Inkampani yenethiwekhi rocket "Proton-M": izici, egijima, baphihliza

Isikhala bekulokhu "ikhadi trump" yezwe, umthombo yokuziqhenya izakhamuzi zakhona. Selokhu isathelayithi lokuqala futhi umuntu wokuqala emkhathini, thina zijwayele lwekutfutfukisa yalesi mkhakha, okuyinto ingenye yama-agumenti ezibaluleke kakhulu geopolitical.

Ngeshwa, kwaba nomonakalo ngo-90s kakhulu babegwedla umkhakha emuva, kodwa izinto seziqala ngcono eminyakeni yamuva. Ubufakazi lokhu kungaba ukukhonza ukuze uqhube izindiza "Proton-M" vasi esindayo ukuthi uyakwazi ukubeka ku-orbit a amavolumu irekhodi wezimpahla.

Umlando sokudalwa

Ngo-1960, lapho cishe ngokusemthethweni kubhekwa isikhathi of ukwanda ngendlela engakaze ibonwe isikhala aseSoviet, ekugcineni baba ukusula isidingo isimo endaweni kwethulwa imoto enamandla kakhulu, okuyinto bazokwazi ukubeka emzileni wezimpahla ngaphezulu. Yiqiniso, "violin lokuqala" e ukuzifunela ukuxhaswa kombono yezinhlelo ezinjalo azibona ngisho Uhlelo isikhala esemthethweni, kanye yezempi, futhi lokho wayedinga "loli" eqinile ukuthutha esindayo lempi wezimpahla isikhala.

Zombili izinhlangothi iMpi Yomshoshaphansi kule minyaka babonisa isithakazelo okwakungakaze kube khona izinhlelo sibonise orbit geostationary super elinamandla hydrogen amabhomu. Ngenhlanhla, ukusebenza nokusebenzisa a ukuzibulala isinyathelo USSR lempi okunjalo futhi US namanje azifinyelelanga, kodwa rocket "Proton-M" ngaleso sikhathi kwase kumi ngomumo.

Ake sibuyele umlando ngokushesha wendalo. Thuthukisa waphathiswa okb-52, okwakubekelwa eliholwa Chelomey V N. kulesi sikhundla ukubhekana Kusaphazwa umsebenzi okusamele wenziwe esikhathini esifushane yesikhathi, kudingeka ukufaka ngaphezu CB kweshumi izindiza ezivela ezweni lonke kanye naye.

Kakade sibonelo lokuqala elakhiwa ngo-1962. Missile wabizwa ngokuthi "UR-200." Kusukela ngo-1962 kuya ku-1964, eziyisishiyagalolunye yayiqhutshelwa Isivivinyo iphelela of imishini emisha.

I sibonelo entsha

Bonke aba yimpumelelo, kodwa ngo-1961, ngaphambi izindiza ovivinyweni, Chelomei waphikelela ngokuthi ukuthuthukiswa prototype entsha. Ngokusho izibalo, lapho bekumele kube emihlanu (!) Times ngoyisiwula kusinda kunakho inguqulo yasekuqaleni!

Ekuqaleni, abadali wayefuna ukuhamba endleleni 'ukumelana okungenani "ngokuhlanganisa ezicitshwayo ezimbili" SD-200 "futhi enezela umklamo okuholela lomunye esiteji booster. Nokho, izibalo kwangaphambilini baye babonisa ngokucacile ukuthi ukuthembeka lelo lungiselelo ngokucacile ushiye okuningi okufanele oyifunayo.

Ngenxa yalokho, kwanqunywa ukuba ukudala rocket entsha "SD-500", kodwa ukuze kube lula izibalo, ososayensi sahlala ukusilela: ukuthatha izinyathelo isakhiwo engashintshi, njengoba babevamise phezulu elinye libe "SD-200". Yiqiniso, lo msebenzi kwasekuqaleni kakhulu kabusha.

izinjini

Nge izinjini developers kwadingeka ukuba silungise. Iqiniso liwukuthi ngenxa inkulumo mpikiswano eside, bakhetha polyblock nguqulo ye isakhiwo esigabeni sokuqala. Leli cebo kwenza ukuba angena inqubo nezipani kwamabhuloho nemihubhe ngesikhathi ezokuthutha rocket izigaba, kodwa kukhona ezinye imikhawulo uphethiloli ukusetshenziswa.

