Aluminium: zamakhemikhali ngokomzimba izakhiwo

Omunye elula kunazo kukhona insimbi izinto ukucubungula. Phakathi kwabo futhi ube abaholi babo. Ngokwesibonelo, izindawo eziyisisekelo aluminium aziwa abantu kudala. Ba- ezifanele ukusetshenziswa ekhaya, ukuthi lokhu metal sekuthandwa kakhulu. Yiziphi izindawo aluminium uyinto elula kanjani-athomu, esizoyicabangela kulesi sihloko.

aluminium indaba ukuvulwa

- Ngezikhathi indoda kudala ibilokhu elibona nxazonke kwensimbi eyaziwa alum potassium. It wasetshenziselwa njengoba izindlela onekhono ukuba sikhukhumale ukuxhumanisa izingxenye ingxube, kwakudingekile kanye ukushuka isikhumba. Khona okumsulwa alumina waziwa ekhulwini XVIII, ungene ngesiwombe sesibili. Nokho, lokhu akuzange etholwe izidakamizwa okumsulwa.

Ugcina ekwazile evelele chloride metal yayo Usosayensi wokuqala H. Oersted. Kuye kusetshenzwe ziyinhlanganisela potassium usawoti futhi wahlukaniswa nenye grey impuphu, kwaba aluminium okumsulwa.

Khona-ke kwaba sobala ukuthi izakhiwo chemical aluminiyamu ziyabonakala umsebenzi wayo omkhulu, nokuqinisela namandla. Ngakho-ke, isikhathi eside naye ayisekho wasebenza.

Nokho, ngo-1854, waseFrance DeVille ukwazi ukuthola oncibilikisiwe metal ingots ngu-electrolysis. Le ndlela sisabenza kuze kube yilolu suku. ekukhiqizweni impahla eyigugu Ikakhulukazi owaqala ekhulwini XX, lapho izinkinga zaxazululeka ukuthola isamba esikhulu kagesi emsebenzini.

Kuze kube manje, lo metal - omunye ethandwa kakhulu futhi asetshenziswa uma kwakhiwa noma ikhaya umkhakha.

izici Jikelele ye-athomu aluminium

Uma thina elichaza sakhi umbuzo isimo ohlelweni gqwa, kungenzeka ukuba ukhethe izinto eziningi.

1. Inombolo ye-serial - 13.
2. Itholakala lesithathu isikhathi ongaphakeme iqoqo lesithathu iqeqebana main.
3. mass Atomic - 26,98.
4. Isibalo Valence electron - 3.
5. Ukucushwa kwe olwelwesini enikezwa ² bo-3 3p ^1.
6. Igama element - aluminium.
7. Metal izakhiwo kukhona evelele.
8. Isotopes alikho imvelo, kukhona uhlobo olulodwa kuphela, ngenombolo mass 27.
9. Uphawu chemical - AL, e amafomula ukufunda ngokuthi "aluminium".
10. I namachibi wedwa, ilingana ezintathu.

I nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali aluminiyamu kuthiwa ngokugcwele kuqinisekiswa oyiyo electronic-athomu, ngokuba engaba amakhulu e-athomu kanye electron ziyezwana encane, kuba asakwazi ukwenza njenge-ejenti enamandla ukunciphisa, kanye zonke izinsimbi asebenzayo.

Aluminium uyinto elula: Izakhiwo

Uma sikhuluma aluminium njengento elula, it is a metal silvery-white acwebezelayo. It oxidizes ngokushesha umoya imbozwe elicinene oxide ifilimu. Kwenzeka okufanayo lapho isenzo acid bagxila.

Ukuba khona izici ezifana kwenza lokhu metal ukumelana ukugqwala, okuyinto Yiqiniso, elula kakhulu kubantu. Ngakho-ke, lokhu kabanzi lisetshenziswe ukwakhiwa aluminium. Izakhiwo we ketshezi futhi namanje abanesifiso iqiniso lokuthi lokhu metal ulula kakhulu, nge eqinile futhi ezithambile. Inhlanganisela lezi zici zitholakala Awukude izidakamizwa ngamunye.

