Teleportation Quantum: okwatholwa olukhulu zesayensi

teleportation Quantum ingenye yezifiso ezibaluleke kakhulu ulwazi quantum. Kususelwa izinsiza ngokomzimba ukudideka, kuba isivikelo esiyinhloko-imisebenzi ehlukahlukene ulwazi futhi imele kuyingxenye ebalulekile quantum ubuchwepheshe ukudlala indima ebalulekile ukuqhubeka Computing quantum, zokuxhumana kanye nezokuxhumana.

Kusukela yesayensi ukuze okutholwe yisayensi

Kuye kwaba iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili kusukela kwatholakala teleportation quantum, okuyinto cishe wemiphumela ezithakazelisayo kakhulu futhi okuthakazelisayo "strangeness" of quantum Mechanics. Ngaphambi lawa etholakale omkhulu, lo mbono ingeyamakhosi embusweni yesayensi. Okokuqala yasungulwa ngo-1931 ngu-Charles H. Fort elithi "teleportation" ibilokhu isetshenziswa kusukela ukuchaza inqubo lapho umzimba kanye izinto zidluliselwa kusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya kwenye, it is hhayi ngempela ukunqoba ibanga elibahlukanisile.

Ngo-1993 wakhipha umqulu isihloko esichaza protocol kolwazi quantum, ngokuthi "teleportation quantum", abahlanganyela ezinye izimpawu ezibalwe ngenhla. It kwisimo esingaziwa kwesimiso somzimba kukalwa futhi kamuva kabusha, noma "kabusha uya" kule site akude (izakhi ngokomzimba kohlelo yasekuqaleni bahlale ukudluliswa indawo). Le nqubo kudinga izindlela classical yokuxhumana futhi aqede zokuxhumana superluminal. Kudinga impilo ukudideka. Eqinisweni, teleportation angabhekwa njengemihlatshelo uphrothokholi kolwazi quantum ibonisa ngokucacile kakhulu ubunjalo ukudideka: ngaphandle kobukhona esimweni ukudluliswa ebandleni bekungekhe kukghonakale ngaphakathi kohlaka imithetho ezichaza quantum Mechanics.

Teleportation odlale indima ebonakalayo ekuthuthukisweni kwe-isayensi kolwazi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lo is a protocol lomqondo, edlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni esisemthethweni quantum Imininingwane theory, futhi ngakolunye ke kuyisici esibaluleke ubuchwepheshe eziningi. I quantum repeater - liyisici esiyinhloko nokuxhumana nabantu abakude. Teleportation quantum ukushintshwa, ikhompyutha esekelwe izilinganiso kanye quantum inethiwekhi - konke okunye yalo. Lisetshenziswa njengendlela ithuluzi elula lapho kutadishwa "eyingozi" physics, ku Curves lesikhashana ukuhwamuka emigodini emnyama.

Namuhla teleportation quantum waqinisekisa laboratories emhlabeni wonke usebenzisa ezihlukahlukene substrates futhi ubuchwepheshe, kufaka phakathi qubits sefonetiki, zenuzi resonance kazibuthe, izindlela optical, amaqembu ngama-athomu, ama-athomu bevalelekile futhi Semiconductor izinhlelo. Imiphumela Ezivelele ziye lokuzuziwe teleportation ububanzi ucwaningo Ukuza ne iziphuphutheki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwenziwa imizamo yokwandisa izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

teleportation ka qubits

Quantum teleportation yaqale ezichazwe ngenxa izinhlelo ezimbili-level, okubizwa ngokuthi qubits. Protocol ucabangela amaqembu akude ezimbili, ngokuthi u-Alice kanye Bob, ababelana qubit 2, A no-B ku okumsulwa isimo babanjwa, obizwa nangokuthi Bell pair. Emnyango Alice unikezwa esinye qubit futhi ρ kabani isimo alwaziwa. It ke wenza yokukala ngokuhlanganyela quantum, ngokuthi kokutholakala Bell. Athwala no kwelinye Bell ezifundeni ezine. Ngenxa yalokho, isimo uvo we qubit lapho kulinganiswa Alice ubalekela futhi Bob B qubit kanyekanye afakwa ku-P ^† _k ρP _k. Kule minyaka isinyathelo olandelwayo Alice okuhambisa yalokho classical yokukala yayo Bob, ngubani osebenza Pauli P _k opharetha ukubuyisela ρ yasekuqaleni.

