdlalo wokugcina waphela emgqeni - inani eliphelele lalingu-12: 12. UMikhail Botvinnik uqinisekisile ilungelo lakhe lokugqoka umqhele we-chess ekuphefumuleni kwakhe kokugcina. Ngokusho kwemithetho ye-World Chess Championship, umphumela wokudweba uyisiqinisekiso sokuthi isihloko sivikelwe yiqhawe lamanje.

UBronstein wasabela ngokuthula futhi ehleka ngamahlaya, ethi: "Kulungile, nginqobile eBotvinnik, nonke ungangibheka ngemilomo evulekile."