Yiziphi ipumelelo abadumile WaseByzantium ngaphansi uJustinian? Inkathi uJustinian

Baningi izizukulwane kube yisikhumbuzo zezikhathi umbusi omkhulu yoMbuso WaseByzantium futhi uJustinian njengoba ithempeli wokuqulwa kwamacala ezinkantolo kanye lesishaya zako ezisemqoka. Njengokulindelekile, bonke izinguquko zazisekelwe esisekelweni kanzima yomthetho elidala laseRoma, futhi intando uJustinian wazalelwa futhi kusekelwa izidingo zokuphila ngokwayo - ubudlelwano wokusebenzela abantu, umnotho sezombusazwe kuleliya lizwe baye zinguquko eziyisisekelo.

Kusukela lesine kuya kwelesithupha, isikhathi umhlaba wonke inika nzima kakhulu kodwa kubalulekile. EByzantium ngokushesha ezihambayo endleleni intuthuko, naphezu aphikelele lobugqila. Ikhodi uMthetho Civil, ngaleyo ndlela baba indlela enganeli isimo wokwakha elandelayo komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane emphakathini - uhlelo amakhosi asendulo. Yilokho impumelelo eyaduma BoMbuso WaseByzantium ngaphansi uJustinian.

Ukubuyekeza komthetho

Kule nkathi zesikhashana kwamukeleke, ezinye izikhungo yomthetho waseRoma, ifomu ingasebenza modified, baye bakhonza ngokwethembeka lo nezigaba zabantu ababusayo ezingxenyeni ezikude zombuso. Class umthetho, yebo ubugqila, ikilasi kanye ngodonga yezenhlalakahle, zonke izinhlobo amalungelo uhlelo lokulawula ihlangabezana ngokugcwele izithakazelo echelons engenhla umphakathi, futhi eMbusweni WaseByzantium ngaphansi uJustinian akazange enze izinyathelo ezinqala futhi kwakhiwe kabusha isimo. UJustinian limenyezelwe isimiso olandelanayo lenhlonipho ngokungathandabuzi kangako ngezinto zasendulo, okuyinto futhi bayona. Yingakho kulo ekhulwini lesithupha izishayamthetho WaseByzantium akhothamela komthetho wamaRoma.

Ikakhulukazi emizini omkhulu we ukuhweba WaseByzantium kanye nemisebenzi yezandla yanda, kwaba khona ukwehluka impahla kanye ukuthengiselana kwezohwebo. Reality yafuna nokulandelanisa nomthethonqubo enemininingwane amalungelo impahla, njengoba yayibizwa kanjalo awakhele kuso umnotho yembuso. Futhi umthetho wamaRoma kukuvumela ukuthi unikeze ngokugcwele nesisekelo esingokomthetho, kusukela kulo mthombo yayisekelwe ezicashile ezihlobene yimuphi indiza ezizimele.

Nokho, izimo ezingaqinisekile amasha adinga izinguquko eziningi kwezinkambiso ekhona yomthetho waseRoma. Saqala umsebenzi kunzima kakhulu emuva ekhulwini lesithupha, futhi manje siyazi ukuthi ipumelelo Empire abadumile WaseByzantium ngaphansi uJustinian. I-oda entsha social ngokushesha umsuka, wafuna izinto ngenkani nezinye ubudlelwano phakathi amakilasi kanye izigodi. Futhi bonke ubudlelwano adinga ukubhaliswa ngokomthetho ofanele.

Ukudalwa imithetho obungenakuphikwa

yezizathu zomthetho lapho kwakheka isisekelo nokuqoshwa yomthetho:

• ukuphikisana iziqondiso zomthetho;
• umthetho kufiphele;
• ngaphandle imithetho kanye ngezigaba izinhlelo;
• amagama ephelelwe yisikhathi;
• izikhulu zegceke ezingafanele.

