Uyini Biomechanics ka Meyerhold?

Kubantu yaseshashalazini abaqondisi igama Vsevoloda Emilevicha Meyerholda imele kancane ngaphandle. Mhlawumbe imbangela kunqunywa ubuntu uqondwa futhi ngokweqile elikhanyayo. Noma iziphathimandla zaseSoviet zazama kabusha amaphutha yakho bese uyazama ingasaphathwa igama lendoda abanamakhono nowadutshulwa ngo-1940. Kodwa ukuthuthukiswa yamabhayisikobho, wenza umnikelo omkhulu. Yakhiwe ngu- umdali omkhulu kohlelo ukuqeqeshwa zonke abadlali wangena ekuphileni kwansuku zonke enkundla yemidlalo yeshashalazi ngokuthi "Biomechanics ka Meyerhold."

Ukushintsha amasiko

Vsevolod Meyerhold athuthukile Biomechanics - hhayi nje omunye izinhlelo ebaluleke kakhulu ekuqeqesheni umlingisi, novele ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili futhi wathola ukuthuthukiswa yayo imisebenzi abazolandela eziningi nabafundi. Ngokwemvelo bayo, Biomechanics ka Meyerhold - Lena inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi othakazelisayo lokusungula, okungenza kufanele uhunyushwe ngendlela umongo ebanzi. I ekabili semantic isikhala ingxenye ukulungiswa umlingisi uma kukhona incarnations eziningana. Omunye wabo unesithakazelo eqondile ukusebenza mechanical zomzimba womuntu - a enengqondo futhi esivikelekile. Enye ingxenye like uzama ibenze Uhlaka zemvelo, ayinyuse ukuthuthukiswa, ukuze sifinyelele ekahle.

Le nqubo wamavukelambuso kakhulu eyaziwa ngokuthi Biomechanics ka Meyerhold, wukuthi Abadali zayo bakholwe umsebenzi wemidlalo futhi umqondisi kuphela esigabeni wokulungiselela. Zonke umthwalo ngokomzwelo play kwakufanele kwenziwe ngokuhlanganyela amaqembu amaningi asebenzayo - umlingisi kanye nezethameli.

Meyerhold (1874-1940): Biography emfushane

Kuyinto engenakwenzeka ukuqonda izimfanelo we ndlela abangalazi ukuphila kumdlali. Wazalwa emkhayeni wamaKatolika Russified. Wafundiswa YaseMoscow yaseshashalazini kanye umculo esikoleni (isigaba VI Nemirovich-Danchenko). Wayesebenza ku Moscow Art Theatre futhi kamuva wahlela iqembu Theater Kherson.

Kusukela ngo-1905 wasebenza eMoscow. Njengoba umqondisi, ngacelwa ukuba K. S. Stanislavskim (Theatre Studio ku Chef), futhi kamuva V F. Komissarzhevskoy (Schauspielhaus). Phakathi nale nkathi, Meyerhold eminingana ukusebenza ngendlela zangaphambi abangokomfanekiso - izinhlamvu akusizona izinhlamvu abangu afunda, futhi ngesakhiwo waphasiswa kunemibandela.

Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-20-yalolucwaningo kwakheka umqondo omusha lombhali, eyaba ngamandla ukuthuthukisa Meyerhold - Biomechanics. Bonisa esetshenziswa ngesikhathi ukuprakthiza, ivumela enokuxhumana umsebenzi esebenza kahle abaculi iqembu. Indlela kwakungekho ukuxhumana ngabanye kanye isimo wonke umphakathi. Wayefunda i-incarnation ekahle collectivism. imithetho Made Constructivism futhi Biomechanics ngimphikile ezinyakazayo kusuka emhlabeni kwangaphakathi isibonisi ezibukwayo. Meyerhold babekholelwa ukuthi yizici zemvelo neqhaza ekunqumeni, futhi ngabo kubalulekile ukuxhumana imizwa umbukeli futhi izwe engaphakathi izinhlamvu. Oqeqeshiwe umlingisi-enqoleni, engabanikazi bephephandaba isigqi ephelele futhi ulawule umzimba wakho - yilokho kwadingeka ukuba umqondisi for ukugcwaliseka izinhlelo zakhe. Ngokuhamba ukuqaliswa imibono yabo ku umqondisi isinyathelo wasebenza kuze kwezinsuku zakhe zokugcina.

