Vermeer Yan: imidwebo. umdwebi Dutch-Jan Vermeer

Painter-Jan Vermeer ingenye abaculi odumile okubizwa ngokuthi i-Golden Age yobuciko Dutch. Kuthathwa yinkakha uhlobo ezime ngobude futhi uhlobo Umdwebo esidlule. Igama lakhe belingana ne Frans Hals futhi Rembrandt. Kusukela endaweni ngokuzalwa nokufa kwakhe kuyinto idolobha eliseduze eHague, in the isiko Russian yobuciko ibizwa ngokuthi Yan Vermeer Delft. Kulesi sihloko sizohlola ukuphila nomsebenzi we umdwebi.

Esakhula

I babelwazi usuku oluqondile lokuzalwa kwakhe, asazi. Kodwa yena ubhapathizwe ngo-usuku lokugcina Okthoba 1632 kwelinye amasonto wendawo ye Delft. Ngokuphambene nazo zonke imibono imikhaya enkulu sikhathi, ubaba ka-Jan Vermeer sika kwadingeka, kodwa indodana, nendodakazi. Wayengumngane ngesikhathi kokuzalwa umzalwane iminyaka eyishumi nambili. Mayelana umama wizadi Digna Baltes, siyazi cishe lutho. Janson Reyneer wathutha e-Antwerp liye e-Amsterdam ngo-1611 futhi wahlanganyela beluka kasilika. Eshade naye, bafudukela Delft futhi wathenga yezihambi. Asazi ukuthi ziyini izizathu, kodwa ngasizathu simbe ke yashintsha igama lakhe negama. Umnikazi ehhotela "Mechelen" Manje wabizwa ngokuthi uReiner van Vos. Akazange kukora ukwelukwa ngahlanganyela Guild of St Luke - esitolo, okuyinto united bonke abasebenzi yobuciko. Kulesi "inyunyana" ngonyaka wamashumi amabili nanye ukuphila futhi wajoyina Vermeer Yan, ogama imidwebo eminyakeni embalwa awamkhathazanga emhlabeni.

kumiswa

Enye into icacile: indodana akayanga ezinyathelweni zikayise futhi wafundelwa beluka kasilika. Ubani wamthatha drawing izifundo? Ngoba ukuze abe ilungu Guild sikaLuka oNgcwele, kwakudingekile ukuze uthole isihloko master. Futhi lokhu, esikhundleni salokho, kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe iminyaka okungenani eziyisithupha yokutadisha futhi uhlale isimo ngokukwenza ngokoqobo. Ukuqopha ukuthi Yan Vermeer Delft waba ilungu lenhlangano yabakhandi, kuba ekupheleni kukaDisemba 1653. Ngakho nganquma ku profession futhi wafundisa intombazane Ngomnyaka weshumi nanhlanu ka ukuphila. Wayengubani uthisha wakhe? baxgeki abaningi bayavuma ukuthi kungaba Leonart Bramer, noma Gerard Ter Borch. Kukhona inguqulo oye ayitholakalanga ubufakazi obubhalwe ukuthi izinyathelo zokuqala kule buciko uJan Vermeer wasiza Carel Fabritius, umfundi yangaphambili Rembrandt. ithonya Sinemibandela ku umculi abasebasha Pieter de Hooch. Vermeer lulandelwe isitayela sakhe ukuhluza Umdwebo imidwebo yakhe. Kodwa Hooch ayikwazanga ngumfundisi wayeyisazi zinsizwa, ngokuba wayehlala Delft kuphela 1652.

ukuphila Siqu

Ngisesekhaya nembangi isikhundla master khulula e Guild sikaLuka oNgcwele, uJan Vermeer washada. ekukhetheni kwaKhe kwaba Catharina Bolnes, indodakazi ochumayo, ukufuya efektri kokudubula izitini eduze Delft. Endleleni eya emshadweni abathandi elinde ukuthi siyini isithiyo, kodwa alusilo impahla. Iqiniso lokuthi uJan Vermeer wayevela emndenini lamaProthestani, futhi umakoti wakhe - iSonto. Umama wentombazane, Maria Bolnes, ekuqaleni ezinekhono zenqaba ingcaca ukuqala umfakisicelo phezu isandla endodakazini yakhe. Kwathatha intercession Bramer, naye owayengumKatolika, ukuze inhliziyo umama esizayo emthethweni sashintsha. Umshado senzeka ngo-Ephreli 20, 1653. Ngokusho isivumelwano, lo mbhangqwana wathuthela endlini umakoti. Kodwa umculi uye waqhubeka ukusekela kanina, owayesebenzisa ran ehhotela. Ngo-Jan Vermeer futhi Catharina Bolnes wazalwa izingane nanhlanu, kodwa nanye kuphela abasinda esewusana. Abaculi wesikhathi luvamise emidwebweni ayo noma abathandi. Angazi uhlale ngaphandle lo mkhuba futhi Vermeer Yan. ngezinye izikhathi yobuciko kuvezwa Catarina. Ngokwesibonelo, singakwazi ukubona wakhe ukhulelwe on ngendwangu "Owesifazane ezinesisindo."