Kukhona izakhiwo eziningana eziyisisekelo ezingokwenyama kukhona isici aluminium.

1. Izinga eliphezulu malleability futhi ductility. Kule metal ukukhiqiza elula, eqinile futhi ucwecwe mncane kakhulu, it is iphuma ku wire.
2. Ukuma - 660 ⁰ C.
3. Abilayo iphuzu - 2450 ⁰ C.
4. Ubuningi - 2.7 g / cm ^3.
5. Ubuso ofiphele crystal ngehele ivolumu, metal.
6. Uhlobo uxhumano - metal.

Izakhiwo kanye amakhemikhali aluminium ukuchaza izindawo isicelo kanye nokusetshenziswa. Uma sikhuluma ohlangothini yasekhaya, ukuthi zidlala indima ebalulekile isivele kubhekwe yithi izici ezingenhla. Ngenxa metal engasindi, okuhlala kanye anti-ezonakalisayo, aluminium isetshenziswa izindiza kanye shipbuilding. Ngakho-ke, lezi izakhiwo abaluleke kakhulu ukwazi.

izakhiwo Chemical aluminiyamu

Ngokombono zamakhemikhali, metal kubhekwa - eqinile ekunciphiseni ejenti olukwaziyo bembonisa okusezingeni eliphezulu umsebenzi zamakhemikhali, uyinto okumsulwa. Into esemqoka - ukuba asuse ifilimu oxide. Kulokhu, umsebenzi kwandisa kakhulu.

izakhiwo Chemical aluminiyamu uyinto elula kunqunywa ngekhono laso lokucaca ukuxubana:

• acid;
• alkalis;
• halogens;
• grey.

Njengoba akasabeli ngamanzi ngaphansi kwezimo abavamile. Ngakho kusukela Halogen ngaphandle amalahle kuphela iyaphendula iodine. Kukho konke ukusabela edingekayo lokushisa.

Kunezibonelo efanekisa nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali aluminium. Zibalo nokuxhumana ukusabela:

• acid - AL + HCL = AlCL ₃ + H _2;
• alkalis - 2Al + 6H ₂ O + 2NaOH = Na [Al ( OH) _4] + 3 H _2;
  
• Halogen - AL + Hal = ALHal _3;
• sulphur - 2AL + bo-3 = AL ₂ S _3.

Ngokuvamile, izakhiwo ezibalulekile kakhulu impahla - ikhono eliphezulu ukuze siphinde sithole nezinye izinto ezivela compounds zabo.

ikhono okuzivuselela

I izakhiwo ekunciphiseni aluminiyamu kuthiwa kuyofikwa kalula ukusabela nabanye oxides metal. It kalula kuzisusa kusukela izinto futhi ivumela ukuba khona emehlweni plain. Ngokwesibonelo: Kr ₂ O ₃ + AL = AL ₂ O ₃ + Kr.

Ngo umkhakha kukhona lonke inqubo yokulungisa izinto esekelwe zindlela zokusabela. It is esigama aluminothermy. Ngakho-ke, esikhathini umkhakha chemical lesi sici isetshenziselwa nezinye izinsimbi.

Distribution ngokwemvelo

Ngokusho nokudlanga nezinye izakhi zensimbi aluminium lifaka kuqala. Iqukethe 8.8% uqweqwe eMhlabeni. Uma siqhathanisa nge nonmetals, indawo yayo lesithathu, ngemva umoya-mpilo ne-silicon.

Ngenxa reactivity okusezingeni eliphezulu ingekho ifomu okumsulwa, kodwa njengengxenye compounds ahlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, sebuningini eyaziwa imikhando, amaminerali, amatshe, lapho Ukwakheka kuhlanganisa aluminium. Nokho, kuphela ikhiqizwa bauxite, okuqukethwe engesiyo inkulu kakhulu ngokwemvelo.

