Unicorn: isibhamu Shuvalov Russian wezikhali

Esebenzisa izihlilingi ukubhubhisa isitha buqamama ke kwakwenziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. A impumelelo enkulu ngcono wezikhali izikhali okwenzeka ngemva ukubukeka neziqhumane. Izihlilingi into yesikhathi esidlule, bona kwathathelwa indawo onobuhle ezahlukene izibhamu, howitzers futhi izigqulo. Ukushintsha impi amacebo kuholele ngcono wezikhali izikhali. Omunye zezinhlobo ephelele kakhulu kwekhulu le-18 yiyona Unicorn inganono Shuvalov.

Kuhlelwa kabusha smoothbore wezikhali

Esikhathini kusuka XVIII ukuba XIX kabusha ngekhulu le-kwemathiriyali sasiqhutshelwa epini behlome ngemibese Tsarist Russia:-ke lula futhi enobunye. Izinguquko abathintekayo ubude wezikhali kanye ukushuba izindonga zawo. Okuphawulekayo kwanciphisa inani calibers futhi friezes - imihlobiso ku esihlahleni. Ngenxa ubunye sebekwazi ukusebenzisa izingxenye okufanayo amathuluzi ezahlukene. Unicorn (isibhamu) - A isikhali entsha sivunyiwe aholwa feldtseyhmeystera Jikelele (uMphathi wezikhali) Bala Petra Ivanovicha Shuvalova. Howitzer kusukela leli phuzu lususiwe kusukela inkonzo yempi wasebukhosini. kabusha Kuchithwe likhombe umuntu wezikhali waseRussia empini 1812.

umklamo imisebenzi

Ithimba zikhulu Abaklami eholwa Ukubala Shuvalov wathatha iminyaka embalwa ukuze isebenze ukudalwa amathuluzi amasha futhi ngcono uze uthole aneliseke imodeli zabo - isibhamu esisha - Shuvalov Unicorn. "Do it ngokwakho" - ukunikela izingcweti yesimanje ezikhethekile amasayithi, ukuhlinzeka zonke imidwebo ezidingekayo kanye nomklamo. Dala ithuluzi ekhona imidwebo ngomumo - umsebenzi lula kakhulu kunaleso obukade kwakudingeka abhekane nesimiso abanikazi isibhamu. Njengoba isayensi ngaleso sikhathi kwakusala kude izibalo ze-theory, ukusebenza imodeli isibhamu esisha kwenziwe ngokwenza amaphutha.

Ngenxa yalokho zokuhlolwa eziningi, ngaphandle unicorns, kunezinye onobuhle ezahlukene izibhamu, eziningi zazo zilahliwe. Omunye masampuli kungukuthi kuthathwe yibutho Russian enkonzweni, zingabantu dvuhstvolny pushki- "amawele". Lokhu ucezu wezikhali kwaba-emgqonyeni ezimbili ogibele inqola.

Ukuthwebula kusukela kule isikhali kwenziwa nge buckshot, eyayihlanganisa oqoshiwe zensimbi esetshenziwe. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi umphumela kokudubula projectile enjalo kungaba omkhulu. Ngemva ukuhlolwa, kwathi ukusebenza kwakhe inganono ezimbili engcono kakhulu ezivamile owodwa barreled.

Uyini Unicorn (isibhamu)?

wezikhali Russian kusukela 1757 kwaba ifakwe ithuluzi elisha lakhiwa izikhulu M. V Danilovym futhi M. G. Martynovym. Isikhali wadalwa esikhundleni izibhamu eside barreled futhi howitzers. Igama layo - Unicorn - Cannon wathola isilwane wasenganekwaneni ukuthi kuvezwa elingenamikhono izingalo Ukubala P. I. Shuvalova.

Lokhu sicaciselwe Russian wezikhali isibhamu ezihlanganiswe ngokwayo izici izibhamu howitzers, senzelwe kokuqhuba umlilo flat futhi lwalugobile. Unicorns kukhona kwaqhuma iDemo. Shuvalovskie umkhiqizo emgqonyeni ine isiteshi okusaqanda lapho ubukhulu ovundlile izikhathi eziningana njengengcebo enkulu kunemicebo mpo. Kulesi uhluka izingcezu classical wezikhali. Isiqu Unicorn has ukuma ngiyothenga okweqanda. Lapho kokudubula yalo inikeza ovundlile ezinyakazayo trajectory ibhokisana lokugcina itiye noma ikhofi. Ingabe izibhamu sikakhokho iningi icala behlela phansi, noma flying phezu kwamakhanda isitha.

