Kazan ezibiyele: ngezithombe nokubuyekeza. I Annunciation Cathedral of the Kazan ezibiyele

Inhloko-dolobha ye Tatarstan - omunye izikhungo endala impucuko - abaningi ngokuthi "umuzi esikhumbuzo eliyingqayizivele." Kwaba njalo ngempela, e izinto ezicebile namasiko ezweni Kazan kwakhula kuka kwesinye isizukulwane ososayensi nabafundisi, izimbongi futhi abadwebi, ojenene nezinhlamvu elula. Umlando edolobheni ixhunyaniswe isiphetho Derzhavin, Pushkin, Chaliapin, L. UTolstoy, Lobachevsky nabanye.

ulwazi olujwayelekile

Kazan e namagugu abo zomlando kulondolozwe nakumasiko akuyona kunabayeni emadolobheni ezifana Petersburg noma eMoscow. Ngesizathu esihle-ke ubhekwa dolobha lwesithathu waseRussia. Its esikhumbuzo yezakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni-Russia. Kodwa yobuciko ezifana Syuyumbike - nombhoshongo ophakeme, isakhiwo endala zezikhathi Ivan le Kubi, uye walondolozwa ukuze sikhathi samanje we Annunciation Cathedral of the Kazan ezibiyele eziyinkimbinkimbi Cannon egcekeni (kusukela Petrovsky isikhathi), shaya amafomu wakhe wokwakha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, esigodlweni sombusi kuya Kul-Sharif Mosque wathola isimo eziyiNgcebo Yomhlaba.

Ngaphansi kohlelo olubizwa ngokuthi yi-UNESCO likhishiwe kanye kuphela ekhona emhlabeni namuhla Tatar inqaba, ezakhiwa emakhulwini eminyaka amaningi adlule futhi aye wasigcina izici yayo yasekuqaleni. Lokhu Kazan ezibiyele, isithombe ku isizinda okuletha ekhaya zonke izivakashi oye bavakashela idolobha.

pearl Tatarstan

Ukwakhiwa zokuqala inqaba waqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nanye. Yingaleso sikhathi-ke entabeni, okuyinto manje ihlobisa isakhiwo lasendulo, bazinza izizwe Bulgar wakhela lokhuni lamabutho empi - yaseKazan Kremlin.

Kazan uye savela, kanye nenqaba, nge mausoleums yayo kanye amathempeli yayikhona kuze maphakathi nekhulu le-nesithupha. Kodwa ngo-1552, unyaka edolobheni Wawuyini umsuka wabhubhisa Ivanom Groznym. Ukwakhiwa kwawo kwaqala ngawo lowo nyaka, kunenye inqaba entsha Russian loMfula i-iVolga. Pskov amakhosi sayo esakhiwe, okwaholela Postnik Yakovlev Ivan Shiryaev.

izakhiwo

Kazan ezibiyele lufrenyiwe izindonga lasendulo. It is ngokuphelele eyakhelwe limestone elimhlophe iVolga. UMbhoshongo Kazan ezibiyele e inani izingcezu eziyisishiyagalombili esukela emuva le ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo yayakhiwe kanye Annunciation Orthodox Cathedral. Ngemva kwesikhashana - ekhulwini weshumi nesishiyagalombili - yayakhiwe Syuyumbike - nombhoshongo ophakeme. Isakhiwo zezakhiwo ngesikhathi Cannon egcekeni futhi esikoleni Military zakhiwa zaba yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, kanye Kul-Sharif Mosque - esikhathini sethu.

Leli gquma lapho yakhiwe yaseKazan ezibiyele, ne izinhlangothi ezintathu sizungezwe amanzi. Kwaba endaweni ephelele kwakhiwe le nqaba. Bokuqala eqinisa izizwe Bulgarian ayimizulane yabonakala yasebhange komfula omncane ekuqa- namakhulu eminyaka okweshumi kanye nanye, nakuba ezinye izithole okutheni kukhona ubufakazi bokuthi le ndawo kule ndawo lapho ngisemncane kakhulu.