I izinto ezivamile equkethe zensimbi mbuzo:

• feldspars;
• bauxite;
• granites;
• Silica;
• aluminium silicates;
• basalts nabanye.

Ingcosana aluminium is ngempela kuhlanganisiwe kumaseli yezinto eziphilayo. Ezinye izinhlobo zama-moss futhi ulwandle izidalwa bayakwazi buthelela lesi sici emzimbeni wakho impilo yakho yonke.

reception

Izakhiwo kanye amakhemikhali aluminium kuyivumela ukuthola eyodwa kuphela indlela: ngu-electrolysis we ncibilika of oxide okuhambisanayo. Nokho, le nqubo nezobuchwepheshe eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuma: AL ₂ O ₃ mkhulu kunezinhliziyo 2000 ⁰ C. Ngenxa yalokhu, it is ngqo ngaphansi electrolysis akuyona etholwe. Ngakho-ke ukuqhubeka kanje.

1. bauxite misela.
2. Wahlanza kubo kusukela ukungcola, kokushiya alumina kuphela.
3. Khona-ke elicibilikile cryolite.
4. Oxide ingezwe nalokho.
5. Le nhlanganisela elekrolizuyut ukunikeza aluminium okumsulwa ne-carbon dioxide.

Ukuhoxa: 99,7%. Nokho, ukulungiselela futhi mhlawumbe ngisho metal wezindlu okuyinto isetshenziselwe izinjongo lobuchwepheshe.

isicelo

I izakhiwo mechanical aluminium kukhona alilihle ukuyisebenzisa njengoba injalo emsulwa. Ngakho-ke, ngokusekelwe yalolu ketshezi Alloys zivame kakhulu asetshenziswa. Ziningi, angabizwa ngokuthi eyisisekelo kunazo.

1. Duralumin.
2. Aluminium kanye manganese.
3. Aluminium-magnesium.
4. Aluminium nethusi.
5. Silumin.
6. Avial.

Umehluko omkhulu - Yebo, a ejenti third-party. Zonke isisekelo nje aluminium. Okunye izinsimbi futhi wenze izinto okuhlala isikhathi eside, ukugqwala ukumelana, ukugqoka ukumelana pliable ekucubungululeni.

Kunezindawo ezinkulu eziningana isicelo aluminiyamu ngefomu okumsulwa noma ngesimo compounds yayo (Alloys).

1. Ukuze womshini wire futhi ucwecwe esetshenziswa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.
2. Ukukhiqizwa glassware.
3. Aircraft.
4. Shipbuilding.
5. Ukwakhiwa nendlela yokwakha.
6. Isikhala umkhakha.
7. Ukudala sikhungo.

Ndawonye nensimbi futhi aluminiyamu - insimbi ezibaluleke kakhulu. Kuyinto lezi abameleli ababili uhlelo gqwa bathole isicelo yakhula kakhulu ezimbonini wezandla zomuntu.

Properties of aluminium hydroxide

Hydroxide - enkompolo ezivamile esiyingxenye aluminium. izakhiwo Chemical ngakho ziyefana ukuthi we metal ngokwayo - ke amphoteric. Lokhu kusho ukuthi-ke uyakwazi ukusebenzisa imvelo ezimbili, ukuxubana kokubili acid kanye alkalis.

Ngu uqobo, the aluminium hydroxide - a kwenze ezimhlophe gelatinous. Thola kube lula ifomu aluminium usawoti nge alikhali noma hydroxide ammonium. Ngo ukusabela hydroxide nge acid kuyabathelela okuhambisanayo usawoti namanzi evamile. Uma ukusabela wabe nge alikhali, lo kwakhiwa aluminium hydroxo lapho isibalo saso ukubambisana kuyinto 4. Isibonelo: Na [Al (OH) _4] - sodium tetragidroksoalyuminat.