Classical elingenawo umoya-kaphalafini pair kwakungenakwenzeka ngoba kwakuzothatha ukwandisa ubukhulu, futhi ngenxa yalokho njengoba uphethiloli akhethiwe anobuthi unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine tetraksidom ne-nitrogen eningi njengoba oxidant.

Kulesi sisekelo kwakukhona ezingqubuzana Queen, ababethi kwaba kaphalafini. Kuze 1965 Kwakuseshwa ukuhlolwa olubanzi entsha amandla plant ezimweni eduze ngokoqobo.

umlando okwengeziwe

Njengoba ngokuvamile kwenzeka kule hlelo isikhala kazwelonke kuleyo minyaka, ezombusazwe wabusa phezu kwakho konke. Ngu-1965, lapho lo msebenzi waba kakade cishe ngomumo ngokuphelele, inkampani yayigcwele amasheke ngemiyalo yezikhulu L. UBrezhnev. Yena unconcealed okusolisayo ifa eyandulela yakhe.

Yingakho ukuthuthukiswa "SD-200" ekugcineni wayeka. Ngenhlanhla, imodeli 500-th wakwazi ukuvikela. Phakathi no-1965 satellite "Proton" wethulwa ngempumelelo ku-orbit. Isignali kuwo wakwazi ukuthola kuphela emuva kwamahora ambalwa kusanda umjovo ku-orbit, ukuze isikhathi eside kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso nesiqalo esibi.

Encwadini yokuqala cindezela nangomcibisholo ngephutha ngokuthi igama satellite. Futhi ngokushesha ubanjwe on, yingakho kusukela ngo-1965 emkhathini wethu futhi uvele "Proton-M". Okuningi ngokunembile, esikhundleni index "M" ngesikhathi missile has isiqalo "K".

Olwesimanje yabe seyaziwa kuphela ngo-2001, lapho aphonswa orbit okokuqala ngosizo wezimpahla wakhe.

Izici Key

Izici yalesi simangaliso rocket iyamangalisa ngempela Soviet-Russian. Layout rocket - ezintathu esiteji. kakhulu Isisindo "Proton M AE" - amathani 702! Missile Ungabonisa ku geosynchronous ukudluliswa orbit engamathani ayisithupha nje Inkokhelo.

Isigaba sokuqala has a ububanzi amamitha angaphezu kwayisithupha, eyesithathu - lemine. Ikhumbula ukuthi uphethiloli wasebenzisa izingxenye enobuthi kakhulu ezidinga amazinga aphezulu ukulungiselela preflight kokubili rocket pad qalisa for wakhe.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo ziqalise izindleko - esingaphansi $ 100 million. By endleleni, ngokuba American Delta IV rocket Heavy, okuyinto ingenye izimbangi eyinhloko imoto yethu "Proton-M" bangamaphesenti $ 265 izigidi ezingu .... Kathathu ephakeme!

Izibalo sad

Maye, esihlokweni isihloko akazange nje igama elithi "Ukuphahlazeka". Kude hhayi kuphela ubukhulu kanye nenombolo ye okukhipha umthwalo bamdumisa yenethiwekhi. Iqiniso lokuthi rocket "Proton-M" is yenombolo yayo ukuqalisa kuhlulekile ezaziwayo. Lolusiko usephendukele phambili esasisandulele.

Uzenzela isinqumo. Ngolibo ukuqalisa ezine yayiqhutshelwa esikhathini kusuka 1965 kuya ku-1966, omunye aluzange luphumelele ngenxa yengozi lesibili booster esiteji. Nokho, bekuyoba ongaziwa ongakulindela okuphambene, njengoba ubuchwepheshe ngokuphelele entsha yalolu hlobo uhlale awokuthi ukwehluleka.

Ngokuvamile, cishe ngo-47 kuphela eqoshiwe izimo lapho kwethulwa "Proton-M" kushabalele. Njengoba sazi ukuthi wawuyizinkulungwane siqala 400, sithola cishe 89% ukuqalisa yimpumelelo.

Le nhlekelele edume kakhulu

Izingozi lokhu isiqalisi akunakwenzeka ukuba ziye zabangela isililo esinjalo zomphakathi (ikakhulukazi kusukela izimo eziphuthumayo kwenzeka "Proton" njalo), kodwa lokho kumane nje ugijimela lakhe kuhlotshaniswa ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo yasekhaya ye-global positioning - GLONASS.

