Henry G. Yagoda, inhloko NKVD: Biography

Genrikh Yagoda kwaba Yabantu Commissar Wezangaphakathi wase-USSR e 1934-1936 GG. Waba omunye "obaba owasungula" ka gulag kukaStalin, futhi umhleli we repressions mass kwesikhathi. Phakathi Terror Omkhulu, waba phakathi kwezisulu zombuso NKVD. Berry wamangalelwa asihlola futhi itulo lokuketula uhulumeni futhi ekugcineni esingu.

eminyakeni yokuqala

Genrikh Yagoda babevela amaJuda Polish. Igama lakhe langempela - Enoke Gershevich Yehuda. Revolutionary wazalwa Novemba 19, 1891 ku Rybinsk - idolobha elingasemfuleni esifundazweni Yaroslavl. ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa nje lapho kuzalwa umntwana lo mkhaya uthuthela Nizhny Novgorod.

Henry G. Berry sihlobene nomunye kwamaBolshevik owaziwa - Yakov Sverdlov, kuziwa umzala wakhe wesibili. Oyise wasebenza amaphrinta kanye master izitembu nezimpawu ukuthi Abavukeli esetshenziswe kweyabase manga. Heinrich kwadingeka ayizelamani nabafowethu ababili. nomkhaya wakhe babehlala ubumpofu. Noma kunjalo, umfana (ngemva kwenye kokususwa) iziqu Simbirsk sokuzivocavoca.

I Amajikijolo ukuphrinta - amaBolshevik Sverdlov kwaba osezingeni ezahlukene kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuze ubhalise Nikolay Semashko - Commissar impilo yesikhathi esizayo kukaLenin. Nizhny Novgorod wayebuye okwazalelwa kuyo Maksima Gorkogo (baba abangane nge uHenry ngosuku olwandulela inguquko).

"Owl"

Lo mcimbi ukhiye, ngemva kwalokho yasishintsha ukuphila yomntwana kwaba lokubulala umfowabo omdala uMichael. Ngalo mqondo, uHenry G. Berry yayifana Lenin. Michael zangena kuma Cossacks ngesikhathi 1905 lapho kugumbuqelwa umbuso. Isiphetho edabukisayo elindelwe omunye umfowenu, Leo. Wathola ucingo ebuthweni Kolchak, futhi ngo-1919 ebulawa ezihambisana zokubamba iqhaza kulo ukuvukelwa ibutho lakhe. Kodwa kwaba ukufa uMichael, okwakwenzeka ukuba babe ngothango eyenziwe uHenry wamavukelambuso.

Sikhula, Berry njengoba anarchist-bangamakhomanisi yazihlanganisa imisebenzi engekho emthethweni wamavukelambuso. Amaphoyisa Royal babembiza ngo "Sychom" futhi "Lonely" (akubusise Haunted futhi mnyewu of).

Ngo-1911, i-wamavukelambuso efika e Moscow. Ticondziso comrades ayenakho ukusungula oxhumana nabantu bendawo abanazo nokusiza enhlanganweni kugetshengwa ebhange. Abangenalwazi kulolo zungu, People esizayo sika Commissar Wezangaphakathi zase-USSR, wawela ezandleni zamaphoyisa. Ngomqondo othile, lapho waba nenhlanhla. Ngisola le nsizwa wathola amaphepha angumkokotelo kuphela. Njengoba ungumJuda, wazithola ngaphandle kwemvume eMoscow, waphula umthetho Esikhunjeni Esiphaphathekile ka Settlement. Berry ngaquliswa icala, ngagwetshwa iminyaka emibili ethile edingiselwe Simbirsk.

Petersburg

Ngo-1913, i-ushwele zezombusazwe ezibanzi kwathiwa behlonipha weminyaka engu 300th we Romanov lwamakhosi eRussia. Ngenxa wakhe, ngembili Berry kancane wazithola ukukhululeka. Xhumanisa Simbirsk iphelile futhi izinguquko baye bathuthela ngokomthetho ukuthi Petersburg. Ukuze enze lokhu, ngokomthetho sazilahla UbuJuda futhi waguquka waba-Orthodox (Esikhunjeni Esiphaphathekile ka Settlement eziqhutshwa confessional kunokuba njalo kazwelonke).

Henry G. Berry futhi inkolo zazingenzelwanga. Noma kunjalo, ngokuvumelana nomthetho wayengenalungelo angakholelwa kuNkulunkulu kuphela ngakho waya esifubeni iSonto Lobu-Orthodox.

Petersburg, Berry wahlangana UNikolai Podvoisky, emva kwempi, waba commissar ngowokuqala zabantu webutho lezempi. Siyabonga aid yayo wamavukelambuso baqala ukusebenza yomnyango womshuwalense at the Putilov endaweni yokukhanda. Podvoisky kwaba nomzalwane-amanxusa e-KGB Arbuzov nemisedari: livula protégé yakhe, izinto ezintsha amathuba.

