Ezhov Nikolay: Biography nesithombe

Njengoba sazi kusuka emlandweni, iningi labo abathunyelwe eFrance yezikhulu futhi umndeni wasebukhosini kuya guillotine ngesikhathi Terror Omkhulu ekhulwini le-18, kamuva ngokwabo ababulawa. Kwakukhona ngisho umusho catch, yamemezela nguNgqongqoshe Wezobulungiswa Danton, esho, ngaphambi lamnquma ikhanda bona: "Inguquko idla izingane zalo siqu."

Umlando kwaphinda kwenzeka phakathi neminyaka ukwesaba kukaStalin, lapho omunye ngomvimbo esibayeni izolo, wesahlulelo kungaba okufanayo ejele embhedeni noma badutshulwe ngaphandle kokugwetjwa, kanye nalabo ayebathume ukuze ngokufa kwabo.

Isibonelo ezikhanya kakhulu Ezhov Nikolay - Commissar Wezangaphakathi wase-USSR. Ukunemba amakhasi amaningi aleyo yomlando wakhe is imibuzo mlando, ngoba kukhona amnyama eziningi.

abazali

Ngokusho esemthethweni, Ezhov Nikolay wazalwa ngo-1895 eSt, emndenini ukusebenza.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo kunenkolelo yokuthi uyise wayeyi-Ivan Commissar Yezhov, owazalwa. Volhonschino (sifundazwe Tula) futhi wakhonza ezempi ngo Lithuania. Elapho, watholana intombazane wendawo ashada naye ngokushesha futhi banquma ukungayisebenzisi nhlobo ukuba babuyele ezweni lenkaba yabo. Ngemva demobilization Yezhov umkhaya wathuthela sifundazwe Suvalki, no-Ivan efika amaphoyisa.

ebuntwaneni

Ngesikhathi ukuzalwa Koli abazali bakhe cishe wayehlala edolobhaneni ekhatsi Marijampole County (manje Lithuania). iminyaka engu-3 kamuva, ubaba womfana waqokwa umqaphi County Zemsky edolobheni. Lokhu isimo kuye kwaholela yokuthi umkhaya wathuthela ekhatsi Marijampole, lapho esikoleni samabanga aphansi Kohl disaccustomed engu-3.

Ukukholelwa abazali ngokwanele abafundile indodana yakhe ngo-1906, ngathumela ukuba isihlobo Petersburg, lapho kwakufanele bafunde ekuhlanganiseni ukuhweba.

intsha

Nakuba biography of Nikolaya ezhova waveza ukuthi kuze 1911 wasebenza ngesikhathi imboni Putilov njengenhlangano umakhenikha osafunda. Nokho, imibhalo ezigciniwe musa uqinisekise lesi. Esikwaziyo ukuthi ngo-1913, le nsizwa esebuyele kubazali bakhe esifundazweni Suvalki, bese bazulazula befuna umsebenzi. Kulokhu, kwaba isikhathi impela waze wahlala Tilsit (Germany).

Ehlobo lika-1915 Ezhov Nikolay sokuzithandela waya ebuthweni. Ngemva kokuqeqeshwa ku 76th elihamba Ibutho ithunyelwe North-Western Front.

Ezinyangeni ezimbili kamuva, ngemuva kokushaywa yisifo yokulimala kabi isifo futhi wamaphaphu, wathunyelwa langemuva, futhi Ngasekuqaleni kwehlobo lika-1916 Nikolay Ezhov, ogama ukukhula kwaba cm kuphela 1 imitha 51, iye engakulungele inkonzo yezempi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, wathunyelwa workshop ezingemuva e Vitebsk, okuyinto wahamba onogada kanye izingubo, futhi umabhalane ngokushesha, njengoba leli sosha abanekhono kunabo, wamiswa njengephayona elivamile.

In autumn 1917, Ezhov Nikolay usesibhedlela futhi wabuyela iyunithi bakhe kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni 1918, sase sachithwa ngenxa yokugula izinyanga ezingu-6. Waphinde wathandaza abazali bakhe, ngubani ngaleso sikhathi wawuhlala esifundazweni Tver. Ngo-August wangonyaka efanayo Yezhov yaqala ukusebenza efektri ingilazi, owawungumnyaka Vyshny Volochyok.