Ngo-June 1939, i-V E. Meyerhold waboshwa NKVD ngenxa yamacala amanga. Ngaphansi sokuhlushwa, waze wavuma ukuthi umsebenzi simelene namaSoviet, kodwa esikhathini esizayo kungaba ukulahla ubufakazi bakhe. Lesi sigwebo sethulwe Februwari 1, 1940. Ababulawa ngosuku olulandelayo. Ngo-1955, Meyerhold ukuthi avuselelwa (kwakhe).

Ngemva emaphaphethi

nethonya elikhulu umsebenzi Meyerhold kwadingeka imisebenzi umbhali wemidlalo German nomlobi Heinrich von Kleist (1777-1811), kakhulukazi indaba yakhe enkundleni yemidlalo unodoli. Abalobi bakholelwa ukuthi amathuba abangabantu khona ngokuzimela, kodwa zilawulwa ngaphansi kwamandla aphezulu. Bonke abantu ekuqondeni lakhe ibingamashumi izidalwa upopayi kuphela, ongaphansi kukaNkulunkulu. Phula lokhu uxhumano kungaholela ukukhululwa lomuntu bese ulithumela isimo ephelele ngokuvumelana lasekuqaleni. Nakuba umlobi wavuma ukuthi ngalesi sehlo ungase ukukhiqiza chaos zicatshangwe. Biomechanics ka Meyerhold uncika kakhulu Imibono evezwe Kleist.

Umqondisi oye wakwazi ukudala uhlelo ukuqeqeshwa, lapho umlingisi kungawufinyelela ukuphelela, umzimba wakhe. Yiba kokubili ngomdali indaba for ukuqaliswa, ukulawula zingalawulwa ngepulasitiki yayo - okungukuthi umsebenzi obuqalene a Theatrical Biomechanics ka Meyerhold.

Akukona nje kuphela Theatre

Le nqubo esiyingqayizivele ukuqeqeshwa abadlali sekulibalekile iminyaka eminingi futhi engakaze wafunda ngochwepheshe. Lokhu kungabonakala njengoba kwezombusazwe ukushushiswa eyashukumisela ezalandela umqondisi ubuhlakani ekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe: ekuqothulweni uStalin, ngenxa okwathi kamuva laba ababezobulawa Meyerhold Theatre, ambopha futhi sokudubula ngo-February 1940. Empeleni, kuze kube namuhla, Biomechanics ka Meyerhold abakwazanga ukufinyelela. Indlela omunyu emlandweni esemthethweni yemidlalo, ngesikhathi, wanyamalala inkulumo okhokhelwayo.

Naphezu declassification we zomlando, bonke ubuqili amasu yasekuqaleni alahleka 90s. Eminye imininingwane ziye zalondolozwa kuphela emibhalweni abafundi nabalandeli ukuthi uma umqondisi ukuphila esikoleni master phezu Biomechanics ka Meyerhold. Yena ngokwakhe kumarekhodi akhe akazange ushiye ukucaciswa izimiso lezisekelo kwesistimu yayo, futhi asetshenziselwa kulezizinsuku amasu zisekelwe kuphela kumemori wokuzibonela.

izici zenhlalo

Ithonya Biomechanics ukwakheka kwezobuciko nokukhula ngamathemba umlingisi sika nawo njengomnyango mkhulu kakhulu. Kodwa akugcini iyikho. Kungenzeka ukuthi uhlelo sinenai kwezobuciko hhayi kuphela. Nakuba Meyerhold ungavumeli aphume emehlweni isizathu yemidlalo, kodwa ngikholwa ukuthi okungase Biomechanics olukhudlwana. Ukuze siyiqonde kahle le ndaba umbono, kubalulekile ukucabangela lokho Biomechanics ka Meyerhold, esimeni zomlando.

Uhlelo sidalwe ngenxa ucwaningo ziqondiswe izinhlobo waseshashalazini bendabuko: amahlaya dell'arte kanye yaseshashalazini Japanese Kabuki. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo inqubo yadalwa ngesikhathi lapho Meyerhold esisekeliwe imibono yamaKhomanisi. Wayefuna indlela yaseshashalazini art ukuwudlulisela hhayi kuphela bezibona izwe umculi. Engaphelele yomzabalazo wezigaba, izindaba zomphakathi, ukudalwa uhlobo wesintu omusha - lezi zinkinga zidingidwa Meyerhold. Biomechanics futhi kafushane kanzulu libonise imibono izinguquko of isikhathi sakhe - ukuphathwa ngokuhlanganyela, umsebenzi ngokuhlanganyela nabanye. Kodwa lona wesifazane wayengenayo ayeka ukuba khona genius ngomqondo kwezobuciko, i ukuqeqeshwa ngokomzimba omuhle kakhulu futhi indlela ezigcawugcawu.

