Austrian Empire. I-Austrian Empire

UMbuso Austrian ezamenyezelwa njengoba isimo monarchic e 1804, wadonsa kwaze kwaba 1867, bese lalenziwa le Austro-Hungary. Kungenjalo, yayibizwa ngokuthi Habsburg Empire, igama lokugcina omunye abakwaHabsburg, France, okuyinto, efana uNapoleon, futhi, yazibeka umbusi.

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Austrian Empire ekhulwini le-19, uma ubheka ibalazwe, kubukeka sengathi i-Quilt zezindwangu. Thina ngokushesha ubone ukuthi lokhu kuyisimo sokungazi elixube. Futhi, cishe, kuba njengoba kuvamisile, zibancishe ukuzinza. Nasibuka amakhasi omlando, singabona ukuthi kwenzekeni lapha. izilongotshane Tiny anemibala eqoqwe ngaphansi komngcele eyodwa - lena aseHapsburg Austria. Map ikakhulukazi kahle kanjani izwe wahlukanisa umbuso. Holdings lezinceku abakwaHabsburg - izindawo ezincane zesifunda, elinabantu ehluke ngokuphelele. Austrian Empire kwakhiwa mayelana ezinjalo.

• Slovakia, Hungary, Czech Republic.
• Zakarpate (Karpatska Rus).
• ETransylvania, Croatia, Vojvodina (Banat).
• Galicia, eBukovina.
• Northern Italy (waseLombardy Venice).

Akukhona nje umsuka zonke izizwe kwakuhlukile, kodwa inkolo akazange luqondane. Izizwe of the Empire, Austria (amathathu ezine wezigidi), babemfela lwamaSlav (Slovaks, amaCzech namaRomany, eCroatia, nabasePoland, Ukraine, amaSerbia. Magyar (baseHungary) babe ezigidini eziyisihlanu, cishe inani elifanayo amaNtaliyane.

Lapho kwakuphambana khona umlando

Feudalism sikhathi ongakabi icekela, kodwa sezingcweti Austria futhi Czech kakade Yayibizwa azibiza ukusebenza njengoba umkhakha kulezi zindawo ngempela athuthukiswe le-Capitalist.

AbakwaHabsburg futhi izikhulu zabo zonke nxazonke kwaba iwumbuso ovelele zombuso, bathatha yonke izikhundla eziphezulu kakhulu - kokubili ezindizeni zempi futhi bureaucratic. Absolutism, lapho ukubusa nangobudlova - bureaucratic namandla lapho ebhekene amaphoyisa, ngobulukhuni iSonto LamaKatolika, isikhungo acebe umbuso - konke lokhu ngandlela-thile abacindezelwe amazwe amancane, akuhlanganisileyo njengoba ezingahlangani ngisho amafutha mixer namanzi.

Austrian Empire ngosuku olwandulela inguquko

Czech Germanize ngokushesha, ikakhulukazi nxa bephikisana nonxiwankulu abavimba kanye ukhomba ngophakathi. Abanikazi bomhlaba eHungary ayiminyanisa izigidi abalimi Slavic, kodwa futhi engaphansi kakhulu uhulumeni Austrians. UMbuso Austrian ucindezela kanzima izifundazwe yakhe Italy. Ngisho nzima ukuhlukanisa phakathi uhlobo zokucindezela kwaba: silwa feudalism, umehluko ne-capitalism, noma luyingxenye kazwelonke.

Metternich, undunankulu kanye mva eyiqaphuqaphu, iminyaka engamashumi amathathu wamenqabela ukwenza noma yiluphi ulimi ngaphandle German kuzo zonke izikhungo, kuhlanganise indlela izinkantolo zethu kanye nezikole. Laligcwele ongumlimi. Uthathwa njengoba free, laba bantu bathembele ngokuphelele phezu kulendawo, ukukhokha intela, wayekwenza izinsizwa efana serfdom.

