James Webb Space Telescope (Jakobe Webb Space Telescope): kwethulwa usuku, imishini

Nge ngamunye isentimitha beso ezengeziwe, ngayinye yesibili isikhathi observation eyengeziwe futhi ngamunye ezengeziwe athomu atmospherics, kude Ucwaningo yasensimini isibonakude, kangcono, ezijulile futhi sicace uzobona yonke.

neminyaka "Hubble" 25

Lapho isibonakude "Hubble" saqala ukusebenza ngo-1990, kube kwavula inkathi entsha kwezokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi nesayensi - isikhala. Ayisekho kwakudingeka abhekane nesimiso emkhathini, amafu, noma ukhathazeke kulokolokoza kagesi. Okudingekayo - iwukuba phaka satellite on target ukuyihlalisa futhi ukuqoqa izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-25 isikhala izibonakude eqala ukwemboza lonke spectrum kagesi, esangenza okokuqala ukucabangela yonke ngesikhathi wavelength yokukhanya ngamunye.

Kodwa njengoba ulwazi lwethu luye lwakhula, futhi ngakhula ukuqonda kwethu ekufuneni ukwazi okungaziwa. I okunye sibheka nimkhiphele yonke, kulapho sibona esidlule ezijulile: anele isikhathi kusukela Big Bang, ngokuhlanganyela ijubane ezilinganiselwe yokukhanya inikeza kulinganiselwe lokho sikwazi ukugcina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunwetshwa isikhala ngokwayo isebenza ngokumelene nathi, esisuka wavelength zokukhanya zezinkanyezi njengoba ehamba kulo lonke yonke emehlweni ethu. Ngisho kwesibonakude isikhala "Hubble", okuyinto usinikeza ejulile, izithombe enhle ukuzedlula zonke kulezi yonke ukuthi esake wathola, kunomkhawulo wemali kulesi sici.

"I-Hubble" Okumbi

"I-Hubble" - kwesibonakhulu emangalisayo, kodwa ezinye ukulinganiselwa eliyisisekelo:

• 2.4 nje m ububanzi, okwenza zilinganiselwe izinhlobo zalo isixazululo.
• Nakuba lembhali coating yama-materials, it is njalo elangeni ngqo, okuyinto ukufuthelana. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngenxa imiphumela ezishisayo, akakwazi ukubukela wavelength yokukhanya ezingaphezu kuka-1.6 microns.
• Inhlanganisela beso okulinganiselwe kanye nombono, lapho-ke kuyinto ebucayi, okusho ukuthi isibonakude ungabona Umthala kungekho ineminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-500.

Lezi imithala mikhulu nakakhulu ephelele, owawukhona kude lapho yonke kwaba mayelana 4% kuphela ubudala layo lamanje. Kodwa siyazi ukuthi izinkanyezi nemithala ngaphambili.

Ukuze ubone ke, kwesibonakude kufanele ibe ukuzwela ephakeme. Lokhu kusho kwathatha yamaza eside okushisa aphansi ukwedlula "Hubble". Yingakho, futhi wadala James Webb Space Telescope.

Amathemba isayensi

James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) yakhelwe ukuze nginqobe lezi ukulinganiselwa kuyinto: nge 6.5 m ububanzi isibonakude iqoqa ukukhanya okuningi izikhathi 7 ngaphandle "Hubble". Sivula kungenzeka ultra-high-resolution spectroscopy kusuka 600 nm ukuba 6 microns (izikhathi 4 emikhulu kunemisebe, elikwaziyo ukubona "Hubble") ukuze bagcine phakathi esifundeni infrared nge ukuzwela ephakeme kunanini ngaphambili. JWST isebenzisa Ukupholisa yokwenziwa lokushisa ebusweni Pluto futhi uyakwazi ngenkuthalo kuphole amadivaysi maphakathi no-infrared afika kwangu-7 K. Telescope James Webb kuyokwenzeka ukwenza isayensi njengoba kungekho noyedwa umuntu phambi loku kungentiwa.