Umphumela ukuguqula wezikhali bobukhosi

Ngemva sesimanje kwezingxenye ebuthweni lezempi Russian uvele Unicorn. I isibhamu, esemgwaqweni ngezansi isithombe, amela ethuthukisiwe wezikhali isibhamu, lapho ukuhlanganisa sezindawo engcono esandulele amadivayisi labadubuli.

Martynov noDaniyeli umkhiqizo ngaleso sikhathi ayebhekwa ephelele kakhulu, kusukela kahle nge amasampula efanayo ukudlala yabo futhi maneuverability. Ngemva kweminyaka engaba yikhulu wasebenzisa bobukhosi ibutho isibhamu Unicorn, ogama imidwebo ucele Russian abasizi bayo Austria ngo-1760.

Yini ehlukanisa imodeli entsha kusuka wezikhali zakudala?

Ukuze uthuthukise izikhali isiqondiso ngokunemba ukukhomba Abaklami kwaba ukuthuthukisa diopter elula, okuyinto ifakwe Unicorn. I isibhamu kwaba ifakwe isibhamu, okuyinto slot ne phambi kwamehlo. Labadubuli uhla Shuvalov umkhiqizo kwaba kathathu obukhulu kunobukaJohane ezinye izingcezu wezikhali. Unicorns has a isisindo ngaphansana izibhamu ezivamile, kodwa emikhulu izinga okugcinwa umthamo. Ayehlukile kwenkampani iphinde idilize. Ikhono ukukhiqiza yomlilo amasosha ikhanda ogibele trajectory isici sobuntu isikhali, njengomuntu Unicorn. I isibhamu, owandulela isikhali entsha wawukwazi lokufeza umlilo kuphela kokudla.

Yini projectiles wadubula i imodeli ethuthukisiwe?

Shuvalov inganono kungenzeka adubule amabhomu, lapho azinalutho amagobolondo eyindilinga egcwele black neziqhumane futhi esuke ifakwe amapayipi sokhuni, fuses. Lokhu unicorns zifana esifushane howitzers. Ayehlukile ukushaja isivinini kanye ububanzi. unicorns amazinga okudlulisela ayengaphansi izikhathi ezimbili ephakeme kunaleyo howitzers.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kabanzi cores futhi ibhokisana lokugcina itiye noma ikhofi ezahlukene Unicorn. Cannon (Classic) yayihloselwe kuphela ukulondoloza flatness kwenzeka lesi sigameko sokudubula. Ukuze umlilo phezu isitha, izibhamu ubudala, bona bangeniswa kwaphoqa elihamba phambili: kokuphakama yabo ingeqi degrees 15, kuyilapho isiqu Shuvalov Unicorn ephakanyiswe ngecala lokudubula 45 degrees.

Idivayisi ibhawudo

Ngaphambi unicorns wamabutho Russian kanye zaseYurophu wasebenzisa osezingeni inganono 18-25 futhi 6-8 osezingeni howitzers. Kala ubude wayezimisele isilinganiso gear kanye lezinti zalo ubukhulu. Classical isibhamu ngesikhathi awuzange ifakwe umshudo, ngakho-ke ubizwa nangokuthi beskamornoy. Isiteshi engasogwini isibhamu lidlule ku phansi, elalibe ifomu flat noma ngesimo Nenkabazwe. Howitzer umshudo kwadingeka simise cylindrical.

Unicorns anemisila umshudo, okwakukhona oyindilinga shape. Chamber kwaba ingxenye ezingemuva ubukhulu kwehliswa wezikhali amagobolondo senzelwe ukubeka kartuznyh amacala.

Ukuma kwaba Isigaxa ufushanisiwe, okwaphela phansi eyindilinga 2 nge gauge ukujula. Ngenxa ukwakhiwa okunjalo, lapho eveza kwelitshe izibhamu kuqinisekisa esiphelele ngokugxilisa kanye projectile kuqhubeke.