Akukhona nje uquqaba lwabantu wabubula ngaphansi kwejoka uhlelo izinduna kanye asalile amandla aphelele kanye nangobudlova bayo. Onxiwankulu kwaba neze, ngokusobala ukusunduza abantu ukuba bavukele. Revolution eMbusweni Austrian ezizathwini ngenhla kwakumane ngenakugwemeka.

kazwelonke lokuzibusa

Zonke izizwe inkululeko abathanda kanye novalo ezihlobana ngayo ukuthuthukiswa nokugcinwa esikweni lesizwe. Ikakhulukazi Slavic. Khona-ke, ngaphansi Isisindo Austrian ebhuthini, amaCzech namaRomany, Slovaks, baseHungary futhi amaNtaliyane wazama ukuzibusa elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni imibhalo kanye nobuciko, wafuna imfundo ezikoleni ulimi lwendabuko. Abalobi, izifundiswa bahlanganiswe omunye umqondo - kazwelonke lokuzibusa.

Izinqubo esifanayo babe lapho kulwiwa namaSerbia, eCroatia. Olunesisindo esikhudlwana lwaluba baba izimo zokuphila, le licace yaqhakaza iphupho inkululeko, lokubonakala imisebenzi abaculi, izimbongi futhi abaculi. isiko National esasivele phezu ngokoqobo futhi ugqozi Bakwethu ku izinyathelo esiwujuqu inkululeko, ukulingana, elangenza - isibonelo French Revolution.

Lo mbhikisho e Vienna

Ngo-1847, uMbuso Austria "usezuze" isimo ngempela izinguquko. Acuity Wanezela bomnotho jikelele kanye eminyakeni emibili isivuno singesihle futhi push kwaba kokugumbuqelwa ohlanga eFrance. Kakade ngoMashi 1848 revolution Empire Austrian wavuthwa futhi waphula.

Abasebenzi, abafundi, izingcweti bakhela ngothango ezitaladini Vienna zabuzwa ukwesula uhulumeni, akesabi kwezinhloko zamaviyo yasebukhosini, okhethwe ukucindezela izibhelu. Uhulumeni wenza ezivuna, ezibheka Metternich futhi abanye abefundisi. It wathenjiswa ngisho umthethosisekelo.

Umphakathi Nokho, ngokushesha zingakuqeda yini ukuhlonyiswa ngezikhali: abasebenzi noma kunjalo akazange athole lutho - ngisho ilungelo lokuvota. Abafundi wadala Academic nginguLegiyona, kanye nonxiwankulu - National Guard. Abeka ukumelana nemithi lapho la maqembu emthethweni ahlomile Uzame chaza kuka nombusi ophoqelelwe uhulumeni ukuba abalekele Vienna.

Abalimi, njengenjwayelo, lapho kugumbuqelwa umbuso wathatha ingxenye akazange abe nesikhathi. Izindawo angesabi, ahlubuka ehlubukile, ngokwenqaba ukukhokha irenti kanye umninindlu ukusika ngokungemthetho phansi kwezihlahla. Consciousness Iinhlangano isigaba sabasebenzi kwaba Yiqiniso, okuningi. Ukuhlukana wokuziqambela zomsebenzi Ubumbano ayengeziwe.

incompleteness

Njengazo zonke isiJalimane, ukwanda kokukhiqizwa Austrian asiphothulwanga, nakuba wobunxiwankulu-yeningi ukubiza kungenzeka kakade. Isigaba sabasebenzi ayikahlanganiswa ngokwanele ekhula, onxiwankulu, njengoba ngaso sonke isikhathi, ovulekile futhi uziphethe ngokukhohlisa, plus yayitholakala ukuxabana kazwelonke nakwezempi esiphikisayo revolution.