Ayikho ingxenye nomthetho yisikhathi, noma ukusisebenzisa, naphezu kwayo yonke inkazimulo edume kanye yesiko komthetho wamaRoma, uJustinian bahluleka. Wakhethwa ukuba imidiyeni, isigamu indlela kabusha. Futhi kungenzeka ebucayini kuphela.

nokuqoshwa yomthetho

Ukuqala umsebenzi grand - nokuqoshwa yomthetho - ubhekwa iminyaka 528. Ngokwemvelo, feat kanjalo umuntu akakwazi ukukwenza. Nakuba Ikhodi Yomthetho Wezakhamuzi yaqanjwa uJustinian, wasebenza phezu kwendalo yalo mntwana komthetho, yebo, akazange alale lapho.

Umbusi kwaba umashiqela wokuvelela kakhulu. Wavumelana hhayi kuphela led impi ukubuyisela wonke uMbuso WaseRoma, izinguquko yangaphakathi futhi unesithakazelo esijulile futhi benza konke ukuze ubizwe lesishaya kunabo bonke abantu emhlabeni. Le mpi, nokho, ukuba akwenze. Isethi kwemithetho kungukuthi athuthukile. Kodwa-ke lokhu - imithetho impi futhi - abadumile BoMbuso WaseByzantium ngaphansi uJustinian.

Wayenezinkomo yonke imibono futhi eyenza ngokugcwele ukusebenza - ke ngempela akwanele inhloko yezwe? Amandla, isikhathi, imali - uJustinian kokululama lutho ukwakha umzimba omusha kwemithetho: abaculi njalo wabukela wanxusa njalo wayeqhutshwa, thola abantu uhlakaniphe ngempela, abanolwazi futhi onolwazi. Waziveza a kuKhesari kweqiniso, futhi ngenxa yalokho siguqulwe BoMbuso WaseByzantium ngaphansi uJustinian.

abaculi

kabusha umthetho uJustinian ngeke ithathe indawo nge ukunqoba ezinjalo, uma engenawo umphefumulo lonke ibhizinisi - quaestor Tribonian. Ithatha abafundile onekhono ithalente omkhulu futhi akunakuqhathaniswa nasemsebenzini wakhe, ummeli abavelele Tribonian kwaba into enkulu kunazo zonke futhi efiselekayo kakhulu uJustinian. Phakathi izinceku eziyishumi abanolwazi kakhulu emphakatsini, waqala umsebenzi Nekhodi uJustinian. Wabhekisa amabombo le khomishana, quaestor yangaphambili esigodlweni - umpristi Patrikiy ioann. Sonke siyishumi abaculi bezinguquko babengamadoda isayensi, ngokungakhathali nangenkuthalo kuzo umsebenzi wabo ukuze imbangela yomphakathi. isazi Ikakhulukazi Kuyaphawuleka, uProfesa Theophilus umthetho.

Qala umsebenzi

ebaluleke kakhulu inani elikhulu imithethosisekelo yayitholakala akhethiwe ukuthi Site izicelo lanamuhla kanye kubukezwe amakhodi adalwe - Gregorieva, Theodosiev futhi Germogenianova - ukuze ukhethe eyigugu kakhulu phakathi imithethosisekelo ezivumelana nezidingo entsha isikhathi futhi Site for umkhuba umthetho. Umthetho uchibiyela, ususa yonke esiphelelwe, ukuqeda ukungaboni ngaso kanye ezinikezwa. Esikhatsini lesingetulu nje ngonyaka wathatha ososayensi emadodeni ngoba uhlelo lokuqala Ikhodi uJustinian. Ngo-April 529, kwaba umthetho.

Yiqiniso, ngikusho rush. Kodwa uhlelo lwesibili, nakuba yaqedwa angabacwasi ngokushesha, kakade kusenza siqonde ukuthi ipumelelo Empire abadumile WaseByzantium ngaphansi uJustinian. UJustinian Ikhodi e uhlelo lwesibili eminyakeni 534 walondoloza kuze kube yilolu suku. Kuyinto kuleli fomu, wathola udumo emhlabeni wonke.