Yena uqobo uzoqhubeka:

• sebenzisa imithala bokuqala wake kwakhiwa;
• ebonakalayo ngokusebenzisa igesi Uphenyo hlangothi futhi ngowokuqala inkanyezi reionization yonke;
• afeze spectroscopic ukuhlaziya izinkanyezi zokuqala kakhulu (labantu III), kwakhiwa ngemuva kwe-Big Bang;
• uthole lezimanga emangalisayo, efana ukutholakala lamabandla okuqala supermassive izimbobo omnyama futhi quasars endaweni yonke.

ucwaningo Level JWST akuyona efana ukuthi esikhathini esidlule, futhi ngakho kwesibonakude wakhethwa njengosuku NASA iwuhlelo umsebenzi 2010s.

wobuciko yesayensi

Ngokombono lobuchwepheshe, entsha James Webb isibonakude kuwumsebenzi ngempela yobuciko. Le phrojekthi isidlulile ibanga elide: kwakukhona isabelomali overruns, schedule ukubambezeleka ingozi ukwesulwa iphrojekthi. Ngemva kokusebenzisa ubuholi obusha ishintshile. Le phrojekthi ngokuzumayo olutholakele njengomuntu amawashi, izimali zanikezelwa, ufunyenwe amaphutha, ukwehluleka nezinkinga, nethimba waqala ukupakisha JWST e yonke imigomo, izimiso yesabelo-zimali. Ukwethulwa kuhlelelwe Okthoba 2018 e rocket "Ariane 5". Ithimba hhayi kuphela lulandela uhlelo, enendawo izinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye kwesokunxele ukuze uvumele isiphi isimo ezingalindelekile ukuthi bonke eqoqwe futhi isilungele kwalolu suku.

James Webb Telescope inezingxenye amane ayinhloko.

iyunithi optical

Lihlanganisa zonke izibuko, zazo ephumelela kunazo nesishiyagalombili gilt ihlukene esibukweni eyinhloko. Zizosetshenziswa ukuqoqa kwezinkanyezi ezikude futhi ugxile amathuluzi ayo ukuze ahlolwe. Zonke lezi izibuko isilungele futhi ephelele, eyenziwe ngesikhathi esinqunyiwe. Ekupheleni inhlangano bayobizwa eligoqiwe ibe umklamo compact ukuba egijima at ibanga ezingaphezu kuka-1 million ukusuka Umhlaba kuya L2 Lagrange iphuzu, bese ngokuzenzakalelayo ujike ukwakha isakhiwo lezinyosi, okuyinto iminyaka eminingi uzoqoqa ukukhanya ephumayo. Kuba ngempela into enhle futhi umphumela ngempumelelo imizamo titanic ongoti abaningi.

Impahla eduze infrared

"Webb" ifakwe amathuluzi ezine yesayensi ezilungele 100%. Ikhamera eyinhloko ikhamera kwesibonakude eduze IR ububanzi, kusukela ukukhanya ebonakalayo ukuze ezijulile orange-infrared esifundeni. Izonikeza isithombe okungakaze kubonwe izinkanyezi zokuqala, imithala omncane engenathi okusesesikhathini inqubo ekwakhekeni, izinkanyezi abasha ye-Milky Way nemithala eseduze, amakhulu lezinto ezintsha kule Kuiper ibhande. It elungiselelwe imaging oqondile amaplanethi azungeze ezinye izinkanyezi. Lokhu kuyoba kwikhamera enkulu, esetshenziswa izingqapheli eziningi.

Eduze seso Spectrograph

Leli thuluzi hhayi kuphela ehlukanisa ukukhanya ku yamaza ngabanye, kodwa uyakwazi ukwenza lokhu ngoba izinto ezingaphezu kuka-100 ngesikhathi esisodwa! Le divayisi kuyinto spectrograph jikelele "Webb", okuyinto ongasebenza ngayo ku 3 ezahlukene imibuso spectroscopy. Lakhiwa -European Space Agency, kodwa izingxenye eziningi kuhlanganise imitshina kanye ne-multi-valve ibhethri, olunikezwa Centre for Space Flight. Goddard (NASA). Le divayisi ihlolwe futhi ilungele ukufakwa.