History of the Kazan ezibiyele

Stone inqaba lamiswao ngenjongo ukuvikela imingcele enyakatho ye iVolga Bulgaria. Maphakathi nekhulu nantathu Amabutho aseMongolia, eholwa Batu Khan, thina sakhombisa inqubekela phambili ebonakalayo empumalanga ezijulile Europe. Kwekubuswa Golden zidlamlilo yasungulwa hhayi kuphela elaseRussia kanye eCrimea. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wawa Bulgaria, ekubeni esifundazweni-Mongolian.

Ngemva kokubhujiswa emzini Bulgar, inhloko-dolobha entsha washukumiseleka ukuba Kazan. Ezibiyele Local baba yokuhlala umbusi, futhi lo muzi iqanjwe kabusha. Kodwa bendawo ungathathi igama elisha, ngakho ubukhulu waziwa ngokuthi Kazan wesifunda.

Ngemva kokufa Golden zidlamlilo e 1438, unyaka i-Khanate ezimele yasungulwa. Waqala umsebenzi olunzulu ukuze aqinise le kwezindonga zamatshe ezibiyele. Ababona, ngokuvumelana mlando, babe "PATH engafinyeleleki."

Ensimini ka esigodlweni yayakhiwa futhi mosque - itshe Nur-Ali Khan, nokhuni, okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi yaqanjwa Seid Kul-Sharif. Nguye e 1552-m bavikela Kazan ezibiyele amasosha Ivana Groznogo.

inqaba Russian

Kuze kube namuhla akekho iphunyukile futhi wokwakha Khan. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho phakathi ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha, yaseKazan ezibiyele yaphenduka inqaba Russian emkhakheni izakhiwo Muslim - "Centre of infidels" - wakhela Orthodox. Ngisho Syuyumbike, kwaze kwaba ngekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, ngokuyiphutha isibaluli izakhiwo sikhathi Khan, yayakhiwe kamuva kakhulu, izikhathi Russian. Lokhu uye waboniswa abantu abaningi izici bokwakha yabo, ikakhulukazi pilasters futhi isikhala izithombe.

Ngemva kokunqotshwa komuzi Ivan Grozny ethunyelwe abaklami. Baqala isakhiwo esisha. Okokuqala, izakhiwo eziyisisekelo - amathempeli nemibhoshongo - esakhiwe ngokhuni. Kukholakala ukuthi itshe kuqala kwakhiwa ibandla elincane behlonipha Nikolaya Chudotvortsa.

yokuhlala imperial

Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, uNicholas nginquma ukuthi umbusi uyosebenzisa imisebenzi okwakuhlala kuyo umbusi lenkosi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, futhi kwakuhloselwe ukuthi Kazan ezibiyele, isithombe okuyinto ubonisa monumentality lokhu eziyinkimbinkimbi lathumela, kuyoba yokuhlala yasebukhosini. Kule ndaba, ukwakhiwa kanye esigodlweni sombusi. Lesi sikhungo kwadalwa wezakhiwo Konstantin Ton. Lokho ukuyiphi umbono yokudala e Kazan encishisiwe Analogue of Big ezibiyele Palace. Phakathi nenqubo ukwakhiwa eduze mathupha Nicholas I. Umphumela waba isakhiwo oye libe yisibonelo esikhazimulayo we okuxubile isitayela Russian-WaseByzantium, ihlobise Kazan Kremlin.

uhambo

Phakathi nomlando wayo eyinkulungwane eyinkimbinkimbi esikhumbuzo ishintshile ngokuphindaphindiwe ukubukeka kwayo. Kodwa walondoloza kubekwa ezijulile komhlaba izisekelo amathempeli lasendulo nemibhoshongo, kanye eziningi yokungcwaba kwaze kwaba manje. Manje Museum avulekele nezivakashi Kazan ezibiyele, wanikezela hhayi kuphela kule inqaba yasendulo, kodwa ngokuvamile umlando abantu isiko Islamic kanye nesimo kulesi sifunda. Kuphinde futhi kube yisikhumbuzo ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe kukhunjulwa amathathu namashumi ayisihlanu nezinkulungwane iTatarstan, ngubani engabuyi ngaphambili.