Ngo-1915, uHenry G. Berry ngabuthelwa ebuthweni yasebukhosini, bese baya phambi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Wavuka isikhundla sokuba ukhoporali, kodwa walinyazwa futhi ngokushesha uphumile. Ngo-1916, uHenry wabuyela Petrograd.

Revolution kanye Cheka

Ngemva Februwari Revolution Berry wasebenza ephephandabeni "yasemaphandleni abampofu" futhi "Isosha beqiniso." Ehlobo lika-1917, wahlanganyela kwamaBolshevik Party. Kamuva yena bayolala, ukuthi bahlanganyela nabo emuva ngo-1907, kodwa lokhu kwakubhekwa ukulahlwa izifundo mlando eqanjiwe.

Ngesikhathi izenzakalo Okthoba Berry kwaba shí izinto Petrograd. Ngo-1918, waqala umsebenzi wakhe e-Cheka-OGPU. Okokuqala, isikhulu sezokuphepha zathi usebenza wokuhlola lempi. Khona-ke umuntu Sverdlov isihlobo kanye Dzerzhinsky adluliselwe kuye eMoscow.

Ngakho uHenry G. Berry kwaba seSigaba Special. Wayesondelene kakhulu nge Vyacheslav Menzhinsky. Lapho efa, Dzerzhinsky, lona wamuva ephethwe i Cheka-OGPU, Yagoda futhi baba nephini lakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho kuqala induna isifo lucky umgibeli ukuqhubeka ukuphathwa langempela abomthetho.

Amaholo ezingabazekayo

Ngisho e 1919-1920. Berry uye wasebenza Commissariat of Foreign Trade. Kube wazakhela ukusebenzisana inzuzo nge amaphoyisa Aleksandrom Lure futhi waqala uthole ngithunywe ezivuna angaphandle. La madoda amabili wasesusa zonke abavamile ukuthi kubi. Kunalokho ukuthi Yabantu Commissariat of Foreign Trade selokhu lihlobene eduze negama le Cheka. iziphathimandla zomphakathi zokuphepha, abakwasidlodlo babaphuca eziyigugu, futhi ejensi ukuthengisa Lurie somusa phesheya lwemali kanzima.

Henry G. Yagoda, ogama biography ukhuluma ngakho njengoba ohahayo nabahahayo ezijulile, ngalo mqondo, elalihluke ngokuphawulekayo isimiso Dzerzhinsky futhi Menzhinsky. Inkohlakalo chekist bathandile uStalin. Lapho ekuqa- le-yalolucwaningo 20-30. wabalwela amandla yedwa, ukuthi bacela ukusekelwa amajikijolo. Ngiphakathi eyodwa noma nezinye ulahlekelwe. Berry wasibeka phezu indoda wagcina esengumKristu umashiqela, futhi Stalin zaziwazi zokukhwabanisa idumela Amajikijolo manje sebeyakwazi ukwenza imali lokuqola, befuna ukwethembeka.

Chief futhi Commissar

Naphezu nokuzinikela umholi okhonzile Soviet, ubuhlobo babo kungaba uyibize ngokuthi ekahle. Esikhathini 1920 ngasekupheleni, uStalin ngokuvamile ngempela abandayo Berry, njengoba kuhlinzekwe ukusekelwa ukuze Yakov Sverdlov, futhi phakathi Sverdlov futhi Stalin ngisho abangeyona ingxenye yebandla lobuKristu kusukela ngesikhathi yereferensi turukhanskoy wazizwa ukungezwani lubonakale. Iphepha ukuba isikhulu sonogada yahlelwa ngokuqapha, uma ungesabi.

Inkinga sína amajikijolo ngemva kokumiswa ubushiqela uStalin baba abangane bakhe obudala Bukharin. Waze okukhulunywa ikhanda lika-GPU njengoba sezokuphepha olulodwa, ningaqiniseka ukuthi emzabalazweni uStalin. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwabaphoqelela Berry evezwe kule ukubulawa oda, ukukhuthala nokuziphatha uzimisele ukwenza noma yisiphi wesahlulelo ubugebengu. Stalin wathola omunye umuntu ngokulinganayo lisebenza futhi esiphezulu ku NKVD babeneminyaka embalwa kuphela. Kwatholakala UNikolai Yezhov. Kodwa ngo namathathu banesifo esibi ekuseni Stalin ngempela wahlupheka Berry akhele umsebenzi naye.