Qala umsebenzi party

Lwemibuzo zizogcwaliswa Yezhov ngasekuqaleni 1920, wathi bajoyine RSDLP ngoMeyi 1917. Kodwa ngemva kwesikhathi esithile waphinde waqala ukusho ukuthi wakwenza ngoMashi 1917. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokusho kwabanye amalungu Vitebsk idolobha inhlangano RSDLP zezikhulu zayo Yezhov wathatha 3 kuphela Agasti.

Ngo-April 1919, yena esebizwa ukuba azokhonza ku iRed Army nabanye futhi wathumela kuJehowashi base radioformirovany ekhatsi Saratov. Kube wakhonza njengombonisi yangasese kuqala, bese ngelizwi umbhali. Ngo-October walowo nyaka ofanayo Ezhov Nikolay waqokwa Commissioner isizinda lapho Ochwepheshe umsakazo ababeqeqeshwe, futhi entwasahlobo 1921 wamiswa njengephayona elivamile uKhomishana base, futhi wakhethwa iPhini kwenhloko yomnyango agitpropagandistskim Tatar Regional Committee RCP.

On Party ukusebenza inhlokodolobha

Ngo-July 1921, Ezhov Nikolay kubhaliswe ukushada titov. Ngokushesha emva komshado, umakoti waya eMoscow futhi idluliselwe kukhona nomyeni wakhe.

Enhloko-dolobha, Yezhov baqala ukuthutha ngokushesha enkonzweni. Ikakhulukazi, ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva wathunyelwa Mari Regional Party iKomiti wokuba umabhalane omkhulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uye wabambelela izikhundla party ezilandelayo:

• sikanobhala omkhulu weKomiti Semipalatinsk wesiFundazwe;
• lo ophethe kulowo mnyango senhlangano ye lekomiti yesifunda ye Zulu;
• UNobhala iPhini esiphezulu lekomiti yesifunda Kazakskogo;
• orgraspredotdela ofundisa CC.

Ngokubona ukuphathwa sika, Ezhov Nikolay Ivanovich kwaba ngomculi ephelele, kodwa kwadingeka ethile abalulekile - akakwazanga ukumvimba, ngisho nasezimweni lapho lutho kungenziwa.

Esesebenze iKomiti Central kuze 1929, wachitha izinyanga ezingu-12 bakhonza njengendikimba Isekela Yabantu Commissar wezoLimo zase-USSR, bese bebuyiselwa orgraspredotdel ekhanda.

"Ukuqothula"

Orgraspredotdelom UNikolai Yezhov wayephethe kuze 1934. Wabe esephendukela iKomiti Central we CPSU, okuyinto kwenziwa "ukuhlanzwa" iqembu, futhi kusukela ngo-February 1935 wakhethwa usihlalo we-CPC Central Committee noNobhala.

Kusukela ngo-1934 kuya ku-1935 Yezhov egameni Stalin ephethwe ikhomishana we ezibiyele kanye icala lokubulala uphenyo Kirov sika. Nguye exhumene nawo imisebenzi Zinoviev, Trotsky futhi Kamenev, empeleni uzungu Agranov ngokumelene boss lokugcina NKVD Yagoda.

i-aphoyintimenti entsha

Ngo-September 1936, uStalin futhi Zhdanov, ngubani ngaleso sikhathi eholidini, wathunyelwa inhloko-dolobha amathelegramu cipher ziqondiswe Molotov, Kaganovich nezinye amalungu Politburo. Kuyo safuna lokuqoka Yezhov esikhundleni sokuba Yabantu Commissar Wezangaphakathi, isale njengoba iphini Agranova.

Yiqiniso, i-oda kwenziwe ngokushesha, futhi ekuqaleni kuka-October 1936 Nikolay Ezhov ngemvume oda lokuqala zomnyango wakhe ukuze ujoyine okuthunyelwe.

Ezhov Nikolay - Yabantu Commissar Wezangaphakathi

Njengoba G. Berry, wabalalela ejensi wombuso ukuphepha kanye amaphoyisa, kanye nezinsizakalo ezihambisana ezifana ukuvikelwa umlilo imigwaqo ukuphathwa.

