Aristotle ngokuthi usosayensi sefilosofi

U-Aristotle, njengoba usosayensi nabakhulu ngesiGreki sefilosofi, owaziwa ngokuba izinto eziningi: igama lakhe wonke umuntu izindebe umuntu. Ukuphila kwakhe kwakuthakazelisa egcwele ezithakazelisayo futhi, njengoba umsebenzi ulilethele banikela ngendlela ebalulekile isayensi.

Umngani umeluleki

Isazi sefilosofi omkhulu lasendulo esingumGreki u-Aristotle, eziphilayo nefilosofi kushiya lokungcolisa eside, wazalwa ngo-384 BC. e. edolobheni kwakunenqaba yabaseThrace ka Stagira. Ngo-368 BC. e., lapho ngisesemncani khulu, waya e-Athens, lapho aba khona umfundi-led uPlato Academy. Ngo uPlato, u-Aristotle, usosayensi othile wathola i umeluleki abanolwazi futhi umngane ubudala, ayivusa bazisa futhi aba nethonya elikhulu wayegunde konke ukuphila kwakhe. Basuke eduze okuxhunywana kwaze kwaba sekufeni kaPlato e 348 noma 347 BC. e.

Elingekho emthethweni, kodwa kuvamile impela kuwumbono wokuthi phakathi nokuba khona kwakhe ngesikhathi Academy Aristotle wayengusosayensi Umphikisi ngekutsi kaPlato, inselele ubukhulu imibono yakhe. Empeleni, u-Aristotle kwaba Academy iminyaka engamashumi amabili, futhi akunakwenzeka lokhu kungaba kungenzeka uma imibono yakhe zazihluke kakhulu ukubukwa kaPlato noma ephambene Yiqiniso jikelele imicabango yakhe.

emva Academy

Ngemva kokufa uthisha, u-Aristotle ushiye Academy e-Athens, ukuze usungule igatsha lawo emzini Asu e-Asia Minor eTrowa. Lapha awagcina emile ubuhlobo nobungane ngomashiqela endawo noHerma, okuyinto eminyakeni emibili kamuva ubesolwa yokungawulaleli namaPheresiya futhi abulawe. Kule ndaba, u-Aristotle waphoqeleka ukuthuthela esiqhingini saseLesbos, emzini chloride. Kwakuphakathi nale nkathi Asu futhi chloride, kuthiwa ithoma ukwakheka futhi wenza eyakhe imibono yefilosofi.

Aristotle Aleksandr Veliky

Mayelana 343 eminyakeni BC. e. Inkosi yakwa-Macedonia Philip, u-Aristotle inikeza isikhundla sokuba uthisha ka ngendodana nendlalifa yakhe ka-Alexander. Kuyinto izimfundiso abahlakaniphile Aristotle waba nethonya juqu kwi ukwakheka umkhuzi omkhulu esikhathini esizayo. Siyabonga ku-Alexander njengophawu okujulile nenhlonipho kabusha abhidlizwa ngesikhathi imikhankaso langakubo kaFiliphu of umeluleki wakhe Stagira.

esikoleni esingesona esikahulumeni

Ngemva ukubusa kuka-Alexander yesihlalo sobukhosi Macedonian e 336 BC. e. Aristotle kwesokunxele isikhundla sokuba uthisha, wamuka e-Athene, lapho afike wasungula khona esikoleni sakhe - Lyceum (seduze engcwele Apollona Likeyskogo, ubuso), eyaziwa nangokuthi Περίπατος ( «kompheme», lapho izinkulumo). sabamlalele nabizelwa Peripatetics. Lyceum-Aristotle kwaba umphakathi nocwaningo yangempela. Lapha kwadingeka umtapo ayo, kanye nabasebenzi othisha, izifundo kabanzi.

Ngonyaka 323 BC. e. Aleksandr Makedonsky wafa. Inani labantu base-Athene, efuna ukubaleka ingcindezelo Macedonian, kuqhathaniswa-Aristotle. Waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye bazohlala emzini Halkida e Evia, nalapho afike ashonela khona ngemva konyaka.

zokudala

Lonke isayensi Aristotle ihlukaniswe izinkathi ezintathu:

1. "Academic" inkathi, isikhathi inkhulumomphendvulwano uPlato. Khona-ke sadalwa inkhulumomphendvulwano "Evdem" lapho Aristotle ngokuthi usosayensi kuvumelana umqondo wokwazi kaPlato njengoba azikhunjulwa Imibono, ehlongozwe ekuzalweni, futhi "Protreptics" - ayibhalela Femissu saseKhupro lapho umbhali kanye umsekeli theory kaPlato amafomu, uthi ukuphila kwangempela komphefumulo luqala ngemva kokufa komzimba. Futhi ngalesi sikhathi, mhlawumbe, sewucalile umsebenti "physics" futhi "Ngo umphefumulo", kanye umsebenzi othile ophathelene logic.
2. Inkathi wokuphila e-Asu futhi chloride. Lokhu kumele kufake inkhulumomphendvulwano "Ngo Philosophy", u-Aristotle, eziphilayo ngaleso sikhathi sasingakafiki Awenzanga okutholakele, ukushaya Platonism esivelele yesimanje ukuthuthukiswa nefilosofi, nokho, yena ugxeke imfundiso yokuziphendukela amafomu. Lapha u-Aristotle sesivele umqondo kaNkulunkulu njengomntwana "oyinhloko walelo umile" zomhlaba. Phakathi nale nkathi, wabuye ubelokhu esebenza ku "Metaphysics" futhi "inqubomgomo" kubangela "Evdemovu izimiso zokuhle."
3. isikhathi eside ufundisa bese ucwaningo ngaphansi amakhothamo angu Lyceum. Phakathi nale nkathi, ke uzimisele ukuthi u-Aristotle wathola ngesikhathi iminyaka yokuphila kwakhe. Wayezimisele ukufeza ifilosofi isisekelo okunokwethenjelwa ezinamandla lapho ivame ukwenza ahlukahlukene, izifundo enemininingwane endaweni yemvelo kanye nomlando. umsebenzi Pedagogical (inkulumo) ngesikhathi u-Aristotle walondoloza futhi yashicilelwa ku 60s BC. e. Anidroniku saseRhodes. Ngakho "Metaphysics" kuyinto iqoqo izinkulumo eyanikezwa emhlanganweni Lyceum ngezikhathi ezehlukene. Igama elithi "Metaphysics" ibonisa endaweni yomsebenzi ukuqoqwa imisebenzi zika-Aristotle, ngoba ngemva "Physics" (μετα Greek -. «Ngemva»). Kodwa konke okuqukethwe efanayo kuba elifanayo ezintweni eziphilayo ngomqondo wesimanje - uma "Physics" zibheke nezinselelo ezenzweni ukunyakaza, lo "Metaphysics" lunikezelwe izimiso eliphakeme futhi eziyimbangela izimbangela. Wona "Physics", ie Corpus-Aristotle enikelwe isayensi yemvelo kanye ifilosofi yemvelo futhi sisebenza isikhathi sesithathu. Futhi zihlanganisa "Ngo umphefumulo" - umbono ngokwengqondo zika-Aristotle, umsebenzi isimiso sokuziphatha ( "Nicomachean Yokuziphatha", "i-Ethics Omkhulu"), imibono yezombangazwe ( "Inqubomgomo"), "mpendulo", "Poetics".

systematization wesayensi

Aristotle ngokuthi usosayensi nefilosofi systematized, ukukucaza kube ezindaweni ezilandelayo yolwazi:

1. Philosophy theory. It ihlose ukufeza izinhloso ulwazi oluhlanzekile, ukuze ulwazi lulodwa, hhayi nanoma imiphi imiphumela esisebenzayo. Philosophy theory ihlanganisa physics (ukutadisha izinto, izindawo ekushintsheni), izibalo (ukutadisha okungaguquki, kodwa nolimi kusukela impahla) kanye Metaphysics (libhekisela uhlukane ezibonakalayo, obungangatshazwa futhi fixed).
2. nefilosofi Olungokoqobo. Kuhlanganisa isayensi ikakhulukazi kwezepolitiki, kanye eziningi eyala ukuthi u-Aristotle ukholelwa okhonzile nasizayo kwezombusazwe: ezomnotho, isu, mpendulo.
3. nefilosofi senkondlo. Kufaka nokuziphatha kanye sobuhle bayo, lokhu kuhlanganisa ithiyori ka-Aristotle kwezobuciko.

Umnikelo ka-Aristotle engcebeni impucuko zwe ayisona kube overestimated. Yini u-Aristotle livuliwe, uhlu kungaba eside. Okunengi lokho ayekucabanga adluliselwe ifilosofi Neo-kaPlato nefilosofi ephakathi. Igama livele Aristotle isetshenziswa kube yilolu suku ziyisisekelo silulumagama yefilosofi zilimi emhlabeni ekhona.