Uyini zolotaya Orda. Iminyaka Engu-Golden zidlamlilo

Ngasiphi esiteji ukuqeqeshwa ngokuvamile abafundi bajwayelane nomqondo "Golden zidlamlilo"? 6 ekilasini, yebo. uthisha Umlando utshela izingane ukuhlupheka kubantu nowama-Orthodox ababevela abahlaseli. Omunye uthola umuzwa wokuthi ekhulwini nantathu Russia babhekana nomsebenzi efanayo ngesihluku, + njengasosukwini lokungivivinya forties kwekhulu elidlule. Kodwa ingabe kunjalo zifa ukudweba ukufana phakathi kwezinkolelo-Third Reich futhi ephakathi isimo lulwimi ayimizulane? Futhi lokho kwakusho ijoka lwamaSlav Tatar-Mongol? Yayiyini ngabo zolotaya Orda? "Umlando" (Libanga 6 ebhukwinitifundvo) akuyona komthombo ngale ndaba. Zikhona nezinye imisebenzi emikhulu ngaphezulu abacwaningi. Ake omdala sibheke kahle eside isikhathi emlandweni izwe lokuzalwa kwakhe.

Ukuqala Golden zidlamlilo

Europe okokuqala wahlangana-Mongolian izizwe ayimizulane kwikota yokuqala yekhulu weshumi nantathu. amabutho zikaGenghis Khan safinyelela Adriatic angakghona ukuqalana ngokuphumelelako ukuhambisa olunye - e-Italy futhi eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Kodwa iphupho umnqobi omkhulu eyafezwa - amaMongol bakwazi Ketha amanzi oshayelayo yoLwandle Western. Ngakho izinkulungwane eziningi babuyela emaqeleni. Iminyaka engamashumi amabili ka ngaphansi koMbuso Mongol futhi izinduna Europe khona, hhayi ebhekene, sengathi emihlabeni ngokulinganisa. Ngo 1224, uGenghis Khan ihlukaniswe umbuso wakhe phakathi kwamadodana akhe. Ngakho kwaba khona Ulus (sifundazwe) Jochi - the entshonalanga kakhulu ezingxenyeni ezikude zombuso. Uma sizibuze ukuthi zolotaya Orda, ukuqala nokufundiswa komphakathi kungasiza kubhekwe 1236. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho i wokuvelela Han Batu (indodana ka Jochi omsa uGenghis Khan) liqala ukuzungeza yakhe entshonalanga.

Uyini zolotaya Orda

Lo msebenzi lempi, okwaqala ngo-1236 ngu-1242, kwelulwe kakhulu ensimini Jochi Ulus entshonalanga. Nokho, zidlamlilo Golden ukukhuluma ngesikhathi namanje zakuqala. Ulus - kweyunithi zokuphatha ezinkulu umbuso uGenghis Khan, futhi yena wayengumuntu sincike kuhulumeni. Nokho, Khan Batu (e zemihla Russian Batu) e 1254 wasusa inhloko-dolobha yakhe eya Lower iVolga esifundeni. Elapho ayewenze ikomkhulu. Khan wasungula idolobha elikhulu Saray-Batu (manje isayithi eduze nedolobhana Selitrennoe ku Astrakhan esifundeni). Ngo 1251 yabamba Kurultai, lapho wakhethwa umbusi Mongke. Batu efika enhlokodolobha yase Karakorum futhi asekelwe yindlalifa. Okunye contender babulawa. emazweni awo yahlukaniswa phakathi Mangu futhi Chingizids (kuhlanganise Batu). Igama elithi "zolotaya Orda" ngokwalo eyavela kamuva kakhulu - ngo-1566, encwadini yakhe ethi "Kazan Umlando" lapho ukuthi State ngokwayo liphelile kakade ukuba khona. The self-efanayo lokhu inhlangano indawo kwaba "Ulu Ulus ', okusho ukuthi ukuhumusha kusuka Turkic" Grand Duchy ".

Iminyaka Engu-Golden zidlamlilo

Sokubonisa ukuzinikela Mangu Khan Batu inkonzo enhle. ulus wakhe wathola ukuzimela esikhulu. Kodwa isimo imzuzele ukuzibusa ngokugcwele kuphela okukhona emva kokufa Batu sika (1255), kakade phakathi nokubusa Khan Meng-Timur e 1266. Kodwa noma kunjalo, agcinwayo ukuncika okuzisholo of the Empire, amaMongol. Isakhiwo saleli ulus yene ngokweqile lalinabashumayeli iVolga Bulgaria, Northern Khorezm, Western eSiberia, Dasht-i-Kipchak (emaqeleni kusukela Irtysh kuya iDanube), North eCaucasus and eCrimea. Ngu endaweni, ukunikeza umphakathi imfundo ingafaniswa wonke uMbuso WaseRoma. usiko eningizimu kwaba Derbent, futhi umkhawulo North-Eastern kwaba Isker futhi Tyumen eSiberia. Ngo 1257 enyukela esihlalweni sobukhosi Ulus umzalwane Batu, Berke Khan (wabusa kuze 1266), lapho aguqulwa Islam, kodwa okungenzeka kakhulu ngenxa yezombusazwe. Izinkumbi ezibanzi amaMongol ukuba Islam asithinteki, kodwa inikwe amandla Khan ukuze lizuze sezingcweti Arab kanye abahwebi ezivela e-Asia Ephakathi futhi iVolga Bulgars. ukuchuma Omkhulu Kunabo safinyelela zolotaya Orda ekhulwini le-14, lapho isihlalo sobukhosi Uzbek Khan (1313-1342). Ngaphansi kwakhe, Islam baba inkolo isimo. Ngemva kokufa Uzbek isimo lalinenkinga inkathi kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo. Sihambe Tamerlane (1395) waxosha nail yokugcina lomngcwabo salo mbuso omkhulu, kodwa buhlala isikhashana.