Yabantu Commissar Wezangaphakathi

Berry siswele erudition Menzhinsky nokushiseka ngokweqile Dzerzhinsky. Wake ngesizotha futhi wazichaza ngokuthi 'kusho inhlangano ebhekele ku neketanga. " Ngo unabangane ngesikhathi umnikelo wokuphuzwayo esindayo wayemthanda ineptly zihaya izinkondlo, kodwa engenamandla ithalente zokudala. izinhlamvu Private Amajikijolo simanzi té komumo wobuso koma. Enhloko-dolobha, wayengumuntu ngingafaneleki futhi njalo wayenomona abaholi beqembu yesifundazwe endaweni ophucuziwe kakhulu futhi ekhululekile. Kodwa yiso kanye umuntu onjalo isikhashana Stalin ukubeka ukugada onogada kulo lonke leli zwe.

Ngo-1934, le-People omusha Commissariat we NKVD kanye Yabantu Commissar Wezangaphakathi wase-USSR Berry wazuza ukulawula Ezokuphepha main State yadalwa. Wayehola yene ngaphezulu zokucindezela isimo emshinini Stalin yayilungiselela umkhankaso omusha nezitha umbuso wakhe.

Ngokwesikhundla sakhe esisha Berry wahlanganyela ukudalwa Iinhlangano umsebenzi we Gulag. ISoviet Union okwesikhathi esifitshane ehlanganiswa inethiwekhi lamakamu, okuyinto baye baba yingxenye ebalulekile isimiso sezomnotho uStalin futhi omunye izinjini kwezimboni ngesivinini esikhulu. Ngaphansi kobuholi ngqo Yabantu Commissar olwenziwe Gulag isakhiwo enkulu ngaleso sikhathi - ukwakhiwa White Sea-Baltic Canal. Ukuze kulungiswe umbono ngemibono ezenzekayo Berry ihlelwe uhambo Maksima Gorkogo. By endleleni, abantu Commissar yomlobi nomthelela ukubuya kokuphindela eSoviet Union (ngaphambi ayephila esiqhingini Italy Capri iminyaka eminingi).

Amajikijolo kule ubuhlobo nge komlobi workshop kuphelile. Njengoba oyinhloko yamaphoyisa zezombusazwe, ngokuqinisekile walandela ukwethembeka lezihlakaniphi lokusukela amandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkayo Ida Berry L. Auerbach. Umfowabo Leopold wayengomunye walaba kakhulu obala of a baxgeki nabalobi isikhathi sakhe. Ngezinye Ida noHenry nendodana eyodwa - futhi Henry (noma Garik, njengoba lalibizwa kanjalo emkhayeni). Umfana wazalwa ngo-1929. Yabantu Commissar walithanda inkampani abalobi, abaculi kanye abaculi. Baphuza nemimoya emihle, futhi wakhuluma nabesifazane abahle, khona-ke kwakufanele indlela yokuphila, mayelana nokuthi iziphi izinhlelo Waphupha of isikhulu sezokuphepha.

Kwakukhona at Amajikijolo nokuhluleka okhokhelwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, nguye avunyelwe owayeyinhloko amaphoyisa tsarist Lopuchin ukuya eFrance. Waba defector. Ngo 20-30th stably ezikhulayo inani defectors. Stalin cishe zonke Icala infuriating. Wasola amajikijolo ukunganaki, ngisho noma lo mbaleki akazange possess phi nolwazi olukhethekile futhi waba ufakazi bokusungula abavamile.

kusondela ingozi

Ngo-1935, Berry wathola isihloko esisha, ukuthi ngaphambi akekho oye ngokwesabelo esigunyaziwe. Manje wayaziwa ngokuthi "Jikelele Commissioner of Security Public." Okunjalo kwakuyilungelo okukhethekile uphawu olukhethekile umusa kaStalin.

nomholi waseSoviet like wake nje sizidinga izinkonzo ikhanda devotee we NKVD. Ngo-1936 eMoscow isingathwe inqubo yokuqala. Ngalesi ijaji cala abangane kukaStalin ubudala e KwamaBolshevik yangaphandle Zinoviev futhi Kamenev.

Ngaphansi cindezela yokucindezelwa hit nezinye abavukeli, oke wasebenza ngqo Lenin futhi akazange ezihlobene umshushisi yabo njengegunya obungenakuphikwa. Omunye nalaba bantu kwaba Mikhail Tomsky. Akazange ulinde enkantolo futhi bazibulala. Inothi ziqondiswe Stalin, wabhekisela Berry ngomqondo wokuthi naye kwakungekaNkulunkulu iqembu eliphikisayo, phezu okuyinto isikhathi nodlame. Yabantu Commissar kwakusengcupheni ofayo.

ukubopha

Ekwindla ka-1936 Berry sathola isabelo esisha futhi waba inhloko yalawa Yabantu Commissariat wezokuxhumana. Igalelo lokugcina kuso lihlehlisiwe. Itshe Eliyigugu isibe kulinda okubuhlungu eside. Nakuba ukususwa olubonakalayo kusuka kokuthunyelwe ka Yabantu Commissar Wezangaphakathi futhi oqokwe kwenye okuthunyelwe olufana futhi isiqeshana wokuziphilisa omuhle, kunzima Berry bengaqondi okwakuzokwenzeka. Noma kunjalo, akazange Ungalokotha nala, uStalin bavumelana umsebenzi omusha.

