Engineering komhlaba. Geological ubunjiniyela inhlolovo

Geology - isayensi umhlaba. Kuyinto lonke eziyinkimbinkimbi eyala zesayensi nakwezinye izimboni ezisondelene nalomkhakha ekutadisheni ungqimba lomhlaba futhi ezindaweni zayo ezijulile. Izinjongo Geology lapha igxila ngokuyinhloko ulwazi imithetho ukwakheka kanye indawo MPI (enomkhiqizo wokumbiwa phansi). Iningi zinsaba kubhekwane nokwakheka yesimanje, libhekisela aze aphakame cishe 10-15 km, okuyinto kubangelwe ka Imi ukujula Geological emasimini ukusonga lasendulo futhi ezingeni lamanje kobuchwepheshe kanye ukukhiqizwa amaminerali ukuhlola ukujula.

imiqondo Jikelele

Engineering Geology iyona legatsha zesayensi kanye lobuchwepheshe yokwakheka komhlaba ukuthi etadisha izici futhi amaphethini budlelwane emkhatsini wetincenye imvelo Geological nge izakhiwo zobunjiniyela. Into yokwakheka komhlaba yilezi izingqimba engenhla futhi khathizwe uqweqwe izimo Geological kumiswa yabo futhi sebethule, morphological, amandla kanye nezici ashukumisayo ngenxa ubunjiniyela kunemnotfo umuntu.

Kanye imisebenzi ezikhethekile kakhulu, Engineering Geology kuhlanganisa ukutadisha Geological umthethosisekelo, ukwakheka kanye izakhiwo zenhlabathi, izimo hydrogeological, izinqubo elimazayo Geological futhi eziningi nezinye izinkinga. Ngakho-ke nokwakheka lezisekelo zihlanganisa nesidingo solwazi ezithile ebanzi eziningi eyala eduze wokubalwa kweminyaka ngamadwala, kuhlanganise nokwakheka jikelele, mineralogy, geomorphology, hydrogeology, petrography, ephathelene nokunyakaza kwezingqimba zomhlaba, geophysicists nabanye.

Imigomo Nezindlela Izinhloso

Ubunjiniyela Geological survey esinqophe ukusebenzisa uhlelo luhlolo loluhlangene nokuqondakalayo izici Geological abangelwa izenzo zabantu e ukwakhiwa kanye sphere kwezomnotho, ngokuhlanganyela zezinqubo ezingokwemvelo umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu.

The main izinkinga ubunjiniyela nokwakheka ezihilela cwaningo yezici Geological futhi zomhlaba, geomorphological, ukuzamazama komhlaba futhi technogenic, sokugxila ekuthuthukiseni isifundo nobunjiniyela Geological, okuyinto ngempela obulandela ekwakheni izakhiwo kanye isimo amaphrojekthi civil engineering. Lokhu izakhiwo civil kanye ezimbonini kanye izakhiwo, imigwaqo, ojantshi, amadamu, amabhuloho, izikhumulo zezindiza, ngezitimela ezigcwele, ngemisebenzi komhlaba, Tinsita komhlaba, kanye nezinye izinto eziningi.

Ngakho, ubunjiniyela nokwakheka esiklanyelwe abaklami, abakhi kanye ukusebenza inkonzo insiza commercial yonke idatha ezidingekile ukuklanywa nokwakhiwa, kanye ukuze bafeze imisebenzi ehlobene nokusebenza kwabo.

Ngokusekelwe imiphumela ukuhlola Geological ahlanganise umbiko phezu kungenzeka eyisisekelo ukwakhiwa noma izakhiwo kanye ukucacisa amasayithi evumayo kakhulu ukubekwa yabo. Umbiko kufanele tifake ekhatsi tincomo ku engcono womshini imisebenzi, iziphakamiso imiklamo ngokuya ukwethembeka esiphezulu kanye izinyathelo ukuze kuliwe kungenzeka negative izinqubo Geological ezingase zisongele ukuphepha noma isakhiwo.