Ukuphela Golden zidlamlilo

Esikhathini xv isimo ekhulwini isihlakazeka. Kwakukhona encane ubukhulu ezimele: i Nogai zidlamlilo (eminyakeni yokuqala yekhulu xv), Kazan, eCrimea, Astrakhan Uzbek, eSiberia Khanate. Amandla emaphakathi wahlala futhi baqhubeka kumelwe libhekwe njengelingcwele kakhulu. Kodwa esikhathini Golden zidlamlilo lidlule. owalandela igunya kwaya kuba bokuzisholo. Lesi simo sibizwa ngokuthi i-zidlamlilo Omkhulu. Laliqhele esenyakatho Black Sea coast luqhubeke kuze Lower iVolga esifundeni. Zidlamlilo Omkhulu wawushabalele kuphela ekuqaleni ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha, kokuba amuncwa YaseCrimea Khanate.

ERussia kanye Jochi Ulus

emazweni Slavic kwakungafanele eyayiyingxenye yoMbuso amaMongol. Uyini zolotaya Orda, rusichi onganquma okufanele ukwenze ngaphandle kakhulu entshonalanga Jochi Ulus. I nawo wonke umbuso futhi inhloko-dolobha yawo ayebuthaka wahlala ngaphandle purview wezikhulu Slavic. ubuhlobo babo Jochi Ulus ezinkathini ethile okwakumelwe imvelo ezahlukene - ukusuka lokubambisana nokuyilona ziyethusa ebugqilini. Kodwa ezimweni eziningi kwaba izinduna zenkosi futhi ngaphansi kwesizwe ubuhlobo ejwayelekile. izikhulu Russian wafika enhloko-dolobha ye-Jochi Ulus, idolobha kaSarayi, bayiletha bazohlonipha Khan, enikwa kuye "label" - ilungelo ukuphatha ezweni lakubo. Eyokuqala wakwenza lokhu ngo 1243 Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. Ngakho-ke, ezokuqala ezinethonya kunazo kwakuwukuthi kwaba ilebula phezu uVladimir-Suzdal ubukhulu. Kule, ngesikhathi Mongol-Tatar ijoka kanye maphakathi wonke amazwe Russian kushintshile. Zaba edolobheni laseVladimir.

"Esibi" Tatar-Mongol ijoka

ebhukwinitifundvo nomlando we-lesithupha uveza eyisihlava abantu Russian ahlupheka ngaphansi amabutho umsebenzi. Nokho, akuyona yonke into Kwakudabukisa ngakho. Izikhulu Amabutho amaMongol acekela lokuqala asetshenziswa ekulweni nezitha zabo (noma pretenders yesihlalo sobukhosi). Ngokuba abanjalo ukwesekwa wezempi kwakudingeka akhokhe. Khona-ke, ngesikhathi izikhulu ngaphansi kwesizwe beniyingxenye imali yabo kusukela izintela ukunikeza Khan le Jochi Ulus - inkosi yakhe. Lalibizwa ngokuthi "ibutho phandle." Uma ikhadi imisiwe, ukufika bakauly ukuthi ekhokhwa izintela ngokwabo. Kodwa ngezinye izikhulu efanayo Slav ezazengamele abantu, nokuphila kwakhe waqhubeka njengakuqala.

Izizwe of the Empire,-Mongolian

Uma sikucela uyini zolotaya Orda kusukela umbono kweluhlelo lwahulumende ngalokuyimphumelelo, khona-ke alikho impendulo eyodwa. Ekuqaleni kwaba Union paramilitary futhi ephuma zezizwe-Mongolian. ngokushesha kakhulu - ngaphakathi izizukulwane elilodwa noma amabili - amabutho umthelela force kufakwe phakathi abanqobi yayinqoba labantu. Ekuqaleni le XIV ekhulwini zidlamlilo Russian ngokuthi "AmaTatar". Ukwakheka ethnographic of the Empire, kwaba ezihlukahlukene kakhulu. Ayemaningi domiciled Alans, Uzbeks, Kipchaks nezinye Kubantu abayimizulane noma umzimba. Khans wakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa ukuhweba, yezandla nokwakhiwa emadolobheni. kwakungekho ukubandlulula ngezizathu ubuzwe noma inkolo. Enhloko-dolobha, Ulus - Barn - e 1261 ngisho kwakheka ukugcotshwa Orthodox, kwaba ayehlakazekele emikhulu Russian khona.