Ngakho labo dollar ayizigidi ezingu-100, okuyinto izindleko kakhulu ukuqala, umane zingelutho uma uziqhathanisa umonakalo ukuthi uMbuso uku Uma kwenzeka kucima okungenani omunye satellite. Lokhu kubonakala ngokukhethekile ngo-2010, lapho iziphuphutheki ezintathu nje GLONASS umlaza akuhambile ku-orbit futhi phansi elwandle eliKhulu iPacific.

Umonakalo ke zaba mayelana no 3 billion ruble, singabali intengo rocket uqobo. Ngenxa yalokho yengozi (okwenzeka ngenxa yamaphutha uma ugcwalisa amazinga fuel) balahlekelwe yimisebenzi yabo eziningi "isikhala" esiphakeme izikhulu.

Ngo-2011, futhi, ngenxa yezinkinga izinjini rocket, ihlulekile ukuletha booster lesifanele orbit esiyingqayizivele satellite "Express AM4." Lihlobene nokubhekana ubuso ke ushintsho okugcwele digital ithelevishini yezokusakaza ezweni lethu. Rescue iyunithi wazama umhlaba wonke: iziteshi telemetry yasetshenziswa kuwo wonke umhlaba, kodwa ayikwazanga ukuvimbela ukushiswa satellite emkhathini.

Izindleko umonakalo Kulinganiselwa ruble okungenani bhiliyoni 10.

Ngo-2012, ngokwesilinganiso, kwakubikwa Eqinisweni indaba efanayo ne iziphuphutheki amabili zokuxhumana. Nalapha futhi, ngenxa yezinkinga ohlelweni kukawoyela rocket amayunithi bafakwa emzileni ongafanele. Mbheke zaphela amandla, inqubo sihoxisiwe. Izindleko umonakalo - bucishe bulingane 10 bhiliyoni.

Phakathi no-2013 waqhubeka oludumile nge GLONASS. Nalapha futhi, ukubhekakade engumngane ezintathu (!) Blew up rocket. Uphenyo olunzulu. Ngalesi sikhathi wazibonakalisa izinzwa icala of Isivinini emincane, okuyinto efakwe enhlanganweni ijikelezwe degrees 180 ukusuka esikhundleni salo esivamile. Ngenxa yalokhu rocket sesiqhubeke ngokuphelele emzileni ongafanele.

Ekugcineni, ngo-May kwalo nyaka kuya phansi futhi ngaya endaweni satellite "Veza" amacebo futhi engcwatshiwe inguquko ngokushesha kusakata ngetinombolo kubahlali.

Iziphetho namathemba

Ngenxa yalokho labo bonke amacala ngenhla, sesilahlekelwe inkonzo izinduna eziningi. Uhulumeni ubeke eceleni mayelana 2 billion ruble ukulungiswa best for ukuqaliswa yezikhali ezicitshwayo yalolu hlobo. Ngenxa yalokho, izindleko egijima "Proton" (kubandakanya wonke ukulahlekelwa) babelingana nenkulumo ethi "Atlas 5" rocket American.

Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, "Proton-M" uhlala yezinsika ebaluleke kakhulu ukuqalisa ukuthengisa. Ngisho ne izindleko zezingozi emzileni geostationary uhlala ephansi emhlabeni, kodwa ngenxa yokuntuleka abalingani engaba kanye namakhasimende Roskosmos engazizwa.

Missile entsha

Kodwa ochwepheshe eside wathi "Proton-M" ngokushesha izimpukane yakho. Iqiniso lokuthi ukuthuthukiswa kakhulu le "Angara" okwamanje kuyaqhubeka. Lokhu block rocket entsha ushibhile hhayi kuphela kuneyokuqala, kodwa kulula kakhulu okwenza. I "Angara" asetshenziswa kaphalafini--mpilo izinjini. It kungenziwa run kusukela cosmodrome "Plesetsk" futhi "East" ngaphandle kokukhokha Kazakhs tibalo yezinkanyezi ukuze iqashwe ka "Baikonur".

Naphezu kwezithiyo ezinjalo amathemba ethembisa, rocket yenethiwekhi "Proton-M" ngokuqinisekile ingasetshenziswa isikhathi eside, njengoba ekusungulweni kobuchwepheshe bokuthuthukisa entsha okusalele emuva.