ithuluzi Mid-infrared

Kudivayisi ukuze usetshenziselwe imaging broadband, isb ke izotholwa nge isithombe umxhwele kakhulu ngayo yonke amathuluzi "Webb". Ngokombono ongokwesayensi, kungaba wusizo kakhulu ukulinganisa amadiski protoplanetary emhlabeni izinkanyezi abasha, Kukala, kwakha ngeso ngokunemba engakaze ibonwe Kuiper Belt izinto nothuli ukufuthelana ngu kwezinkanyezi. He is ithuluzi kuphela cryogenically selehlile 7 K. Kuqhathaniswa Spitzer Space Telescope, lokhu kuzokwenza ngcono imiphumela ezikhathini 100.

spectrograph okungenazikhala Nir (NIRISS)

Idivayisi uyoveza:

• ububanzi-spectroscopy esikhathini esiseduze infrared wavelength esifundeni (1.0 - 2.5 Micron);
• Grism spectroscopy yinye intfo ububanzi ebonakalayo kanye infrared (0.6 - 3.0 Micron);
• ukumaska-beso interferometry at yamaza ka 3.8 - 4.8 microns (lapho kulindeleke izinkanyezi zokuqala kanye imithala);
• ububanzi ebanga ucwaningo lonke ensimini umbono.

Leli thuluzi wadalwa Canadian Space Agency. Ngemva kokudlula ezikhungweni ukuhlolwa cryogenic uzobuye azimisele ukuhlanganisa imishini bay kwesibonakude.

sunshield

Isikhala izibonakude bengakabi esimisiwe. Esinye sezici esabeka kunazo kwanoma iyiphi uqalisa ukusebenzisa i material amasha ngokuphelele. Esikhundleni ukupholisa lonke mkhathi ngenkuthalo usebenzisa alahlwayo refrigerant consumable, kwesibonakude James Webb isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha ngokuphelele - 5-ungqimba ilanga isihlangu ukuze kuqashwe ukubonakalisa emisebeni yelanga kusukela isibonakude. Five 25-foot amaphepha titanium izinduku axhunyiwe futhi efakwe emva ukuthunyelwa kwesibonakude. Isivikelo ihlolwe ngo-2008 no-2009. onobuhle -Scale Okugcwele, ukubamba iqhaza ukuhlolwa laboratory, kwenziwe konke ababenakho ukwenza lapha Emhlabeni. Lena emisha enhle.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuba njalo umqondo Amazing: hhayi nje ukuvimba ukukhanya okuvela elangeni, wafaka isikhuni isibonakude emthunzini, futhi kukwenze kube ukuze wonke yokushisa Babechichima kolunye uhlangothi kuya orientation kwesibonakude. Ngamunye izingqimba ezinhlanu endaweni cleaner iyoba abandayo njengoba ibanga ukusuka ngaphandle ukuba kancane kunakwezinye izinga lokushisa indawo - azungeze 350-360 K. lokushisa ungqimba wokugcina kufanele uphonsa ukuba 37-40 K, okuyinto lalingu-ebusweni ebusuku Pluto.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinyathelo abalulekile kuthathwe ukuze awuvikele imvelo emibi isikhala esijulile. Enye yezinto okumele ukhathazekile nazi amatshana amancane ngosayizi itshana, isihlabathi, uthuli ngisho kancane ngokusebenzisa isikhala interplanetary flying ngesivinini amashumi ngisho namakhulu ezinkulungwane km / h. Lezi micrometeorites bayakwazi prodelyvat amancane, izimbobo ezincane kukho konke behlangabezana: mkhathi, isikhala amasudi, izibuko, izibonakude nokunye okuningi. Uma esibukweni kuyodingeka nezakhamuzi noma izimbobo kuphela, kancane inciphise etholakalayo "ukukhanya okuhle", the solar panel kungenziwa dephula ichopho onqenqemeni, okuzokwenza yonke ungqimba engenamsebenzi. Ukuze ulwe lesi simanga yasetshenziselwa umbono omuhle kakhulu.

Zonke solar shield ibilokhu ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ukuze, uma kukhona igebe encane ngesikhathi esisodwa, ezimbili noma ezintathu zalezi zifo uma zingene ungqimba ngeke likhiphe olunye, njengoba ukwa ku isiphephelo somoya emotweni. Partitioning izogcina wonke isakhiwo sonke, kubalulekile ukuvimbela nokucekelwa.