abakwazanga ukunqoba. Kwamakhosi kuvuselelwe futhi kwaqinisa ukucindezelwa kwesigijimi abantu abampofu futhi disenfranchised. Kuyinto enhle ukuthi abanye Izinguquko ezithile ziye zaba kwenziwa, futhi into esemqoka - Revolution bagcina bebulele isilwane uhlelo amakhosi asendulo. Okuhle nokuthi izwe uye walondoloza insimu yalo, ngoba ngemva ukuvukela futhi izwe eyohlobo ezingaphezu kuka-Austria. Empire Ikhadi ayikashintshi.

ababusi

Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, kuze 1835, zonke ezinye izindaba zika isimo ukuba libhekele uMbusi Franz I. Shansela Metternich kwaba smart futhi kwadingeka isisindo enkulu kwezombusazwe, kodwa ukuzitshela ngokuvamile lo mbusi kwakungenakwenzeka. Ngemva imiphumela engasi mihle French Revolution e-Austria, wonke ezethusayo izimpi kaNapoleon, Metternich wafisa kakhulu ukuba ngilethe le ukuze izwe linokuthula.

Kodwa Metternich kuhlulekile ukwakha iphalamende namanxusa zonke izizwe umbuso, le Ukudla yesifundazwe abazange bathole amandla kwangempela. Nokho, ngempela kwezomnotho emuva Austria, ne izinduna umbuso mva engamashumi amathathu Metternich zaphambukela isimo esiqine eYurophu. Mkhulu indima yakhe ukudalwa esiphikisayo wamavukelambuso oNgcwele Alliance ngo-1915.

Emzamweni ukugcina umbuso kusuka ezilahliwe nciphisa ephelele, amabutho Austrian ngesihluku kwakulimaze ukuvukelwa Naples futhi Piedmont e 1821, ngenkathi sigcina ukubusa okuphelele Austrians izwe phezu neavstriytsami. Isikhathi esining impela ukuyiveza nezibhelu ngaphandle Austria, ngenxa okuyinto ibutho kuleli zwe liye wazakhela idumela elihle ngeshwa phakathi nabalandela kazwelonke lokuzibusa.

ohlakaniphile Excellent Metternich eyingoduso eMnyango Foreign Affairs, futhi uMbusi Franz libhekele izindaba sangaphakathi isimo. On kokuhlolisisa it amathrekhi zonke traffic endaweni imfundo: izikhulu ngokuqinile ihlolwe konke ezingase zihlolwe nokufunda. Imingcele kwaba okunesihluku. Izintatheli babengavunyelwe ngisho ukukhumbula igama elithi "umthetho-sisekelo".

Ngokwesibonelo, enkolweni, kwaba kuqhathaniswa ethule, kukhona ezinye ukubekezelelana. Savuka Order of amaJesuit, amaKatolika wengamela imfundo, hhayi ukushiya umuntu ngaphandle kwemvume kombusi esontweni. AmaJuda ekhululwa ghetto, ngisho e Vienna ezakhiwa esinagogeni. It ke kwavela phakathi bebhange uSolomoni Rothschild, wenza ubungani nabantazana Metternich. Futhi ngisho wathola isihloko baronial. Ngalezo zinsuku - umcimbi amazing.

Ukuphela namandla amakhulu

Inqubomgomo angaphandle Austria ngokuba nengxenye kwekhulu lesibili ugcwele kwezithiyo. ukunqotshwa Okuqhubekayo empini.

• NeMpi YaseCrimea (1853-1856).
• Austro-Prussian neMpi (1866).
• Impi Okokuqala Italian of Independence (1866).
• impi yiSardinia neFrance (1859).

Ngalesi sikhathi, kwaba khona ikhefu elibukhali elala Russia ke ukudalwa Confederation North-German. Konke lokhu kwaholela yokuthi abakwaHabsburg elahlekile nethonya layo uhulumeni, hhayi kuphela e-Germany kodwa kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Futhi - ngenxa - isimo waba namandla amakhulu.