Spasskaya umbhoshongo

Into yokuqala ukuthi izivakashi ukubona, ezifanelekile Kazan ezibiyele iyona Spasskaya Tower. It is eyenziwe isitayela Bulgar futhi lwaluba ukhozi kabili ephethwe. Umbhoshongo lakhiwa 1660. Yena ngokuphindaphindiwe olusha futhi kabusha.

Ngaphezu Spassky Tower, le nqaba wahlala izakhiwo eyisikhombisa efanayo - Vuko isimo, South East kanye South West, isigungu sabefundisi, Nameless futhi Taynitskaya.

Syuyumbike

Umnqopho we Ensemble udonsa lesi sakhiwo. Ngenhla Ukuncika edumile amamitha amabili, lo mbhoshongo waqala isithende ngokushesha ngemuva ukwakhiwa. Ngu 1930 th obandayo engela ifinyelele sikhathi esibucayi e-amasentimitha namatjhumi amabili nabunane. Futhi uma hhayi ekubuyiselweni kanye nomsebenzi eqinisa, roll yayo kwakuyoba okuningi.

Tower ngokuthi Syuyumbike neyaziwayo uphawu yezakhiwo inhlokodolobha Tatarstan. Hambisa ngaphandle Kazan engasakwazi, kanye Egypt ngaphandle nje kwemibhoshongo yaseGibhithe, futhi Paris - ngaphandle-Eiffel Tower.

ngalé echachambile kwalesi sakhiwo ikhanga izivakashi, futhi utshela indaba izindaba eziqanjiwe nezinganekwane kuyathakazelisa ngempela. Nangu omunye wabo. Ivanu Groznomu, abanqoba Kazan, fancy ubuhle-indlovukazi. Nokho, i-Syuyumbike omkhulu, wathola kusukela Russian eNgophezukonke sika umshado isiphakamiso, setha isimo: ukwakha izinsuku eziyisikhombisa umbhoshongo, ngenhla okuyinto edolobheni ngeke. Phakathi nale nkathi isifiso sakhe sagcwaliseka. Futhi yena Syuyumbike kusolakala ekhetha ngithi goodbye kuya abantu abawuthandayo, kuze kulendlu wagijima nayo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, umbhoshongo futhi waqala dengwane phansi ...

Isigodlo likahulumeni

Lesi sakhiwo sokuphana ngento enkulu hhayi kuphela value kwamasiko. Namuhla, it is, njengoba ezikhathini zasendulo, wenza imisebenzi zezombusazwe kanye nezokuphatha. Njengoba ngesikhathi IHlalankosi, manje Palace - yokuhlala uMongameli yaseTatarstan. Ngo eziningi angomakhelwane izakhiwo zalo behlaliswe zezinkonzo kanye iminyango ehlukahlukene.

Cathedral of the Annunciation

Ngempela ingenye zasendulo esidala kakhulu bokwakha Russian, esigcinwe dolobha ye-republic. I Annunciation Cathedral of the Kazan ezibiyele yasungulwa ngo-Okthoba 1552, kwathi ngonyaka wesine ngemiyalo yezikhulu Ivana Groznogo. isonto Ngokhuni lwanqunywa ngezinsuku ezintathu nje esigangeni. Futhi ngosuku lwesithupha lwenyanga ke lanikezelwa yokudumisa Annunciation. Nale lombhishobhi ngobuningi ohlukile ngomsebenzi abangcwele abaningi Kazan, nanka bangcwatshwe. walondoloza kahle futhi iseli yombhishobhi lokuqala besifunda-bhishobhi - U-Archbishop Gury. Futhi ohlangothini olusempumalanga odongeni walondoloza ngokuyisimangaliso Umfanekiso yakudala ebonisa indlela lo mfanekiso Face oyingcwele uMsindisi.

