Uyini lwezincwadi jikelele, futhi lwezincwadi ngokukhethekile, umlando salo eRussia

LweziNcwadi ngomqondo ongokoqobo - ke bibliology. LweziNcwadi ngokuvamile - kuyisiyalo esiyisa wesayensi ophathelene nokuguquka incazelo, systematization accounting izincwadi, futhi izincwadi sebesebenzisa izincwadi zokuzisiza, izihloko, ama-dissertation, njll ...

Uyini lwezincwadi ngomqondo ewumngcingo

Lolu hlu ehilelekile ngandlela-thile izincwadi umbhalo. lapho ulwazi sathathwa - ngokwesibonelo, imithombo wabonisa uma ubhala indzaba. LweziNcwadi esetshenziswa uma ubhala zomgunyathi nezindaba eziphathelene nezinye imisebenzi yesayensi. Umbhali umsebenzi kudingeka ukuba akhombise ukuthi wancika imithombo eyinhloko.

Yiziphi izinhlobo zolwazi

Kukhona zolwazi abalobi. Bahlanganisa uhlu ehlukile yonke imibhalo ebhaliwe umbhali, futhi kuhlanganisa yonke imisebenzi oluchaza nezinye ebhaliwe ngalokhu umbhali nangemisebenzi yakhe nezinye abalobi. uhlu olubanzi, ngokwesibonelo, C. A. LweziNcwadi Pushkina noma Tolstogo L. N.

Kukhona lwezincwadi besigaba sesibili. Lokho kuyinto lwezincwadi kuzo zonke imibhalo lwempilo. It igcina amarekhodi ngokulandelana ukuze zonke izincwadi zolwazi, zihlukaniswe izihloko.

Kubhekwe ehlukile isayensi lwezincwadi. It elikhuthaza kwemikhakha ethile umsebenzi noma wesayensi theory.

lwezincwadi zokuhlola (Scientific Division) ihlanganisa zonke ephrintiwe etemibhalo umsebenzi journalism futhi isikhathi esithile. Kungenzeka ngonyaka, futhi isonto elilodwa.

Kukhona nezinye izinhlobo eziningi lwezincwadi. Ngokwesibonelo, umlando isiRashiya, ikhumbula uphinde uhlele yonke imibhalo ngomlando, eyakhululwa ngo-Russian. Kungaba ukuthi lalotshwa lwezincwadi. Kukhona lwezincwadi izincwadi, okungukuthi isheke-uhlu ematheksthi etemibhalo eziphathelene ibhuku elilodwa ethile. uhlu okunjalo kungabonakala, isibonelo, ekupheleni ukuqeqeshwa noma ucwaningo ezincwadini.

Kuzo zonke lezi zincazelo kuyacaca ukuthi lwezincwadi enjalo. Ngomqondo obanzi - kuba njalo uhlu lwezikhombo kwabanye izihloko. Lokhu uhlobo isayensi kanye incwadi yesayensi has umlando walo. Uma uqonda ukuthi lwezincwadi, kuyacaca ukuthi indaba yakhe. Lena yindlela isayensi iye savela futhi ithuthukiswe emazweni ehlukene.

Umlando Omfushane we lwezincwadi eRussia

ERussia kusukela yaqala ukuba nesimo lwezincwadi ngekhulu le-18. Konke lokhu kwaqala izinkinga lokudayisa nokufundwa uhlu noma journalism komagazini. Ngekhulu le-18 izincwadi Russian kakhulu ayenziwa. abalobi Russian nezintatheli uhambisane zikufice isiko athuthukiswe West. Lo mbono wokuthi a lwezincwadi ezifana Yebo, futhi abeza bevela kwamanye amazwe.

Elokuqala lolu hlobo babe womagazini "amanothi lwempilo" futhi "LweziNcwadi". Banyathelisa ukubuyekeza yencwadi libala kwemibhalo yesandla yezincwadi, izinhlu amabhuku esanda kunyatheliswa, kanye izinhlu nakomagazini.

Ngo-1889 kwafika umbuthano wokuqala lwempilo eMoscow. umqalisi wayo waphuthunyiswa. Ngo-1900 kwathiwa siguqulelwa Russian Bibliographical Society, owawuse-University of eMoscow. It ihlelwe nomagazini babo. Ehleliwe Bodnarskii out "Bibliographical Izindaba" futhi "Bibliology".

Ngo-1907 futhi 1908 inkampani eshicilelwe "LweziNcwadi Collection", lapho isananyathiselwe inkomba ngokulandelana kwezinhlamvu zamagama ukukusiza ukuthola ulwazi olufanele. Incwadi ishicilelwe Izibuyekezo umgomo kumabhuku kanye nakomagazini eshicilelwe izeluleko.

LweziNcwadi Russia 19-20 eminyaka

Kulezi amabili eminyaka lwezincwadi Russian yanda futhi lanwetshwa. Ososayensi eduze kakhudlwana abahlanganyela kulo isayensi. Baqala bathembela kakhulu amaqiniso kunokuba imicabango yabantu. Futhi kuleli khulu leminyaka zolwazi eminyaka 19-20th kukhona lwezincwadi eziwusizo kakhulu futhi kolimi.

Ekhulwini lama-20 kwaba khona kwezici zonke ulwazi zanqwabelana lwezincwadi. Bibliology futhi umthombo lwezincwadi waqala ukufundisa amanyuvesi. Bibliographers wavusa zomlando ubudala futhi alulame imisebenzi eside ukhohliwe of abalobi, kanye labo becindezela ngamabomu ukhohlwe esikhathini yokubusa kaStalin. Uvusiwe futhi wabuyisela stratum elikhulu elinezincwadi Russian kanye journalism. Nokho, umlando waleli lwezincwadi Soviet ayikatholakali kuze kube wafunda ngokugcwele, namanje evulekile for imithombo emisha kanye zomlando. LweziNcwadi ukuba kwadingeka basebenze kanzima.