Isimo sokuqala a qubit Alice kubhekwa engaziwa, ngoba uma kungenjalo protocol kuyehla kube nesilinganiso emajukujukwini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungase uqobo babe yingxenye uhlelo esiyinhlanganisela emikhulu, kwabiwe wesithathu (kuleli cala teleportation yimpumelelo zonke kudinga ubudlelwane obuncane sokudlala nale wesithathu).

A-experiment ejwayelekile ka teleportation quantum kuthatha okumsulwa isimo sokuqala futhi okuqondene lwezinhlamvu kuvinjelwe, isibonelo, izingongolo eziyisithupha Bloch sithombe. Ephambi kwezinduna decoherence izinga isimo kabusha ungaboniswa quantitatively olunembile teleportation F ∈ [0, 1]. Lokhu ukunemba kwezifunda Alice kanye Bob, alinganiswe zonke imiphumela ukuthola Bell futhi zamagama yasekuqaleni. Ukuze amanani elincane ukunemba izindlela ezikhona, okwenza kube lula teleportation abangaphelele ngaphandle isisetshenziswa eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Alice lingase ngqo ukukala esimweni saso sokuqala ngokuthumela Bob ukulungiswa isimo nomphumela. Lelisu nesilinganiso-ukuqeqeshwa okubhekiselwe kubo ngelithi "teleportation asendulo." It has a ukunemba esiphezulu F _class = 2/3 sesifunda okokufaka zikhona, ngokulandelana kwezinhlamvu zamagama okulingana nemibandela Okusizayo engachemile ezifana Bloch sphere izingongolo eziyisithupha.

Ngakho, egqame bha ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo quantum kuyinto F ngokunemba ukubaluleka> F _ekilasini.

Akulona qubit olulodwa

Ngokusho quantum physics, teleportation ka qubits akugcini, kungase zihlanganisa uhlelo multi-ntathu. Ngayinye ezilinganiselwe isilinganiso d kukwazi ukwakhiwa ekahle uhlelo teleportation usebenzisa isisekelo Ubuningi bamahora ohileleke isimo zithwala okuyinto angatholakala elinikeziwe isimo Ubuningi bamahora babanjwa futhi nsuku {U _k} opharetha ebumbeneko wanelise ^{_{tr (U † j U k)}} = dδ j, k . uphrothokholi ababhekene nesimo esinje kungabaduduza bakhelwe iyiphi ezilinganiselwe-Hilbert isikhala r. N. ezehlukene izinhlelo onhlobonhlobo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, teleportation quantum bangafaka isicelo izinhlelo nge akupheli Hilbert isikhala, ngokuthi izinhlelo ngokuqhubekayo zamatshe. Njengomthetho, basuke ezalethwa optical izindlela Boson, emkhakheni kagesi okungase quadrature opharetha.

Speed nokungaqiniseki isimiso

Kuyini ijubane teleportation quantum? Imininingwane idluliselwa ngesivinini esifana ijubane ukudluliswa inani elifanayo zakudala - mhlawumbe nge ngejubane lokukhanya. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ingasetshenziswa ngaleyo ndlela, kangakanani-classical bengayi - isibonelo, Computing quantum, yilapho kungena khona idatha ziyatholakala kuphela umemukeli.

Ingabe teleportation quantum eziphula Isimiso Ukungaqiniseki? Esikhathini esidlule, umqondo teleportation akuyona ngempela ekuthatha njengento ebalulekile lokho izazi, ngoba kukholakala ukuthi yephula isimiso evimbela iyiphi sokulinganisa noma ukuskena inqubo kukhishwe zonke athomu ulwazi noma enye into. Ngokuhambisana isimiso ukungaqiniseki, lo eqonde kakhulu into ihlolelwa, kulapho lokhu kuthonywa inqubo ukuskena kuze iphuzu kufinyelelwe lapho isimo yokuqala into kabi kangangokuthi ngaphezulu ngeke kutholakale ulwazi olwanele ukuze udale amaqoqo. Kuzwakala obukholisayo: uma umuntu akakwazi luthathe ukwaziswa kusukela into ukudala amakhophi ephelele, lo somabhizinisi asikwazi ukwenziwa.

Quantum Teleportation for Dummies

Kodwa ososayensi eziyisithupha (Charles noBennett Zhil Brassar, Claude Crépeau, Richard Dzhosa, no-Asheri Peres, futhi Uilyam Vuters) achusha lokhu logic, usebenzisa isici lodumo futhi nakuba of quantum Mechanics eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen. Bathola ngendlela ukuskena ulwazi teleported into A, kanye asele ingxenye engahloliwe nge umphumela ukudluliselwa nezinye izinto nabo A neze abide.