Kul-Sharif Mosque

Monuments of the Kazan ezibiyele ohlwini lwakho futhi zihlanganisa isakhiwo yesimanje, kodwa amahle kakhulu. It Kul-Sharif Mosque. Ngokokuqala ngqá umthandazo onesizotha kuwo kwakhala usuku lwamashumi amabili nane ngoJuni ka-2005. Lubekezelela igama Saida Kul-Sharif. Kwakuwusuku imam we mosque ngokuthi Al-Kabir, obabukhona lapha ngenkathi yaseKazan Khanate labhujiswa amasosha Ivana Groznogo.

Namuhla, i-Kul-Sharif kubhekwa intela kanye nokuhlonipha okhokho. Mosque kuyinto zamagama yasekuqaleni kakhulu izitayela yezakhiwo kanye namasiko, ezivame kakhulu emhlabeni Islamic.

Kul-Sharif lakhiwa futhi namuhla ibekwe njengoba mosque esiyinhloko bonke abantu abaphilayo emhlabeni AmaTatar. Lokhu samaholide ngoLwesihlanu isonto Muslim, ngakho umthandazo ayifunde akukho ngaphezu kwesikhathi esisodwa ngosuku. Ngokuyinhloko lezi mosque ukuza izixuku zezivakashi, okuyiwona akukho kwansuku noma amaholide.

Kanjani ukuze uthole

Kazan ezibiyele isendaweni ibhange kwesokunxele Umama iVolga. Ungakwazi ukufinyelela kuwo ngamabhasi 6, 29, 37, 35, 47 kanye nabanye. Imizila, le inqola, kanye komhlaba. esiteshini "ezibiyele" yakhiwe eduze kwayo. Labo Abafika ngezindiza zokuthutha zomphakathi, ungathola out esitobhini "cum", "st. Bauman "," Sports Palace "noma" inkundla Central. "

Ukufinyelela Kazan ezibiyele imahhala. Can idlule isango kusukela Spassky Tower.

Izibuyekezo

Ngemva inguquko kwezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi yezakhiwo zonakala. Kodwa lapho nineties kwekhulu elidlule Kazan ezibiyele wathola isimo yokuhlala kaMongameli Tatarstan, waqala lapho kumele kwenziwe nomsebenzi wokuvuselela umhlaba ngemva. Namuhla, izivakashi ushayele le inqaba yasendulo oluyingqophamlando lokuqala lomuzi, lapho wonke isentimitha yomlando kwakwande.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, kwaqala umsebenzi kabusha lamaSulumane Kul Sharif. Futhi namhlanje ubhekwa kwekulu yonke iYurophu. Futhi ngo-2003, esigcawini ngendlu eceleni into ebaziwe ongokomfanekiso yasungulwa ne Annunciation Cathedral. Lalibizwa ngokuthi "Architects we Kazan Kremlin." Nge ukubaza Architects - Tatar Russian futhi - awubheki enzuzweni yomshikashika wabo. Phela, isithelo umsebenzi wabo - a Ensemble yezakhiwo esiyingqayizivele - sidalwe futhi elulama imizamo yalezi zizwe ezimbili.

Izivakashi akhononde: ukuzohlola yonke Kazan ezibiyele nokuzwa eyodwa noma izinsuku ezimbili akwanele. Abanye labo kulinganiselwe isikhathi, ngokukhetha uhambo. Uthatha kwamahora ambalwa futhi kubiza ruble phose abangamakhulu ayisithupha ngoba iqembu labantu engaze ibe yishumi. Iningi umxhwele zonke izivakashi Annunciation Cathedral of the Kazan Kremlin. Lesi sakhiwo ezimhlophe ne domes blue-blue, ngokuvumelana amakholwa amaningi, nje iphendula emhlabeni wabo.

Ukuqala kule nkulungwane yeminyaka Kazan ezibiyele zaneliswe ehlanganisiwe efeni UNESCO. Lokhu iqoqo eliyingqayizivele yamanani - bezobona izikhathi ezinhle nezimbi phakathi abantu wonke, kodwa eyayinamawala ngezinye izikhathi abehlukahlukene iVolga esifundeni - njalo kuphawulwe kuzibuyekezo zabo, abavakashele lapha.