Izigaba eyinhloko ubunjiniyela nokwakheka

Njengengxenye Isayensi yokwakheka komhlaba, ubunjiniyela yokwakheka komhlaba, yena, kuhlanganisa eziningi ukuzithiba, okuyiqembu main ezibhekwa geodynamics ubunjiniyela, Soil nawesifunda ubunjiniyela komhlaba.

Umhlabathi, njengoba leli gama lisikisela, kuyinto nokwakheka legatsha yesayensi, unesibopho isakhiwo, ukwakheka kanye izakhiwo zenhlabathi, imithetho kumiswa yabo futhi inqwaba, kanye izici of the kokuhlukana ngekwendzawo nezesikhasana kubangelwa ukwakhiwa ubunjiniyela nakwezomnotho zabantu.

Into Engineering Geodynamics kuyinto ezahlukene izinqubo lanamuhla wokubalwa kweminyaka ngamadwala ukuthi abe nomthelela obalulekile izimo ukwakhiwa nokusebenza kwezikhungo commercial banoma iyiphi isayizi. Ngu izinqubo yalolu hlobo zihlanganisa ukuzamazama komhlaba, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi ezahlukene imvelaphi, ofaka, subsidence uqhekeke nabanye. Ngaphezu izifundo kanye izibikezelo, zozela zonke, kukwenza kudingeke ukuthuthukisa izinyathelo zokuzivikela nokuphepha, okuyinto libhekisela ezinkingeni geodynamics zobunjiniyela.

Regional ubunjiniyela yokwakheka komhlaba, kanye nezinye ubunjiniyela Geological, ukutadisha izici nemithetho yentuthuko izingqimba eyayibaluleke uqweqwe eMhlabeni, abakha lithosphere okuthiwa, ngenxa zobunjiniyela samanje futhi kuhlelwe futhi ibhizinisi nomsebenzi civil engineering yomuntu. Kodwa kuncike yokwakheka komhlaba lesifunda banesono definition izici Geological ngezinga elingelikhulu lesifunda.

izakhiwo Physico-mechanical amatshe nenhlabathi

Ukuze enze design kanye cwaningo ukwakhiwa izakhiwo physico-mechanical amatshe nomhlabathi kubaluleke kakhulu ngenxa ekubalweni amandla, ukuthembeka ukuqina kumila luhlobo incike izinqumo zenqubomgomo eziningi ezihlobene ngokukhetha isakhiwo isakhiwo, usayizi, uhlobo ivolumu ukuzimisela ukwakhiwa kanye nemisebenzi ehlobene nakho. Kule ndaba, izakhiwo ngokomzimba futhi mechanical amatshe nenhlabathi ngempela ihlaziye kuzo zonke izigaba ubunjiniyela kanye survey umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu.

Nemingcele ngokomzimba-mechanical amatshe nenhlabathi zihlanganisa izici ezilandelayo: granulometry, plasticity, kuyizinhlayiyana ukuminyana, umswakama okuqukethwe, kwabantu ngobuningi, amandla phuca, eqine amandla kokucindezelwa uniaxial, engela Phumula, Ukwakheka petrographic, subsidence ka ukuvuvukala kanye ukuncipha, wemfihlo okunwebeka, Coefficient ukumelana inhlabathi, wemfihlo, suffusion leaching, isilinganiso Poisson sika, angaphezulu aqukethe usawoti ongaba, ukuhlunga Coefficient, amanzi ukumuncwa, amanzi ukugcwaliswa, futhi eziningi imingcele engeziwe.

Ukuhlola izakhiwo be-Geotechnical amatshe nenhlabathi njalo esihambisana efundwayo kanye amakhemikhali ukwakheka, kanye izici kwesakhiwo textural.

Ukwakheka kanye isiteji izifundo be-Geotechnical

Ubunjiniyela Geological survey njalo zihlanganisa kwesimo endaweni umsebenzi, ucwaningo nobunjiniyela Geological, ucwaningo Engineering-Geological, detalizatsionnye umsebenzi ngesikhathi kwakhiwa kanye survey lokugcina ekupheleni kwawo.