Ngo umsebenzi wakhe omusha Nikolay Ezhov ihlelwe nokubacindezela ngokumelene abantu okusolwa lobunhloli noma emelene ngempela namaSoviet imisebenzi, "ekuqothulweni" in the Party, baboshwa ngobuningi, ukuxoshwa kwezithunywa zevangeli imigqa kwezenhlalo, kazwelonke kanye zezikhungo.

Ikakhulukazi, ngemva kwenyanga kaMatjhi 1937 plenum leKomiti Central wamyala ukuba benze izinto ukuze ku NKVD, baboshwa 2273 isisebenzi ejensi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zaqala ukwehlela ku-oda Yezhov NKVD, izidumbu phansi, kukhombisa isibalo izakhamuzi alithembekile abaphinde babophezeleke ngaphansi ukubopha, ukufa, ukudingiswa, noma usetilongweni, ukuyiswa emakamu okufukuzwa kuwo.

Phakathi nalezi "Izenzo" Yezhov waklonyeliswa Order of Lenin. Kukhona inani impumelelo yakhe akunakubangelwa ukubhujiswa yabalindi Abavukeli ubudala ababekwa Umlandvomphilo ebukekayo kwabaningi bababusi phezulu ezaziwayo.

April 8, 1938 Yezhov waqokwa itoho Yabantu Commissar Lamanzi Ezokuthutha, futhi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva iphini lokuqala NKVD kanye nesiKhulu esiPhezulu yamaPhoyisa KaHulumeni wathatha Lavrentiy Beriya.

ihlazo

Ngo-November 1938, Politburo we CP okuxoxwe yokulahlwa Nikolaya ezhova, ngubani esasayinwa inhloko yabangamashumi Ivanovo NKVD. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa Commissar incwadi yokwesula kwakhe, okuyinto waqaphela umthwalo walo ngoba imisebenzi ukuketula 'zezitha ", yena engaqondile langena ihhovisi lomshushisi kanye NKVD.

Ekubona kusengaphambili ukuboshwa kwakhe osekuseduze, encwadini ayibhalele umholi ezizwe ayekucelile ingamthinti "iminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa ubudala nowesifazane-mama" wakhe futhi waphetha incwadi yakhe ngokuthi 'wayengophansi ezimpini izitha ezinkulu. "

Ngo-December 1938, "Izindaba" futhi "Pravda" eshicilelwe umlayezo Yezhov, ngokusho isicelo sakhe, waxoshwa NKVD ikhanda imisebenzi, kodwa zaqhubeka yomnyango Yabantu Commissar Lamanzi Ezokuthutha. Walandelwa esikhundleni Lavrenty Beria, owaqala umsebenzi wakhe esikhundleni sakhe esisha ukuboshwa kwabantu eduze Yezhov kuya NKVD, izinkantolo kanye ehhovisi lomshushisi.

Ngosuku iminyaka engu-15 V I. Lenina ukufa, Yezhov wayekhona zokugcina emcimbini obalulekile ukubaluleka kazwelonke - umhlangano zemikhosi enikelwe le iminyaka engu-edabukisayo. Kodwa wabe eselandela umcimbi, okubonisa ngokucacile ukuthi phezu kwakhe nakakhulu kunangaphambili, ukubuthwa namafu intukuthelo umholi bezizwe - wayengabhekiseli akhethwe uyisihambeli XVIII Congress LamaKhomanisi kwamaBolshevik Party.

ukubopha

Ngo-April 1939, Ezhov Nikolay Ivanovich, ogama biography kwaba indaba an amazing umsebenzi ukusuka umuntu kuze kube manje, nje esikoleni sabaqalayo, waboshwa. Ukuboshwa iphutha ehhovisi Malenkov sika, iqhaza Beria, ngubani nguye oqokwe ukuthi ahole uphenyo icala lakhe. Ukusuka lapho wathunyelwa ejele Sukhanovskaya NKVD ekhethekile.

Ngemva 2 amaviki, Yezhov wabhala inothi, okuyinto uvumile ukuthi ungungqingili. Kamuva lalisetshenziswa njengesibhedlela ubufakazi asenza ezingezona ezemvelo izenzo zocansi izinjongo zakhe siqu futhi emelene ngempela namaSoviet.