Inqubo yokulayisha Camore oyindilinga izibhamu entsha lula futhi ngokushesha uma kuqhathaniswa cylindrical ekamelweni howitzers. Ngenxa design ngempumelelo Unicorn waba nesisindo esiphansi, okuyinto kunomphumela omuhle ikhuluma yakhe. Ngemva 1808 e Shuvalovskie izibhamu esikhundleni eyindilinga wafika phansi flat, kokuba babanjwa. I kwamakamelo ukujula kwehle.

Yini isibhamu wezikhali esetshenzisiwe ngcono?

Unicorns esetshenziselwa yokukhiqiza ethusi nawensimbi. Field wezikhali kwaba ifakwe emithathu funt zethusi izinsimbi. Pudova isibhamu kwale nto yasetshenziswa lokuvimbezela wezikhali. Ukuze umhlaba okuhloswe Unicorns amane-ganda, wenza cast iron.

Cannon 1757 model ngonyaka

Njengoba esesabekayo Unicorn odnopudovy ayizange ingenelwe nesishiyagalombili-isibhamu. isisindo sakhe kwaba 1.048 kg. Kuyinto 64 amakhilogremu esingaphansi ngesibhamu. Kulesi ithuluzi Shuvalovskie libhekene ukuhamba okusezingeni eliphezulu. Ngokusho izici zabo Tactical futhi technical odnopudovy Unicorn aphakeme eziyisithupha-ganda inganono, okuyinto 1734 ayebhekwa elula izingcezu ensimini wezikhali. Shuvalov inzalo kwenzakala izibhamu omina abayishumi lighter possessed umphumela omkhulu obhubhisayo lapho kokudubula buckshot. Unicorn Odnopudovy singcono kakhulu futhi ezifanayo isisindo howitzer. imiphumela emibi umlilo noma kuqhume kwehlukana amabhomu kusukela inganono ngcono at izinqaba isitha kwakuyinto izikhathi ezimbili ephakeme kunaleyo amabhomu ezivamile esetshenziswa odnopudovaya howitzer.

Njengoba ubukhulu kunqunywa?

Kuze lesikali nesilinganiso XIX leminyaka kwenziwa hhayi ububanzi we isiteshi emgqonyeni. Isetshenziselwa wezikhali isikhali uhlaziyo lokhu isisindo esizitholole nucleus. Ngemuva kokuthola ukuthi unegciwane trehpudovogo Unicorn osezingeni okwakunzima 320 mm, kwathi lo mshini esinda kakhulu isikhathi lapho ukulayisha. Ithimba abaklami asebenta nalelicembu imodeli wezikhali kumisiwe.

Ngasiphi isisekelo basebenzé Shuvalovskie izibhamu?

• Ngaphambi kokuba bathathe phezu Unicorn ngokudubula kuholela umgomo.
• Uphakamisa uphinde wehlise we breech isibhamu kusetshenziswa amadivayisi sextant - ngezikulufo.
• Ukuze flip izingalo nendawo iziyisikhombisa ekhethekile zanikezwa abaklami.
• Ukulungisa okuhloswe ngaso izibhamu isitha kwenziwa amagejambazo.
• Ignition powder ezivezwa ntambo, okuyinto ifakwe ukukhanya umshayeli.
• Ukuze izibhamu unicorns Kucatshangwa nomlomo ukulayisha: core, amabhomu kanye ithini izinkomishi egcwele ngocingo oqoshiwe (ibhokisana lokugcina itiye noma ikhofi) ibekwe ibe isikhali ngokusebenzisa umgqomo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo unicorns igobolondo kusuka phezulu emgqonyeni hit Isigaxa tapered isisindo sawo ukuthi uvalwe uphawu etholakalayo kakade kukhona icala powder black, okuyinto eyenziwa vyshibalnuyu umsebenzi.
• Phakathi omlilo of neziqhumane kwamiswa isamba elanele yamandla ezikhungweni zokuphehla Uyamkhipha u- le projectile kusukela emgqonyeni. Ngemva Unicorns okusungulile ngcono kakhulu nekusebenta izingcezu wezikhali. Shuvalov imikhiqizo kusukela omlilo of neziqhumane ophethe amandla umaluju ngokuphelele bouncer projectile kunokuba kusetshenziswe ngokusebenzisa izikhala ezindongeni umgqomo, njengoba kwakunjalo ngezibhamu ezivamile.
• Ngemva ngamunye esingu wezikhali emgqonyeni bahlanza Bannik - ngamabhulashi akhethekile, ezisetshenziswa womshini imvu izikhumba.