Biomechanics futhi sotsiomehanika

Ukuze ukuqonde ngokwengeziwe okushiwo inqubo kuyadingeka ukubuyela isikhathi lapho kumiswa Biomechanics ka Meyerhold. Omunye abaphikisi bakhe kwaba ideologue eliqhakazile inguquko kanye entsha Theatre A. V Lunacharsky - idrama umhlaziyi futhi owokuqala Yabantu Commissar leTemfundvo YaseRussia Soviet. He is ngokuvamile abagxeka ucwaningo umqondisi, kodwa wayekholelwa ke, akungabazeki, umuntu abanamakhono futhi wobuciko woqobo. Lunacharsky kwethulwa nombono wokuthi "sotsiomehaniki" - uhlelo yakhelwe ukufunda ukwakheka kwabantu yayo yemvelo kwezenhlalo futhi ngaleyo ndlela ukudala izithombe wangempela esigabeni wesimanje.

Naphezu Ngokuphambene sobala phakathi izikole ezimbili, Meyerhold kakhulu wavumelana umlingani wakhe. Madanisa imibono yabo ku Kumsebenzi injongo yobuciko. Bobabili bavuma ukuthi into engcono kakhulu umuntu libhekene okuqokonyiswa futhi isikhundla emphakathini, kunokuba ngamunye njengoba kadokotela wezengqondo. Biomechanics, Meyerhold athuthukile, isibe obonakalisa inguquko phakathi esiteji. Uqinisile Ngangicabanga umgomo wayo umdali kohlelo.

Ngokombono ongokwesayensi umbono

Ngesisekelo yalokho ayekubona ithumela Biomechanics yangaphakathi Meyerhold? Theatre uhlelo ngokwengxenye lusekelwe olwazini, zisekude sphere yobuciko. Yabeka isisekelo izifundo unjiniyela waseMelika Frederick Taylor (1856-1915). inkolelo yakhe yokuziphendukela inhlangano esebenza kahle zomsebenzi yasetshenziselwa esiteji. Ukunemba abadlali ukunyakaza kanye Ergonomics siyithola okuthena amandla umzimba nezigaba ku-loop umdlalo: izinhloso, izenzo, ukusabela. Lesi siqhathaniso ebonakalayo ngqo Taylor "Umsebenzi umjikelezo".

Inani lolwazi eziphambili besikhathi sakhe wasebenzisa Biomechanics ka Meyerhold. uhlelo umzimba ukuqeqesha abadlali esekelwe Psychology Ivana Pavlová ucwaningo (1849-1936), kusetshenziswa umsebenzi V M. Behtereva (1857-1927) emkhakheni reflexology. Isimo ngokwengqondo hero of the play njengoba iqoqo ikhaliphe usukela ekukhiqizeni play "The Forest" A. N. Ostrovskogo: imizwa hero sika esikhundleni kuzuba. kuyanda ngasinye esisha ngaphezu lover odlule. Kudlalwé play wathatha indawo le Meyerhold Theatre ngo-1924.

Biomechanics studio

Imizamo umqondisi Meyerhold ukuthola izakhiwo ezifanele ngokuqeqeshwa wesistimu zabo zazibonakala ngisho caricatures kahle leyo minyaka. On omunye wabo ka ezine Meyerhold ohlwitha zonke izakhiwo, ezingasetshenziswa afinyelela. Kwakumelwe futhi Alexandrinsky Theatre, futhi Suvorinsky futhi Atelier lapho ayefuna ukwakha eshabhu lakhe siqu. Ngenxa yalokho, igumbi itholakele futhi wangena umlando ezinkundleni zemidlalo yaseshashalazini njengoba Borodino Studio.