Kodwa kakhulu, kwakushiwo kuye necala, waba itulo lokuketula uhulumeni futhi ukuqeqeshwa amaphekula, angathathwa kusetshenziselwa ukufeza ukuhlaselwa amalungu enhlangano futhi uhulumeni ngo-November 7 ngesikhathi Red Square, phakathi ukubonakaliswa bantfu labasebentako.

Imisho futhi Kwakube

UNikolai Yezhov, isithombe okuyinto okusesihlokweni esithi, waphika amacala futhi ngokuthi iphutha lakhe kuphela yokuntuleka inkuthalo "yokuhlanza" ukuphepha zombuso.

Enkulumweni yakhe yokugcina emhlanganweni kwesivivinyo, Yezhov wathi washaywa ngesikhathi uphenyo, nakuba kuba engu-25 ubudala ngokwethembeka alwa futhi wabhidliza bayizitha zabantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wathi uma Ngangifuna ukwenza ukuhlaselwa amaphekula ngokumelene omunye amalungu kahulumeni, akazange abe nokwenza umuntu, wayengase nje sebenzisa amasu efanele.

Februwari 3, 1940, Commissar wangaphambili Yabantu enikwa isigwebo sokufa. Ukubulawa zenzeka ngosuku olulandelayo. Ngokwe-ubufakazi balabo abaye emukisa him zikhathi zokugcina ngaphambi adutshulwe Wahlabelela "I Internationale". Ukufa Nikolaya ezhova lokhu kwenzeka ngokuphazima kweso. Ukubhubhisa ngisho inkumbulo comrades zangaphambili, ubuholi beqembu babenqume ku ekushisweni kwesidumbu sika-umzimba wakhe.

kwesidumbu

Mayelana ecaleni Yezhov futhi abulawe is angabikwa. Into kuphela ukuthi isakhamuzi abavamile waphawula eZweni amaSoviet, kungcono ukubuya igama yangaphambili emzini Cherkessk, kanye ukunyamalala wangaphambili Yabantu Commissar izithombe ngezithombe iqembu.

Ngo-1998, uNikolai Yezhov utholakale hhayi ukuthi avuselelwe yi Military Collegium zeNkantolo Ephakeme. I-agumenti ekhonjiwe la maqiniso alandelayo:

• Yezhov ihlelwe uchungechunge lokubulala abantu abaye kuthandeke kuye uqobo;
• Wathatha ukuphila ngumkayo, ngenxa yokuthi wayengakwazi adalule imisebenzi yakhe emthethweni, futhi wenza konke okusemandleni akhe ukuze ulinike kuyicala elibomvu isenzo ukuzibulala;
• ngenxa imisebenzi eyenziwa ngokuhambisana oda Nikolaya ezhova Waboshwa ngaphezulu kwengxenye yesigidi izakhamuzi.

Ezhov Nikolay Ivanovich: uthando ukuphila

Njengoba sekushiwo, inkosikazi yokuqala wadutshulwa Commissar Antonina Titova (1897-1988). Umbhangqwana uhlukana ngo-1930 nango cha fanele ntwana.

Enomkakhe yesibili - Eugene (Shulamith) Solomonovna - Yezhov wayebhekane lapho wayesanikela ishade nawukuthi intatheli Alekseem Gladunom. Le ntombi ngokushesha safike sahlukanisa futhi waba mfazi eside party umsebenzi.

It wahluleka ukuzala ambalwa ekukhanyeni izingane zabo siqu, kodwa baye bamukela uyintandane. Igama layo ngu-UNatalie, futhi ngemva yokuzibulala umama onakekela ingane okungesiyona eyakhe, okwenzeka ngaphambi nje kokuba aboshwe nasekubulaleni Yezhov, wagcina ekhaya lezintandane.

Manje uyazi ukuthi ubani kwaba UNikolai Yezhov, ogama biography kwakuhluke kakhulu ejwayelekile abasebenzi abaningi apharathasi isimo sakhe ngaleyo minyaka, Dorval ukuze amandla eminyakeni yokuqala ye-USSR futhi ukuphila kuphelile kanye izisulu zabo.