I-General Theory Systems Ludwig von Bertalanffy nezinye izinhlobo zesayensi

Austrian usosayensi-isazi sezinto eziphilayo, owayehlala eCanada nase-United States, Ludwig von Bertalanffy, ngo-1937 okokuqala ukubeka phambili eziningi imibono, okuyinto kamuva zenziwe umqondo owodwa. Wasibiza ngokuthi "Imfundiso jikelele izinhlelo." Kuyini lokhu? Lo mqondo yesayensi lezinto ezihlukahlukene kubhekwa njengento uhlelo.

Umqondo oyinhloko kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela ezihlongozwayo kwakuwukuthi imithetho elawula uhlelo letigcogcwe ngaphambilini - omunye, ngokuba izinhlelo ezahlukene okufanayo. Kuyinto kungalungile ukusho ukuthi umcondvo lobalulekile Bertalanffy babekwa yizazi ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi Aleksandrom Aleksandrovichem Bogdanovym, isazi sefilosofi Russian, umbhali, wezombangazwe udokotela, emsebenzini wakhe eliyisisekelo "Tectology", ebhalwe kuye ngo-1912. AA Bogdanov uye wahlanganyela ngenkuthalo inguquko, kodwa ngezindlela eziningi ukuthi awavumelani nokubekelwa VI Lenin. Okthoba revolution akazange athathe, kodwa, nokho, baqhubeka ukubambisana amaBolshevik, wahlela kuqala ngaleso sikhathi Russian Isikhungo Kokumpontshelwa Kwegazi wembatha ukuhlola kwezokwelapha. Washona ngo-1928. Bambalwa abantu abaziyo namuhla ukuthi ekuqaleni usosayensi kwekhulu lamashumi amabili Russian futhi physiologist VM BEKHTEREV kungakhathaliseki AA Bogdanova, ezichazwe emithethweni engaphezu kwengu-20 jikelele emkhakheni izinqubo ngokwengqondo nezenhlalo.

Jikelele izinhlelo theory etadisha ezahlukene izinhlobo, izinhlelo, isakhiwo, izinqubo, ukusebenza nokuThuthukisa, inhlangano kwezingxenye amazinga kwesakhiwo phezulu, nokuningi. Bertalanffy futhi wenza uphenyo okuthiwa izinhlelo evulekile exchange of energy khulula, ababaluleke nolwazi imvelo.

Jikelele izinhlelo Inkolelo-mbono okwamanje siphenya imithetho enjalo kwesistimu okubanzi kanye nezimiso, ezifana umbono ka semiotic embili, isimiso impendulo, lokuqhubeka yenhlangano, ukusebenzelana, ubudlelwane Okusizayo aphelele, umthetho ezihlukahlukene kuyimfuneko, phezulu isinxephezelo isimiso nomthetho monocentrism ubuncane, umthetho amelane isihlobo , yangaphandle kwalokho Umgomo we recursive izakhiwo theorem, umthetho kanye nezinye umehluko.

Isimo samanje isayensi mayelana izinhlelo ukweleta Bertalanffy. Jikelele izinhlelo theory kakhulu efana ngezinhloso zocwaningo noma izindlela cybernetics - isayensi kwemithetho jikelele yenqubo ukuphathwa futhi udlulise ulwazi izinhlelo ezahlukene (mechanical, begazi noma komphakathi); Imininingwane ithiyori - igatsha wezibalo ukuthi inquma umqondo kolwazi, imithetho yayo kanye nezimpahla; umhlinzeki womhlalo, ngokuzuzisayo wezibalo mncintiswano ezimbili noma amabutho eziphikisayo ngaphezulu ukuze bathole inzuzo esiphezulu kanye nokulahlekelwa okungenani; isinqumo theory, ukuhlaziya izinqumo okunengqondo phakathi izindlela ezihlukahlukene; Isici ukuhlaziywa, besebenzisa inqubo kwesabelo yezici ku imihlola eziguquguqukayo eziningi.

Namuhla, i-jikelele izinhlelo ithiyori It wathola yisisusa esinamandla ukuthuthukiswa yayo Synergy. Prigogine futhi Haken ukuphenya izinhlelo nonequilibrium, izakhiwo dissipative futhi entropy kumasistimu evulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imfundiso yokuziphendukela Bertalanffy ukwaba enjalo eyala osetshenziswayo yesayensi ezifana zobunjiniyela - isayensi ukuhlela uhlelo, umklamo, ukuhlolwa kanye nomklamo amasistimu yefomu "indoda-umshini"; Psychology yobunjiniyela; theory emkhakheni yokuziphatha Lewin; Operations Research - isayensi lokulawula izingxenye indlela yokuphila nesimiso sezomnotho (abantu, imishini, izinto, ezezimali, njll); SMD-indlela, olwasungulwa GP Shchedrovitskii, ozakwabo nabafundi; imfundiso yokuziphendukela ubuntu ebalulekile W. Merlin, ngesisekelo okuyinto ngokwezinga elikhulu sasishaywe ngazo ngenhla imfundiso yokuziphendukela jikelele Bertalanffy izinhlelo.