Umsebenzi ukukhula

umndeni umculi wayengabuzi abampofu. Ekuqaleni ukondla umkhaya omkhulu kuye kwasiza ehhotela "Mechelen", etholakala emakethe square eyinhloko Delft. abaculi Dutch ngokuvamile hhayi ubumpofu. Okupendiweyo izinto yobuciko isicelo babe kakhulu funa umphakathi Dutch. kancane ithalente amakhosi okwamanje ngokuqongelela ingcebo enkulu, uthathelwe imidwebo eziningana ngenyanga. Kodwa-Jan Vermeer akakuthandanga zokungajahi. Wabhala imidwebo emibili phakathi nonyaka. Ukungabi namandla anjalo kakhulu ukumcasula unina emthethweni, kodwa hhayi abashisekeli. Babekulungele ukubhekana ukukhokhela imidwebo yakhe imali eningi. I abayithandayo eyinhloko master babe Hendrick van Buyten noJakobe Dissius, nombhaki kanye umshicileli Delft. Iqiniso lokuthi Umdwebo Yana Vermeera ababephila ngesikhathi baziswa, kufakazelwa yiqiniso ukuthi umdwebi wakhethwa yesikole Guild sikaLuka oNgcwele kabili (e 1662-1663 futhi 1670-1671, ngokulandelana).

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Master ukuhluza umdwebo bese aziswa njengezinto i Umhlaziyi wobuciko. Okunye esizokwenza okuxhumene lo nguye kuphela empilweni Vermeer uhambo edolobheni. He ibashiye Delft uma Frederick William mina, Elector Brandenburzhskomu, akazange anikele ukuthenga iqoqo saseRoma ngokuzalwa futhi imidwebo Venetian. Lokho waxosha umculi njengoba uchwepheshe Hague ukuhlola ubuqiniso imidwebo. Ilondolozwe Kahle ngesenzo notarial, othi master Yordans Yakob futhi Vermeer Yan imidwebo ezitholakala lingagunyaziwe nelizinga lekubaluleka okweshumi intengo kubutwa. Nge umculi umusa onjalo sezizakuphela izinsuku zakhe ubumpofu. Yaqala empini Dutch-French, eyathatha iminyaka eyisikhombisa 1672. Art ukuhweba eba yiqhwa. Vermeer waphoqeleka ukuboleka imali ukondla umkhaya omkhulu. Ngo-1675, umdwebi ukugula futhi washona. ifa lakhe simukile abakweletwayo ngalesi simo.

Vermeer Yan: enkathini yokuqala lokusungula

Sekuyisikhathi eside Master Young waba ngaphansi kwethonya Italian Baroque. imidwebo bakhe bokuqala amanothi izithombe omkhulukazi futhi sublime. Umdwebi libhekisela izifundo zenkolo ( "Kristu e kaMariya nodadewabo uMarta"). Ithonya lakhe futhi master Dutch ukuhluza Umdwebo Pieter de Hooch. isitayela sakhe itholé ukuqhubeka nokuthuthuka zabalingiswa Vermeer. Umdwebo ebaluleke kakhulu kulesi sikhathi kungenziwa ngokuthi Umdwebo krupnofigurnoe "I pimp." Kukholakala ukuthi lesi sibalo ngakwesokudla - self-portrait umdwebi. Ukwakheka imidwebo "I pimp 'elikhanyayo, egcwele intshiseko bobusha futhi Ukwanelisa inkanuko. umbala Ithoni kuhlanganiswe ngesibindi namabala sonorous umbala okumsulwa. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1650s umculi izinguquko isithombe ngendlela. Wabhala umdwebo encane eyodwa noma ngaphezulu izinhlamvu futhi ligxile kungasiko indaba njengoba umoya jikelele, isimo endaweni yesehlakalo. Nokho, yakulalelisisa imininingwane, ubhekisisa ukukhanyisa ukuthi siguqule emaqaqasini edolobheni elincane egumbini. Esivamile lesi sikhathi imidwebo kukhona "The Girl ngohlamvu", "I Milkmaid", "uleyisi".

UJan Vermeer "Ntombazane nge Pearl Icici"

Lona Umdwebo edume kakhulu umculi. It kungokwalabo Hague Museum, kodwa cishe never ukubamba esizeni - ngakho kaningi Tours emhlabeni. Intombazane kusenzo Umdwebo evame ukubizwa ngokuthi "North Mona Lisa." Master salo mdwebo ngale safinyelela iqophelo ubuhlakani bakhe. Ntombazane encane - njengenombolo samuntu ubufazi olubucayi. Zonke Indwangu kwakwande lyricism elingapheli. Amakhanda ithuba ngamehlo olungavikelekile, Pearly nombala oluhlaza isikhafu phezu nengemuva elimnyama, kungathi elikhazimulayo. Ubani uvezwa Umdwebo Yan Vermeer? Girl nge Pearl Icici ... Kungaba Mary - indodakazi endala umdwebi. Kodwa, njengoba abaphikisayo phikisana lo mbono, izibulo emkhayeni uvele 1653. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi Umdwebo (1665) Kwase kuyisikhathi eside uMariya nambili kuphela. Kunoma intombazanyana isithombe, kusenzima ngokucacile ngenhla indodakazi umdwebi sika.

imidwebo yamuva

Ekupheleni 60-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu nesikhombisa, umculi washintsha isitayela sakhe kancane. Manje uyaqhubeka avele tingcikitsi letimbili ozithandayo. Lokhu namanenekazi futhi abagada kukhona ingxoxo lomkhumbi olamandla ongedluli, unambithe iwayini noma udlale umculo ikamelo ngokucebile elinempahla yasendlini. Njengoba isibonelo, "Love Letter" futhi "Le ntombi nge isiginci." A yesibili indaba ephathwayo - abantu nomdlandla mayelana nomsebenzi wabo. Ingqondo eziyibonayo yomuntu nokuboniswe zabalingiswa "sezinkanyezi", "Geography", "Ngo-studio umdwebi sika." Labour and Employment of abesifazane - kungenye inkinga, okubhekiselwa kulo ekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe iDemo Vermeer Jan Ukudweba "I Lacemaker", "The Lady ku spinet", "Owesifazane Blue lokufunda a Incwadi" futhi "Le ntombazane ulinganisa umgexo" - swatches elikhanyayo kwenkathi umculi.