I-organoids engezange-membrane: isakhiwo nemisebenzi

Wonke amaseli ezinhlobo eziphilayo ahlanganisa i-membrane ye-plasma, i-nucleus ne-cytoplasm. Ama-Organoids kanye ne-inclusions atholakale ekugcineni. I-Organoids yinto ehlala njalo emgodini, ngamunye okwenza imisebenzi ethile. Ukutholakala yizakhi zesikhashana eziqukethe i-glycogen ezilwaneni nasezitini ezitshalweni. Benza umsebenzi wokusekelayo. Ukutholakala kungatholakala kokubili ku-cytoplasm naku-matrix ye-organelles ngayinye, njenge-chloroplasts.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-organelles

Kuye ngesakhiwo, bahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu. E-cytology, i-membrane ne-non-membrane organoids ayodwa. Iyokuqala ingahlukaniswa ngama-subgroups amabili: i-membrane eyodwa ne-membrane emibili.

I-membrane organoids yama-single ihlanganisa i- reticulum endoplasmic (reticulum), izixhobo ze-Golgi, i- lysosomes, i-vacuoles, i-vesicles, i-melanosomes.

I-mitochondria nama- plastids (ama-chloroplast, ama-chromoplast, ama-leukoplast) abizwa njenge-organoids ye-membrane . Zinezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, hhayi nje kuphela ngenxa yokuba khona kwezingqimba ezimbili. Ekubunjweni kwabo, ukufakwa kwe-inclusions ngisho nama-organoids wonke ne-DNA nakho kungaba khona. Isibonelo, ematrix e-mitochondrial, i-ribosomes ne-DNA mitochondrial (mtDNA) ingabonwa.

Ama-organoids angenayo i-membrane afaka i-ribosomes, isikhungo se-cell (centriole), ama-microtubules kanye nama-microfilaments.

Nemembrannye organoids: imisebenzi

Ama-Ribosomes ayadingeka ukuze enze amaprotheni. Bayibophezele uhlelo lokuhumusha, okungukuthi, ukuchithwa kwemininingwane e-mRNA, nokwakhiwa kweketheni ye-polypeptide yamamino acid ngamunye.

Isikhungo samaseli sihlanganyela ekubunjweni kwe-spindle yokuhlukaniswa. Yakhiwa kokubili inqubo ye-meiosis, ne-mitosis.

Ama-organelles anjalo angenayo i-membrane, njengama-microtubules, enza i-cytoskeleton. Yenza imisebenzi yokwakha nezokuthutha. Phezu kwama microtubules, kokubili izinto kanye nama-organoids wonke angahamba, isibonelo, i-mitochondria. Inqubo yokuthutha kwenzeka ngosizo lwamaprotheni akhethekile, abizwa ngokuthi amaprotheni. Isikhungo senhlangano ye-microtubules yi-centriole.

I-Microfilaments ingabamba iqhaza ohlelweni lokuguqula ukuma kweseli, futhi kuyadingeka ukuhamba kwezinto ezithile eziphilayo ezingenayo i-amoeba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhiwo ezihlukahlukene zingakhiwa kuzo, imisebenzi engakaze ifundwe ngokugcwele.

Isakhiwo

Njengoba kucacile esihlokweni, ama-organoids wesakhiwo esingenalutho angenalo izibungu. Ziqukethe amaprotheni. Ezinye zazo ziqukethe ne-nucleic acids.

Isakhiwo se-ribosomes

Lezi-organoids ezingezona-membrane zitholakala ezindongeni ze-endoplasmic reticulum. I-ribosome inomumo oyindilinga, ububanzi bayo buyi-100-200 angstroms. Lezi zitho ze-organoids ezingenayo i-membrane ziqukethe izingxenye ezimbili (izingqungquthela) - ezincane nezinkulu. Uma i-ribosome ingasebenzi, ihlukaniswe. Ukuze bahlangane, kumele kube khona khona i-magnesium noma i-calcium ions ku-cytoplasm.

Ngesinye isikhathi, lapho kwenziwa ama-molecule amakhulu amaprotheni, i-ribosomes ingahlanganiswa ngamaqembu okuthiwa i-polyribosomes noma i-polysomes. Inombolo ye-ribosomes kuyo ingaba kusuka ku-4-5 kuya ku-70-80 kuye ngobukhulu be-molecule yamaprotheni abayenzayo.

I-Ribosomes iqukethe amaprotheni ne- rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid), kanye nama-molecule yamanzi kanye ne-ion metal (i-magnesium noma i-calcium).

Ukwakhiwa kwesikhungo seseli

Ku-eukaryot, lezi zinhlobo ezingezona ezinomlenze ezinama-organoids ziqukethe izingxenye ezimbili, okuthiwa i-centrosomes, ne-centrosphere, i-cytoplasm elula ejikeleza i-centrioles. Ngokungafani ne-ribosomes, izingxenye zale organoid zivame ukuhlanganiswa. Ukuphelele kwama-centrosome amabili kuthiwa yi-diplomatism.

I-centrosome ngayinye iqukethe ama-microtubules, aphikisiwe ngesilinda.

Ukwakhiwa kwe-microfilaments nama-microtubules

Okokuqala kuhlanganisa i-actin namanye amaprotheni anesivumelwano, njenge-myosin, tropomyosin, njll.

Ama-microtubules amelela ama-cylinders amade, angenalutho ngaphakathi, okukhula kusuka ku-centriole kuya emaphethelweni eseli. Ububanzi bawo buyi-25 nm, ubude bungaba kusuka kumanometer amaningana kuya kumamitha amaningana, kuye ngobukhulu nemisebenzi yeseli. Lezi zinhlobo ze-organoids ezingenayo i-membrane zihlanganisa ngokuyinhloko i-tubulin amaprotheni.

I-microtubules yi-organoids engazinzile, eguqukayo njalo. Sinokuphela kokuphela nokuphela kokuphela. Owokuqala uyanezela ngokwakho imamoleli ye-tubulin, futhi kusukela kwesibili bahlale behlukaniswa.

Ukubunjwa kwe-organoids okungenayo i-membrane

I-nucleolus inesibopho sokwakhiwa kwe-ribosomes. Ikhiqiza i-RNA ribosomal, isakhiwo esinekhodi ye-ribosomal DNA, etholakala ezingxenyeni ezikhethekile zama-chromosomes. Amaphrotheni akha ama-organoids ahlanganiswa ku-cytoplasm. Ngemva kwalokho, zithunyelwa ku-nucleolus, lapho zihlanganisa ne-ribosomal RNA, zakha i-subunit encane neyinkulu. Khona-ke ama-organoids aqedile athuthelwa e-cytoplasm, bese efika ezindongeni ze-granular endoplasmic reticulum.

Isikhungo samaseli sisekhona esitokisini kusukela seqala. Yenziwa ngokuhlukanisa iseli lomama.

Isiphetho

Njengomkhiqizo, sinikeza itafula elifushane.

Ngakho-ke, manje uyazi konke mayelana nama-organoids angenayo i-membrane etholakala kokubili amangqamuzana asitshalo nesilwane namafungal.