Digesty

Uma sihumusha leli zwi Latin, kuba sobala ukuthi isethi entsha kwemithetho - uyinto eqoqwe futhi sinikezwa uhlelo. Parallel kulo msebenzi, okuthiwa ngesiGreki - inhlabamkhosi, okusho "yonke-in-ngokwayo."

Ngonyaka 530 aziwayo kakade kusukela umsebenzi Tribonian lokuqala kanye nabanye osolwazi ezine umthetho okuqaliswe ukuhlonywa kwe-Digest. Bafika ukusiza abameli nanye ekuphathweni ophakeme yasebukhosini. Kamuva, abadali lo mkhiqizo seyaziwa ngokuthi compilers, njengoba zivame ihlanganiswe imisebenzi jurists wamaRoma. Noma kunjalo, ngaphambi kwabo umsebenzi kunzima kakhulu, nge injongo esikabili. Akukhona nje ukuqoqa futhi nokumisa ifa zomthetho olunzulu, kodwa futhi ukulondoloza amanani eziyisisekelo zomthetho ngokuqinile. izincwadi eyizinkulungwane ezimbili omkhulu, phezu imigqa ezigidini ezintathu. Akukho umbhalo wobuciko, yebo. Sea, ocean usebenza!

UJustinian waqonda ukuthi zinkulu kangakanani umsebenzi, ngakho-ke, wanika Commission kuze kube sekupheleni - eyishumi. Nokho, ngemva kweminyaka emithathu Digesty waqala ukusebenza kuwo wonke umbuso. Yilokho inhlangano efanele futhi kusengaphambili yesenzo! ummeli ngasinye salo myalo banikwa abasizi - onobhala, nazo kakhulu ojwayelene kahle nomthetho. Ukuze amaqembu athile imithombo, bonke ababekhona kuhlukaniswe: izazimthetho ukuqoqa kanye ngezigaba izinto, futhi ikhomishana ayibukele futhi ukuhlela imibhalo Digest yaba sesimweni ekuso manje.

Ngakho amahlanu Digest amabhuku zadalwa. Ezingxenyeni eziyisikhombisa. Incwadi ngayinye futhi has division: phezu izihloko amazwibela. Ingqikithi - 433 izihloko ezingaphezu kuka-9200 izingcezu. Amathathu nesishiyagalolunye-mthetho edume kunazo waseRoma kusukela ekhulwini lokuqala leminyaka AD, akuyona kwaze kwafika ekhulwini lesithupha ku Digesty: Quintus Mucius Scaevola, Alphen Var, Elly Gant, uPawulu Papinian, uGayu, Ulpian, Modestian nabanye.

Kulesi ethempelini, umthetho waseRoma kwakuyiyona Yiqiniso, kanye izikhala bekhala, kodwa ngesikhathi sawo lo msebenzi omkhulu kangangokuthi kuyacaca ukuthi ipumelelo Empire abadumile WaseByzantium ngaphansi uJustinian. Impendulo emfushane: "Digesty".

zomthetho kabusha imfundo

Ukudala imithetho amasha adinga ukulotshwa kwencwadi kwencwadi elula isifundo nokufundisa umthetho. izincwadi Izincwadi ezinjalo wamaRoma owawubizwa ngokuthi izikhungo. Bahlale njengoba kufinyeleleke ngangokunokwenzeka kwakudingekile ukuba likhethe isimo umthetho, ulahle canons yisikhathi futhi ulunge kangakanani nomthetho ngilunge.

Zonke efanayo Tribonian Theophilus futhi Dorotheus igcwaliswe Novemba, eminyakeni 533 futhi kungumsebenzi uJustinian. Kwakubuye kube yisibonakaliso sokuhlanganiswa, ikakhulukazi ezikhungweni Gaya, Florentina, Marciana, Ulpian noPawulu, kodwa kanye nethonya ecacile uJustinian Ikhodi kanye Digest.