Mkhathi: inhlangano elawula uhlelo

Kuyinto ingxenye abavamile, njengoba kukhona kuzo zonke izibonakude Isikhala ohambweni ngokwesayensi. Ngo JWST uhlukile, kodwa futhi ekulungele kahle ukubhala. Okusele kuyinto inkontileka jikelele inkampani iphrojekthi Northrop Grumman, - isihlangu ephelele, bahlanganise isibonakude futhi kuhlole. Idivayisi ngeke kube seyilungele eminyakeni 2.

iminyaka engu-10 yokutholakala

Uma konke kuhamba kahle, luntfu on the esengozini okutholakele omkhulu ngokwesayensi. Isihenqo igesi hlangothi, okuyinto namanje labasibekela Uhlolojikelele izinkanyezi zokuqala kanye imithala, isixazululiwe amakhono infrared "Webb" futhi likhanya ngendlela efanayo kakhulu. Lokhu kuyoba ngobukhulu, isibonakude sizwele nge wavelength uhla enkulu kusukela 0.6 kuya 28 microns (ehlweni lomuntu ebona microns 0.4 kuya 0.7) of yonke eyake yakhiwa. Kulindeleke ukunikeza eyishumi kokuma.

Ngokusho NASA, igama elithi "Webb" umsebenzi kuyoba kusukela kwabaneminyaka engamashumi 5.5 kuya kwezingu-10. It is kunomkhawulo wemali uphethiloli edingekayo ukuze silondoloze orbit, futhi electronics ukuphila futhi imishini kule ndawo ebandayo isikhala. I isibonakude sasemkhathini James Webb uyothwala stock yokubasela lonke seminyaka engu-10, futhi izinyanga ezingu-6 emva kokwethulwa ziyovivinywa ukuqinisekisa indiza, oqinisekisa iminyaka 5 imisebenzi yesayensi.

Yini zingahambi kahle?

The main nokukhawulela isici inani nemafutsa emkhunjini. Lapho eseqedile, satellite uyoya kude Lagrange iphuzu L2, iza njengoba uzungeza emzileni kunezinxushunxushu esondelene kakhulu eMhlabeni.

Lokhu ikhoma, kungenzeka nezinye izinkathazo:

• olunamagama nokucekelwa, ezithinta umthamo wokukhanya eqoqwe bese udala zobuciko isithombe, kodwa ngeke kulimaze ukusebenza eminye kwesibonakude;
• ukwehluleka ingxenye noma isikrini lisitheka, okuzokwenza kukhushulwe izinga lokushisa mkhathi, futhi unciphise esetshenziswa wavelength ububanzi eduze kakhulu esifundeni infrared (2-3 microns);
• Ukuphahlazeka Ukupholisa ithuluzi uhlelo maphakathi no-IR ububanzi, okwenza kube langakufanelekela ukusetshenziswa, kodwa akuphazamisi namanye amathuluzi (0.6 kuya 6 microns).

Lolo vivinyo lube nzima kakhulu elilindele James Webb isibonakude, - kwethulwa futhi umjovo zibe orbit oyifunayo. Kuyinto lezi zimo ziye ihlolwe futhi ngempumelelo.

Revolution kwezesayensi

Uma isibonakude James Webb uzosebenza imodi evamile, uphethiloli kwanele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umsebenzi wakhe kusukela ngo-2018 kuya ku 2028. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhono ekhona refueling, okwakuyoholela ukunweba ukuphila kwesibonakude nenye eyishumi. Njengoba nje "Hubble" wahlinzwa iminyaka engu-25, i-JWST kuzoqinisekisa isizukulwane isayensi wamavukelambuso. Ngo-October 2018 rocket "Ariane 5" ngeke orbit Ngokuzayo yezinkanyezi, okuyinto, ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwengu-10 yomsebenzi onzima uye vele osekwenziwe ukuzama ukusiza ukuqala ukuthela izithelo. Ikusasa isikhala izibonakude cishe efika.