Ngemva kwalokho, ngokusebenzisa ukuze C ukuchayeka Imininingwane engaphansi ukuskenwa kungenziwa wangena Isimo ukuskena. Futhi yena alikho isimo esifanayo njengoba kuhlehlisiwe ukuskena inqubo, ngaleyo ndlela izuzwe kuyinto teleportation, hhayi ukufanisana.

Umzabalazo lebanga

• I teleportation lokuqala quantum esenzeka ngo-1997, cishe ngasikhathi sinye ososayensi baseNyuvesi Innsbruck and University of Rome. Ngesikhathi sokuhlola umthombo ikhasi lesikhwama sasekhaya kokuba nokwehlukana, futhi omunye pair of izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya ohileleke ashintshiwe ukuze yesibili yasekuqaleni nokwehlukana ikhasi lesikhwama sasekhaya wathola. Ngakho kokubili izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya kuthiwa zishiyane komunye nomunye.
• Ngo-2012, kwaba khona njalo quantum teleportation (China University of Science and Technology) ngokusebenzisa echibini alpine at ibanga 97 km. Iqembu lososayensi kusuka Shanghai eholwa Juan Iinem ephethwe ukuthuthukisa indlela ngasocansini ukuthi avunyelwe uvumelanise ngokunembile abahlosiwe.
• Ngo-September, irekhodi teleportation quantum ku 143 km kwenziwa ngawo lowo nyaka. ososayensi Austrian kusukela Academy of Sciences of Austria futhi University of Vienna ngaphansi kokuqondisa Antona Tsaylingera ngempumelelo ngocansi quantum uthi phakathi kwalezi zinto zombili eCanary Islands La Palma kanye Tenerife. Ukuhlolwa esetshenziswa optical imigqa emibili zokuxhumana endaweni evulekile, kvantumnaya futhi classical, imvamisa nokwehlukana uncorrelated obuntofontofo pair of izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya imithombo, sverhnizkoshumnye olulodwa-albhamu yezithombe imitshina kanye bamba iwashi ukuvumelanisa.
• Ngo-2015, abacwaningi kusukela US National Institute of Standards Nobuchwepheshe okokuqala wenza ukudluliswa kolwazi webanga elingamamitha angaphezu kwangu-100 km fibre optical. Lokhu kwenziwa Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba sikhungo wadala ikhasi lesikhwama sasekhaya umtshina usebenzisa nanowires superconducting ka molybdenum silicide.

Kuyacaca ukuthi irhuluphelo uhlelo quantum noma ubuchwepheshe ayikho kanye nalokho okutholwe esikhulu esizayo kuseza. Noma kunjalo, singasethemba zama ukuthola ukhetho kungenzeka izicelo ezithile teleportation. hybridization Kufanele kubo enikeziwe njalo nezindlela ingasinikeza nekusasa elihle kakhulu teleportation quantum kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo.

amafushane

Teleportation ibangana (1 m) njengoba quantum kathisha subsystem amadivayisi Semiconductor ethembisa, okuhamba phambili kwe-okuyinto idayagramu QED. Ikakhulukazi, qubits superconducting transmonovye kungaqinisekisa deterministic futhi kunembile kakhulu teleportation chip. Futhi uvumele ukugeleza oqondile real-time, okubonakala eziyinkinga ku chips sefonetiki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zinikeza izakhiwo uyakaleka ngaphezulu, nokuhlanganiswa kangcono ubuchwepheshe ekhona njengoba kuqhathaniswa izindlela langaphambilini, ezifana ion abanjwe. Okwamanje, ethile kuphela lwalezi nhlelo ngokusobala lilinganiselwe ukuhambisana kwemicabango njengemisho isikhathi sabo (<100 ms). Le nkinga zingaxazululwa ngokusebenzisa QED ukuhlanganiswa Semiconductor izifunda spin Ensemble inkumbulo amaseli (i-nitrogen ukufaka endaweni anezikhala noma crystal doped umhlaba izakhi ezingavamile), okuyinto anganikeza ukuhambisana kwemicabango njengemisho isikhathi eside ngenxa quantum yokugcinwa kokwaziswa. Okwamanje, lokhu kusebenza kuyisinqumo imizamo enkulu iningi lososayensi.

