Latin: umlando ukuthuthukiswa. Kusetshenziswa imithi

Uma-Europe lalihlala abantu abakhuluma izilimi ukuthi manje ukubizwa ngokuthi abafileyo, okungukuthi, aphume ukusetshenziswa okuxoxa. Omunye wabo - ulimi lwesiLatini. Umlando sokuthuthuka iqala ngisho ngaphambi kwesikhathi sethu esivamile, kodwa abantu ukuyisebenzisa namuhla, ngekhulu xxi. Ukufunda ngalolu limi isihloko ayimpoqo ezikhungweni eziningi zemfundo. Uyini-Latin? Ubani study ke? Izimpendulo - kulesi sihloko.

endulo

Homeland Latin - Rome sidilizwa. Abantu ababeke lolu limi wayengunina wayephila esikhathini BC II leminyaka. Kodwa baye bafunda ukubhala kamuva kakhulu. History of the ulimi Latin Ihlobene ngokuseduze endulo. Lokhu kubizwa ngokusentshenziswa impucuko eyayikhona phambi Ephakathi. Mayelana nabantu balo yesimanje ukwazi ngenxa impumelelo yamasiko Roma namaGreki. AmaRoma athatha kakhulu kusukela izakhamuzi ezingaphezu elifundile Greece, kuhlanganise nesiko etemibhalo.

I lalotshwa kuqala

History of the ulimi Latin, njenganoma iyiphi enye, kuncike periodization. Izazi zolimi mlando isehlane nezikhathi zakudala, classical kanye postclassical. Nakuba amaRoma babe isizwe angahlelekile, bakhuluma isi-Latin zakudala. Kodwa namandla waba uMbuso WamaRoma, ukuba isiko othuthuke kangcono, futhi nalo ulimi. isipelingi Kwakheka, sesiye wehlukile. Okuwukuphela kwesizathu esenza amaRoma baqala ukukhuluma nokubhala ngolimi, manje okuthiwa Latin classical. Bese ezinye izakhamuzi lengubo umbuso waqala ukuhumusha imisebenzi amaGreki, ngisho ukudala into entsha. Njengoba sekunama-ubuciko ezincwadini zesiGreki futhi sasendulo saseRoma iyaqala ekuthuthukiseni izwe nephrozi kanye izinkondlo.

izincwadi

Kwisifundo sanoma imuphi emkhakheni wezobuciko -, ngaphezu kwakho konke, umlando ulimi lwesiLatini. Ukuvela Rome kanye nentuthuko yayo isiko baba nethonya elikhulu ku-isiko emhlabeni. Okokuqala, kuleli zwe kwakukhona imithetho nezincwadi zenkolo e-Latin. Khona-ke lo wagomela ngokwabo, futhi abalobi. Umuntu wokuqala eRoma yasendulo, okuyinto unesithakazelo sina amafomu esankondlo - kuyinto Liviy Andronik. Kodwa akazange abhale lutho eyabo, kodwa nje elihunyushwe inkondlo omkhulu Homer sika. izingane Roman isikhathi eside wafunda nokuloba incwadi mayelana Ukuzula elimangalisayo Odysseus.

Incwadi yokuqala

umlando ezithakazelisayo ulimi nezincwadi zesiLatini lihlotshaniswa okungenani ukujabulisa ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe laseRoma lasendulo. Izimpi nezinye izinhlekelele ziye wadala isizukulwane esisha izimbongi futhi abalobi abangazange ukuhumusha imisebenzi angaphandle, nokudala imibhalo bomdabu wamaRoma. Gnaeus Nevij, isibonelo, wabhala le nhlekelele enikelwe omunye ZabaseCarthage Izimpi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba ezizweni zonke, amaRoma kwadingeka tindzaba tabo, lapho izimbongi ukudala imisebenzi ebhaliwe. Izinganekwane waseRoma sidilizwa ukutadisha zesikole nabafundi. Ukwazi leli yeqhawe kuyadingeka ngoba lokhu lapho abalobi wasendulo wamaRoma wahosha izifundo. Futhi, yena, waboleka isiko kanye abalobi kamuva. Umlando ukuvela ekuthuthukiseni ulimi Latin buhlobene futhi amagama ezifana Plautus, Virgil, Horace. Amazwi zefilosofi Roman, abalobi, izazi zezombusazwe izilwi elisetshenziswa enkulumweni yanamuhla. Nakuba ezingavamile yokuqala.

Yiziphi izilimi baka-Latin?