Ikharikhulamu kuhlanganisiwe amakilasi e isibhakela, uthango, yokuzijwayeza, umdanso we-classic kanye yesimanje, ukucula, silulumagama, juggling. Ngaphezu kwalokhu wafundisa yaseshashalazini umlando, ezomnotho, nezinto eziphilayo. Banikezwe ukuhlukahluka izifundo singasho ngokuphepha ukuthi Biomechanics ka Meyerhold - umlingisi kuyinto ephelele ukuqeqeshwa uhlelo.

uhlobo olusha umlingisi

nabalingisi bafakwa phambili izidingo elawula. Kwakumelwe hlanganani enkundleni umdlalo amadlingozi futhi opera Chinese, nobuciko bokusina kanye tightrope-ukuhamba, yokuzijwayeza kanye clownery. Lawa izinjongo ezibekwe Meyerhold. Biomechanics kafushane futhi ngesikhathi esifushane kusivumela ukufeza umphumela oyifunayo. Ngenxa wakhe, ngamunye abadlali angase siqhubeke sithuthukisa futhi Ilungile impahla izindlela zakhe yokukhuluma. Meyerhold wayekholelwa ukuthi yaseshashalazini akakubekezeleli baxhashazwe, njalo ngokushesha, futhi ibona kuphela okwamanje. Futhi nomdlali waseshashalazini akufanele zifa ukuya nge izikhathi, futhi ubophekile ukuba sifune futhi isilingo.

experiment

studio Aqine akufanele kube ngesisekelo ethiyetha entsha futhi akasidlanga izinkinga esikoleni umlingisi sika. Inhloso yayo kwakuhlukile - ube uhlobo laboratory ezigcawugcawu. Biomechanics Vsevoloda Meyerholda yafuna ukutadisha esebenza epulasitikini futhi isigaba ukunyakaza, Improvisation nokunamathela kakhulu inhloso umqondisi sika.

ucwaningo Creative esimisweni esisha akugcini kuphela ukusebenza nabalingisi. Ukudweba oluvela isekisi sobuhle bayo yaseshashalazini Fairground, amahlaya dell'arte, umqondisi kabusha isikhala elingaphakathi. Wadela izigcawu nokuhlukaniswa esiteji nehholo. Ukuze abadlali wadala izakhiwo metal ngakuthathu, okuyinto wabiza "umdlalo umshini". Njengoba umfanekiso - ukusetha play "I Cuckold Magnanimous" esekelwe F. Fernand Crommelynck (1886-1970). Egqoke blue ovaloli abadlali ukudlalwa ku esigabeni ngaphandle kwenkundla lizungezwe apharathasi Gymnastic. Ngamanye ukusebenza thina multi-ukusetshenziswa yesikhulumi, ikhanda lokuskena, isitebhisi kanye yezinsiza, ngokuxhumana ne-izilaleli.

Samuntu esisebenzayo

Omunye izivivinyo aphakanyisiwe iqondiswe hit abafundi babo. "Jump phezu kwesifuba" - umsebenzi eyaziwa efanekisa amathuba anikezwa Biomechanics ka V E. Meyerholda. komzimba elula kubonakala e kakhulu isihloko. Omunye abadlali emi esiteji, ngokubeka ngonyawo olulodwa phambi nezinye ukuma static. Umfundi yesibili licanca futhi agxume ilungelo kuso. Ngesikhathi esifanayo usibeka imilenze yakhe ibheke emadolweni phambili futhi ohlwitha entanyeni sabalingani. Lo mlingisi wokuqala ephethe ukubamba eyodwa noma ezimbili izandla imilenze ngezansi kwamadolo gxuma.

Ukuhlolwa kwaleli ucwaningo lubonisa kumele esihlelwe kanjani emkhathini kokubili abadlali. ukunyakaza yabo balethwa automatism. gxuma amandla okuhambisa futhi indlela ndiza ngokuphelele subordinated logic collective ukufeza umgomo wokuba ngumqondisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngamunye abadlali ukwenza imisebenzi yabo ngabanye enqophe ovamile, yi ngokuhlanganyela. Lokho kwaba umthwalo eyisisekelo yokufundisa, okuyinto wathwala Biomechanics ka Vsevoloda Meyerholda.

Esikhathini sethu,

Naphezu leyo minyaka emine, uhlelo Meyerhold sika ukuqeqeshwa abadlali akalilahlile sikhalo salo. Kusengenzeka ekhulunywe kanye cwaningo emibuthanweni ezigcawugcawu. Singasho ukuthi lapho kwakubonakala sengathi le Biomechanics ka V E. Meyerholda kude ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Abafundi abaningi kwabangu-baye ugxile Vsevoloda Emilevicha uhlelo studio zalo, baba abadlali abaziwayo kanye nabaqondisi. Imizamo yabo imiklamo master esidumile awadlulisela subsequent zukulwane, futhi wenza awuzange uphazanyiswe ngesikhathi le shot ebulalayo, kwakuzwakala muffled zewayini we Lubyanka ebusika 1940.