City isixhumanisi

Nathi teleport kuwo umuzi isikali (amakhilomitha amaningana) angase athuthukiswe usebenzisa izindlela optical. Ngezinye ukulahlekelwa ngokwanele ongaphakeme, lezi izinhlelo ahlinzeke ngejubane-bandwidth. Abakwazi enwetshiwe kusuka kudeskithophu implementations kuya medium-range nhlelo zokusebenzisa ngomsakazo noma fibre optical, nokuhlanganisa kungenzeka nge Ensemble memory quantum. Olude, kodwa ngesivinini aphansi kungenziwa ngokushintsha indlela hybrid noma ngokuthuthukisa ukuphinda ezinhle esekelwe izinqubo ze-non-Gaussian.

ezokuxhumana

Amabanga amade teleportation quantum (ngaphezu kuka-100 km) yisici esebenzayo, kodwa namanje uhlushwa inkinga evulekile. Nokwehlukana qubits - abathwali kangcono ephansi isivinini Teleport phezu eside fibre optic imizila yokukhulumisana futhi udabula emoyeni, kodwa okwamanje protocol kuyinto probabilistic ngenxa ukuthola akuphelele Bella.

Nakuba teleportation probabilistic izihibe Site izicelo ezifana ziphuzo zazihluzwa singabanjwa futhi indlela yokubhala efihla incazelo quantum, kodwa kuyacaca ukuthi ezahlukene kusukela zokuxhumana lapho ulwazi okokufaka kumele agcinwe ngokuphelele.

Uma samukela lesi imvelo probabilistic, ukuqaliswa kwe-satellite kukhona angabufinyelela ubuchwepheshe besimanje. Ngaphezu ukuhlanganiswa izindlela kokulandela, inkinga main kukhona ukulahleka okusezingeni eliphezulu kubangelwa ekusakazekeni kwezindaba uvumelanise. Lokhu okungase kunqotshwe ngayo ukumiswa lapho iba isakazwa satellite kuya isibonakude eliwumhlaba nge beso ezinkulu. Uma kucatshangwa ukuthi satellite beso of 20 cm at 600 km ubude 1 m beso isibonakude phansi, omunye ungalindela cishe 75 dB wokukhathazeka isiteshi downlink ukuthi ingaphansi kuka-80 dB ukulahlekelwa ezingeni eliphansi. • Ukusetshenziswa "umhlaba satellite" noma "umngane satellite" zixaka ngaphezu.

inkumbulo quantum

ukusetshenziswa Ikusasa teleportation njengengxenye inethiwekhi uyakaleka ngokuqondile okuhlobene isekuhlanganiseni inkumbulo quantum. Lesi sakamuva kumele babe oncomekayo ngokuya kahle ukuguqulwa esibonakalayo "ngemisebe-ndaba ', ukunemba ukuqoshwa kanye nekufundza, isikhathi kanye nekhono lesitoreji, high speed nekhono lesitoreji. Okokuqala nje ikuvumela ukuthi usebenzise ukuphinda lekutfutfukisa zokuxhumana ngalé ukudluliswa ngqo usebenzisa ukulungisa iphutha amakhodi. Ukuthuthukiswa enhle quantum ezongenza hhayi kuphela ukusabalalisa izihibe nokuxhumana teleportation inethiwekhi, kodwa futhi axhunyiwe ukucubungula ukwaziswa okugcinwe. Ekugcineni, lokhu angahlubula ku inethiwekhi omhlaba basakaza ikhompyutha quantum noma isisekelo ikusasa Inthanethi quantum.

ngentuthuko ethembisa

ensembles Nuclear ngokwesiko kubhekwe ezikhangayo ngoba bokuguquka kwawo kahle we "ukukhanya-ndaba" futhi amasekhondi amancane yabo nezikhathi wesitoreji, okungaba kuze kube ms 100 adingekayo ukuze adlulisele ukukhanya emhlabeni jikelele. Nokho, intuthuko okuthuthukile manje kulindeleke ngesisekelo Semiconductor izinhlelo, lapho spin kakhulu eqenjini lomculo inkumbulo quantum ngqo kuhlanganiswe izakhiwo uyakaleka wesifunda QED. Lokhu inkumbulo abakwazi kuphela ukunweba yokuvumelana isikhathi wesifunda QED, kodwa futhi ukunikeza optical-microwave esibonakalayo ngokuba interconversion ka-optical ezokuxhumana kanye chip microwave izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya.

Ngakho, okutholakele ikusasa ososayensi emkhakheni inthanethi quantum kungenteka okusekelwe elide zokuxhumana optical, conjugated amayunithi semiconducting ngoba quantum i-information processing.