Institutes of uJustinian ihlanganiswe ngendlela kufinyeleleke ezinkulumo, ihlukaniswe yaba izincwadi ezine. Thina behlele kithi akuyona eyokuqala, futhi umbhalo wesandla wangekhulu lesishiyagalolunye-- eside kangaka kabanzi futhi ngempumelelo Institutions isicelo emazweni amaningi eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Izikole umthetho yoMbuso WaseByzantium, base wafunda njengesiqondiso, futhi empeleni isicelo ukuhlaziya izimo, kusukela cishe ngokushesha waba umthetho waseRoma wawunamandla.

Adume BoMbuso WaseByzantium

Lapho uJustinian umsebenzi zomthetho ayizange yaphela. Ezintathu ingxenye ikhodi komthetho we-civil waqhubeka: imithetho ukuthi sekukhona emva kweminyaka 534, abizwa ka-Novell. Kwangena eqoqweni elilodwa ngesikhathi impilo uJustinian. Lokhu kwakwenziwa kamuva. Manje eyaziwa ezintathu eqoqweni enjalo, futhi akekho kubo Kwakungesona olusemthethweni.

Ngakho lokho Empire abadumile WaseByzantium ngaphansi uJustinian? Impendulo omcane engasebenzi. Umthetho ubungashongo yavela kokuphothulwa kwezinkambiso ngesimiso esinjalo somthetho futhi imiqondo-mbono yokuziphendukela isimilo ilungelo komthetho we-civil kanye nomphakathi, inkambiso, ubudlelwane komthetho, umphakathi kanye ngabanye, kwakukhona ukucabangela eziningi zomthetho, ngoba usaphila. Yiziphi ipumelelo abadumile WaseByzantium ngaphansi uJustinian? Izimpendulo zimi kanje:

• ukuvela imfundiso amalungelo;
• nomqondo kwamalungelo abantu jikelele - kuso sonke isintu;
• titling ezakhiwe endaweni eyodwa njengoba;
• kwesokudla yomphakathi indoda khulula;
• umbono walokho okubizwa ngokuthi isimiso somthetho lwahlangana;
• ilungelo lokuba yisakhamuzi saseRoma kwakusho ukukhululwa kwezigqila ezikhishwe;
• amalungelo nemikhawulo ukuze amalungelo servicemen;
• ngesimo esingokomthetho yabantu basemakhaya;
• Umkhawulo amalungelo lobugqila: nesimo sengqondo esifanele nobuso, kunokuba into;
• yokuncishiswa izinqubo ukuba kukhululwe izinceku;
• umthetho umndeni;
• umthetho ngokulandelana;
• isimiso inkululeko umshado: Roma futhi okungezona Roma, izakhamuzi futhi abangezona izakhamizi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uJustinian ehileleke ekuqiniseni kokubili amandla bezempi nabezombusazwe enye ukuphangwa waseByzantium. Phambi kwakhe khona Umgomo - ukubuyiselwa yoMbuso WaseRoma kwemingcele yayo ubudala. Futhi kakhulu ngempumelelo lwenteke ke. Usongo olukhulu ukuze umbuso emelelwa eMpumalanga, futhi ikakhulukazi Iran enamandla. Ekupheleni kwempi emngceleni phakathi Iran eByzantium wasala imingcele langaphambilini, kodwa ngokuya ihogela ithonya waseByzantium babe Lazika, eCrimea, e-Arabhiya, e-Armenia, lapho ubuKristu ekugcineni wanqoba. Ukunqoba kuka uJustinian izigangi esilalelayo eNyakatho Afrika, yayihlukaniselwa umbuso Ostrogoths e-Italy, bakhona abaye balahlekelwa indawo enkulukazi Spain. UJustinian wakwazi ukunqoba yonke iNhlonhlo Yamazwe AseBalkan. Insimu liye laphindeka kabili, emngceleni oseduze emingceleni ubudala okubi okwakugcwele eMbusweni WaseRoma. Zonke lezi nabadumile BoMbuso WaseByzantium ngaphansi uJustinian.