Kulabo ukutadisha ngokungathí sina isiNtaliyane, iSpanishi noma isiFulentshi, Latin kubaluleke kakhulu. Umlando, ukwakheka kwezitho zakhe ingenye izingxenye Romance Studies - isayensi etadisha inani elikhulu izilimi, okuyinto ngukhokho ke abakhileyo laseRoma lasendulo. Latin - izifundo ayimpoqo at ikhono of kolimi kanye yezilimi. Nakuba ukuqeqeshwa kukhona ngokuvamile kungagcini Ukuhunyushwa kwemibhalo, ngekhanda izaga nokutadisha lolimi eziyisisekelo. Kodwa ngisho nalokhu kwanele emagama lamanyenti indlela ka isiFulentshi, isiNtaliyane, noma olunye ulimi we Romance lathathwa ayephila nabo, Virgil futhi Horace.

Ephakathi

Ngo Ephakathi, isiLatini sasiwulimi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ulimi wesonto. Futhi njengoba isonto kwakuxhomeke konke, futhi lolu limi elikhona yonke imikhakha yempilo. Ososayensi ngenkathi zathathwa ifa etemibhalo endala ngokucophelela, wafunda futhi Latin elicwengiweyo, ozinikele imibhalo eminingi ye enjalo liyindaba esemqoka njengoba umlando ulimi lwesiLatini. Kafushane ihlukaniswe yaba izigaba eziningana. Ngaphandle nje kokuthi izincwadi zakudala, classical nangemuva classical, angawodwa njengoba Latin ephakathi.

Ngisho ekushoneni kwelanga Latin Medieval akashongo kuphela ebumnyameni, abantu abangafundile. EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani asemthethweni futhi ibhizinisi ukuxhumana olwenziwa kuphela ngalolo limi. Emhlabeni jikelele, kwa-umphakathi ngokukhethekile kuye kwaba nezinguquko, futhi lokho bekungakwenza asithinti ke. It uye savela, avele izinto ezintsha lucebe. Kodwa ngisho nalapho lolu limi kwakufanele athathe indawo yesibili, wahlala isihloko ayimpoqo kuzo zonke izikole.

IsiLatini sasiwulimi cishe isihloko esiyinhloko abameli esizayo, ukuthi ngempela kukhona ukukhuluma mayelana odokotela. Esikhathini inoveli "The Life of Mnumzane de Moliere" by M. Bulgakov Okuxakayo uchaza uhlelo ukuqeqeshwa ngenkathi. Protagonist yencwadi, umlobi odumile ahlekisayo Moliere sika, insizwa kanzima ngakho wafundiswa Latin, kangangokuthi ngezinye izikhathi kuye kwakubonakala sengathi igama layo lalingabalulekile Jean-Baptiste, futhi Zhoganes Baptistus.

Ukuhunyushwa inhlanganiso yocezuningi

Lapho amasosha amaRoma angamaqhawe wahlulwa amaGreki isihambile, bakwazi ukusizakala hhayi kuphela impumelelo kwamasiko amaGreki, kodwa futhi ngokwesayensi. Okokuqala, lapho ukuqala - ukufunda imibhalo sikaHippocrates. Lokhu okufundile indoda, njengoba wazi, kwaba umsunguli ukuphulukiswa ngesiGreki. History of the ukuthuthukiswa Latin ulimi imithi iphindela ncamashi nalezi ukudluliselwa.

imithi

Amanye amagama lasendulo ngesiGreki phakade inkulumo zamaRoma. bona agcwaliswa kubantu ayenqotshiwe, kodwa ngemva kwesikhashana kwaqhamuka babo kanjalo nodokotela babo. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke kubo - Klavdiy uGalen. Lokhu usosayensi wabhala ezingaphezu kwekhulu imisebenzi. Ngokukhethekile wakhokha nemigomo, bekholelwa ukuthi ziyingxenye ebalulekile wezasekhaya wezokwelapha. Kodwa abelaphi okokuqala eRoma lasendulo babengene namanje izithunjwa amaGreki. ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinceku wathola inkululeko yabo, ifundiswe ezikoleni. Ekuqaleni, zonke migomo kuphela ngesiGreki, kodwa umlando ulimi lwesiLatini futhi amagama wezokwelapha zihlobene kakhulu. Ukuboleka ezivela olimini sikaHippocrates inkulumo odokotela Roman njalo ngonyaka kuba kuncipha.