Kwesimo endaweni kuyinto ukuhlolwa okubanzi yolwazi Geological futhi Geophysical ukunquma zibheke umsebenzi okunye, ezinemininingwane eminingi. Uma kukhona lapho kuhlelwe ubunjiniyela Geological, yokuma komhlaba endaweni ibilokhu wafunda kahle, umsebenzi kungaba uqale masinyane ukuziqeqesha ukuqhuba zobunjiniyela futhi ucwaningo umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu.

Ukudubula wenziwa ukufunda izici geomorphological futhi hydrogeological, izakhiwo be-Geotechnical amatshe nenhlabathi, ubufakazi izinqubo asebenzayo Geological kanye ukuhlolwa jikelele izimo Geological endaweni ye esivezwa ukwakhiwa kwemisebenzi.

Ngokusho imiphumela ukuhlola kwenziwa umklamo tilinganiso imibhalo enemininingwane.

Okuqukethwe ubunjiniyela ezimbonini kanye izifundo Geological

Ejwayelekile ubunjiniyela eziyinkimbinkimbi nezinhlolovo Geological, njengoba umthetho, kuhlanganisa lokhu okulandelayo izinhlobo zomsebenzi :

• Olwandulelayo laboratory ukucutshungulwa impahla eqoqwe;
• Ukutadisha izithombe zasemoyeni;
• cwaningo umzila;
• survey Geophysical;
• imisebenzi kokuhlaziywa, kuhlanganise imishini kwemithombo;
• ukuhlolwa amatshe nenhlabathi emkhakheni;
• ukuqapha hydrogeological;
• izifundo elimile;
• umsebenzi laboratory;
• ukuxilongwa ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo kanye nezakhiwo zayo ngokufanele;
• ephelele laboratory ukucutshungulwa materials eqoqwe;
• ukulotshwa umbiko wokugcina ne isethulo ingcaca izinto, izincomo kanye nemibono.

Imiphumela Yokugcina Geological ubunjiniyela inhlolovo

Efingqa impahla, ungase ufune nokubhala phansi uhlu imiphumela ethize futhi ecacile izifundo be-Geotechnical.

Ngakho, ngokuvumelana isethi idatha yomsebenzi ubunjiniyela kanye Geological kwenziwe futhi enikeziwe izilinganiso nemingcele ezilandelayo:

• ukuzinza idwala isisekelo ezakhiwe ukuze ukusonteka, okuholela "protrusion" kusukela esisekelweni;
• imishini yokusaha izingodo kanye degree of kokucindezelwa futhi isikhathi inhlabathi ngasesinqeni se izakhiwo;
• ukuzinza amatshe inhlabathi emithambekeni Ukumba, imigodi ukwakhiwa, ube nemigodi ngemigodi komgwaqo, embankments, dikes, emiseleni nezinye kude yokufakelwa;
• ukuzinza izakhiwo wokubacindezela (isb kwamadamu) ukugunda ukusonteka ngaphansi ukucindezela amadamu amanzi;
• ekubikezeleni ogwini ngemva ukwakhiwa kwamadamu okugcina amanzi;
• ukuzinza elisekela kwezakhiwo kanjalo nezinhlaka at ukuvelela komhlaba;
• nokusimama ubunjiniyela kanye Umbuso izakhiwo esakhiwe phezu eyiqhwa ezindaweni ezithandwa ukuzamazama komhlaba ingozi, ezindaweni izimbotshana Karst, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, izikhukhula zeqhwa ezintabeni ze nezinye izinhlekelele zemvelo.

imibhalo zokulawula

umsebenzi be-Geotechnical yokukhiqiza kwenziwa ngokuhambisana nezimfuneko zomsebenzi ebekwe ohlwini (egumbini) inhlolovo imithetho ukukhiqizwa ukusekela umklamo imisebenzi wokulungiselela ngaphambi kokuqala ukwakhiwa, kanye uphenyo oluqhubekayo eyenziwa ngesikhathi ukwakhiwa nokusebenza kuze ukuze akuqede.

uhlu Make imihlahlandlela zokulawula ukwenziwa nobunjiniyela Geological Ucwaningo umsebenzi kuhlanganisa eziningi kwezokwakha neziqondiso (SNIP), okuyinto alawule kubulawa imisebenzi ngendlela ebekwe imithetho isimo kanye nomthetho.