I Yabantu Commissariat wezokuxhumana ahlaza iphoyisa le-KGB wahlala kancane. Ekuqaleni 1937 liye walahlekelwa, futhi lokhu okuthunyelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Commissar ezineshwa ukuwakhipha kusuka ezinhlwini zabo we CPSU (b). Ngesikhathi Februwari Plenum leKomiti Central, yena wagxekwa kakhulu ukwehluleka Jikelele eMnyangweni wakhe.

Mashi 28, Yagoda waboshwa abangaphansi kwakhe siqu yamuva. Ukuhlaselwa uhulumeni izolo bancishwa yasezulwini kwaholela okusha Yabantu Commissar we NKVD Nikolay Ezhov. Lezi ezimbili, naphezu ukuphikisana ayo, waqala umlando omunye eziningi izibalo. Lokho Yezhov futhi Yagoda babe abaphehli bodweshu langempela emikhulu ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu uStalin ka-1930.

Ngesikhathi beyofuna sichithiwe Commissar uxhumano wathola esenqatshelwe Trotskyist izincwadi. Ngokushesha kwalandela bemangalelwa ukuhlola bahlosa kokubulawa kukaStalin uhlela ukuvukela uMbuso. Lolu phenyo exhumene Berry nge Trotsky, Bukharin futhi Rykov - labo bantu ngokwabo, ayivusa uyahlukunyezwa muva iqhutshelwe phambili. Uzungu iye yachazwa "njengento Trotskyist-undlovukayiphikiswa. By amacala bajoyinwa nozakwethu zisetshenziswa Amajikijolo - .. uJakobe Agranov uSemyon Firin, leonid Zakovsky Stanislav Redens Fedor Eyhmans, njll Bonke 'zinezikhathi ummangalelwa njengomuntu bengafaneleki futhi elinganiselwe, baphikisane ufundile futhi Menzhinsky iziphethe kahle.

Unkosikazi Amajikijolo wahlushwa ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu. Into yokuqala ukuthi yaxoshwa umsebenzi ehhovisi lomshushisi, futhi eboshwa njengesitha zabantwana ilungu lomndeni. Auerbach hamba kanye nendodana nonina zadingiselwa Orenburg. Kungakabiphi, lona wesifazane wadutshulwa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, Berry wabekwa icala lokubulala Maksima Peshkova - indodana yakhe Maksima Gorkogo (empeleni wabulawa i-pneumonia). massacre kuthiwa senzeka ngenxa yezizathu siqu. Berry kwaba eqinisweni, zibe zithanda Hope Peshkov - Umfelokazi Maxim. Ukubulawa uphinde wagxeka uNobhala induna umbhali Soviet Petra Kryuchkova.

ukudubula

Amajikijolo deal kwaba yeluhlelo jikelele we-Moscow wesithathu (ngokusemthethweni ibizwa ngokuthi inqubo ezimelene namaSoviet "Bloc Kwamalungelo futhi Trotskyites"). Isivivinyo Public owawuse entwasahlobo ka-1938. It ubephelezelwa wawuhlela umkhankaso omkhulu uhulumeni inkulumo-ze yabezindaba. Amaphephandaba eshicilelwe izincwadi ivulekele ezihlukahlukene zabantu emphakathini futhi abavamile, lapha bekene uphawu amambuka ngokunikeza ukudubula "afane nezinja mad" nokunye. D.

Berry bacela (futhi wanikwa sona) yombuzo lakhe nobuhlobo bakhe obuseduze Nadezhda Peshkova kanye nokubulala Maksima Peshkova kubhekwa ngendlela inqubo ehlukile emhlanganweni wangasese. iziqephu ezisemqoka ubunhloli nokuceba nitikhulume ngekukhululeka. Berry ngemibuzo umshushisi nomshushisi Andrei Vyshinsky - protagonist zezilingo eMoscow.

Mashi 13, 1938 ummangalelwa utholwe enecala wamgwebela ukufa. Ukunamathela ekuphileni, Berry wabhala sicelosikhalo akaxolelwe. It sinqatshelwe. Mashi 15 yangaphambili Yabantu Commissar Wezangaphakathi wadubula. Ngokungafani nezinye abamangalelwa enqubeni, Berry engakaze avuselelwe.