Iyini inzuzo emfushane-isibhamu?

• Wezikhali design Unicorn esingaphansi isibhamu evamile, kodwa abe ngaphezu nodaka.
• Umkhiqizo Shuvalova igrafu yabalelwa ibanga Amamitha kuze kufinyelele ayizinkulungwane ezintathu.. Le libanga ngesikhathi kubhekwa abalulekile.
• Dlala emgqonyeni Unicorn ephakanyiswe ukunemba kwayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-ukukhiqizwa imiphongolo ngoba wezikhali ubungekona ephelele: khona ukushayisana ezincane phezu kwangaphakathi umgqomo ongashintsha trajectory of projectile unikezwa, livelile njalo. The eside umgqomo, kulapho cishe khona ukushayisana ezinjalo. Ukunciphisa isiqu encishisiwe imvamisa ngeziphambeko kanye rotations ezingalindelekile amagobolondo ngesikhathi kokudubula, futhi lokhu, esikhundleni salokho, ziye zaba nethonya elikhulu ukunemba hits.
• Ukunciphisa usayizi isiqu samsiza ngesivinini ukulayisha. Ngaphambi kokufika unicorns ezivamile eyodwa shot izibhamu, babamba inkunzi imizuzu okungenani engu-15.
• Shuvalov izibhamu iveni inqubo control kwaba lula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umgqomo iDemo kukhuphuke izinga kuphakame 45. Lesi sibalo ayikwazanga izuzwe isibhamu ezivamile.

Shuvalov Unicorn. Do it ngokwakho

Yourselfers abafuna ngumnikazi izandla ukudala onobuhle izikhali ngoba iqoqo lakho, kufanele wazi ukuthi ngaphambi kokuba uqale yokukhiqiza isakhiwo Unicorn, kuzomele ube phambi kwamehlo ami isampula umkhiqizo esizayo. imodeli Master Kulula ukwenza nge ephepheni. Phakathi nalokho kubingelelana, kubalulekile ukugcina ngesilinganiso olulodwa. Lokhu kungase kusetshenziswe ithoyizi isosha, nge okuyinto azoyibopha kusakhiwo wezikhali amagobolondo esizayo Ubukhulu akuxhomekile zomzimba womuntu. Lapho ababulawa kahle amakhadibhodi master imodeli, ungakwazi uqhubekele womshini efanayo, kodwa ngamapulangwe.

Ngo ukusebenza le nto, kutuswa ukusebenzisa lacquer, okuyinto ubambe ndawonye imininingwane amancane ukuvimbela displacement yabo. Ukuze izibhamu kwadingeka a surface flat, kufanele belashwe ngamafayela inaliti. Umkhiqizo Kunconywa ukuba impregnate ezivamile sulfate yethusi, okuyinto angathengwa at esitolo sezinto zokwakha. Sam impregnation inqubo isikhathi esiningi: ithusi sulphate kufanele buhlanjululwe esitsheni esincane lapho agcobhoze isibhamu iphendula. Njengoba isibhamu kube mnyama, kufanele asuswe isixazululo futhi lusetshenziswe esebenzisa wawungathi noma unamathisele (Goi noma asidola). Le nqubo engenziwa izikhathi eziningana. Ngemva ebusweni ukwelashwa amathuluzi kuyoba ozwakalayo umbala ngethusi.

isiphetho

Ekhulwini XVIII izitshalo steel esifundeni esise-Ural zazibhekwa eziyinkimbinkimbi omkhulu zezimboni, esikhiqiza metal okungaphezu kwanoma yikuphi okukhona ezweni elithile eNtshonalanga Yurophu. A isamba esikhulu impahla edingekayo ukuze Bala Shuvalov kwenza ukuba uqaphele ubunjiniyela yethu project. Ngenxa ekukhiqizweni kudala njengoba 1759 abasebenzi kwaphonswa onobuhle ezahlukene 477 we-Unicorn: izibhamu kwadingeka calibers eziyisithupha walinganisa phakathi 340 kg 3.5 tonnes.

Unicorns zikufakazela aphumelele empini emelene abaseTurkey, okwakunginika ukunqoba Tsarist Russia eCrimea kanye okusha Russia. Ukuba khona kwalawa izingcezu wezikhali ekhulwini le-18 ovunyelwe ibutho Russian babe eziqine eYurophu.