Ekuqhubeni KaCelsus

Negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni amagama wezokwelapha owethulwa Aulus Korneliy Tsels. Wayeyisibonelo ubuntu isebenziseka ngezindlela eziningi, kwaba umsekeli esikhundleni bendabuko ngesiGreki ngezokwelapha Latin. Celsus wabhala imisebenzi yakhe ngolimi lwabo lwendabuko. umsebenzi lo dokotela buye baba imfuneko ukudalwa amagama yezokwelapha zesimanje.

Esikhathini Yobumnyama yentuthuko imithi okulahlekile. Njengoba Nokho, kanye nazo zonke ezinye amagatsha yesayensi. Amalungelo Society of the Church. Leli dolobha lake lachuma ukungazi. Kwacishe kwaphela ikhulu yeminyaka kwezokwelapha European yayingekho izinguquko. Ama-Arabhu, Okwamanje, Kuningi esesikwenzile kule ndawo. Futhi uma imithi e-Europe zikhunjulwe into yokuqala waqala ngo ukuthuthukiswa izindaba wezokwelapha - lihunyushwe ku Latin azibhala Arab, okuyinto, by the way, akalutho kodwa ukuhumusha kusuka esiGrekini.

Renaissance

Phakathi XIV futhi XVI ekhulwini eYurophu ophinde uzalwe, futhi ikakhulukazi imithi. Odokotela yaphinde yaphendukela emibhalweni yokuqala yasendulo. Emakhulwini eminyaka wadala ngolimi lwezokwelapha jikelele. Odokotela abahlala emazweni ahlukene aseYurophu kufanele baye baqonda nomunye. izincwadi Kushicilelwe futhi izichazamazwi. Ekhulwini xv, kwatholakala kwelinye imitapo ukusebenza a ukhohliwe udokotela waseRoma KaCelsus. umsebenzi Roman, kodwa inhliziyo yayibukhuni kabusha, futhi amagama isetshenziswa odokotela ingasebenza emhlabeni wonke namuhla.

Vezaliy Andreas - udokotela omkhulu futhi anatomist kwenkathi. Lokhu usosayensi khona ishadi yokwakheka, esekelwe yomlobi Roman zibhaliwe. Ngaphezu gretsizmov ekhona, waba umsunguli futhi imibandela emisha Latin. Nokho, abaningi kubo kamuva waphuma ukusetshenziswa.

umthetho wamaRoma

nethonya elikhulu itheminoloji zomthetho kwadingeka Latin. Umlando komthetho kuthatha izimpande imfundiso yokuziphendukela Umthetho wamaRoma. Okungukuthi, kuba umthombo kwetheminoloji ngezilimi eziningi. kuyinto Isizathu ncamashi kumagama. Latinism abe impahla lwetemtsetfo yesimanje. A indima enkulu lapha kwakuwukuthi emkhakheni wezomthetho kwemibhalo medieval iyawakha kuphela ngesiLatini. Ngenxa yalokho yesikhwama terminological ngamazwe yasungulwa.

Kwezinye izilimi, emagama lahambisana silulumagama zomthetho, olukhulunywa namuhla ngesiLatini, ngaphandle izinguquko ezenziwe. Inani elikhulu Latinisms likhona ikakhulukazi izilimi zesiLatini. Iqembu laseJalimane enjalo zokweboleka kancane.

kolimi

zezilimi Ikusasa futhi sitadishe Latin. Indima ulimi elikhulu nesandla esivulekile, ohlelweni lwemfundo. Zazo ezafika zonke izilimi zesiLatini. Ukuboleka kusukela inkulumo esikweni lamaRoma asendulo nezamanje namuhla nesilulumagama French, amaNtaliyane kanye abaseSpain. Ngakho-ke, abafundi kolimi Roman, Latin zibaluleke kangaka. Umlando lweluhlelo, amafonethiki nezinye izingxenye yezilimi - konke odinga ukukwazi Ukulifunda ngijule olunye ulimi.

Latin kwadingeka kunethonya elikhulu phezu ukubunjwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlangano Ezilimini eziningi zanamuhla, ngakho kuwufanele ukufunda hhayi kuphela abameli esizayo futhi odokotela. Student of ulimi lwesiLatini, yokucebisa silulumagama yakho futhi kwenza kube lula ukufunda amagama amasha. Kuyinto zamagama Latin kuyisisekelo zonke izilimi zaseYurophu, kanye umbhalo ifonotiki base.

Latin futhi inomthelela yolimi lwanamuhla Russian. Liqukethe amazwi ezingaphezu kweziyisishiyagalombili nokuba eziyishumi ayizinkulungwane ababevela ulimi lasendulo Roma.