Umsuka nokwehluka izitshalo kutshalwa. Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo le isilimo

izitshalo kutshalwa kanjalo siqine nempilo yomuntu ezingavezwa bambalwa abantu abacabanga lapho indaba yabo yaqala kulinywe. Ukudla izithelo nemifino ukudla, indoda akaceli mayelana nendlela ibukeke izihlobo zawo zasendle, kanye ezihlukahlukene izitshalo kutshalwa inkulu kangakanani.

amaqiniso angokomlando

Cishe zonke ezaziwayo izitshalo otshaliwe namuhla inomsuka zomlando ezichaza izikhungo ukuvela kwabo kanye nenguquko kancane kancane.

Umsuka izitshalo kutshalwa basonta 50 000-60 000 eminyakeni BC. e. Ngaphambi kwalesi sikhathi, ukuqoqwa izitshalo kwaba indlela zokuziphilisa besizwe, owawungumnyaka umthwalo kwabesifazane. Abukho ubufakazi obungokomlando lapho abantu baqala ukuthatha okusanhlamvu ezinkulu futhi unempilo futhi izithelo ayowalima eziseduze kwemizi yabo akutholakali izitsha lasendulo, amabhodwe nezinto emathuneni imidwebo yabo.

Kuze kube manje, 640 kwezinhlobo ethandwa kakhulu izitshalo kutshalwa eyaziwa ukuthi babalelwa ku-400 lawo eNingizimu Asia, 50 - e-Afrika, ezingaphezu kuka-100 - kusukela amazwekazi aseNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika, kanye nabo bonke abanye - esuka eYurophu.

Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo izitshalo, isibonelo kakolweni, bathi okusanhlamvu babe zilwane kuqala ukuthi abantu usukhulile ngamabomu eduze izindlu. Ubufakazi lesi sitatimende kukhona izigqulo lasendulo futhi pestles, ezitholakala ezindaweni zokuhlala Cavemen.

Centres zezitshalo ukufuywa

Ekhulwini lama-20, ososayensi bakwazi ukunquma ngokugcwele lapho beza kithi izinhlobo yesimanje izitshalo kutshalwa. Ngisho N. I. Vavilov uhlukanise kwezitshalo geography 7 ezindaweni:

1. Ngakho, eNingizimu ye-Asia isibe sikakhokho ka 33% of zinhlobo ezifuywayo. izitshalo kutshalwa (izibonelo ingatholakala imisebenzi Vavilov), ezifana irayisi, umoba, ikhukhamba, isitshalo seqanda kanye nabanye abaningi, beza kithi evela khona.
2. EMpumalanga Asia usinike 20% of the izinhlobo kutshalwa, ezifana kabhontshisi, unyaluthi cherry, nokunye okufana nokolweni.
3. South-West Asia okwazalelwa kakolweni, i-rye, ubhontshisi, turnips, okuyinto 4% of the izitshalo.
4. uhlangothi Mediterranean ungumnikazi 11% of the eyaziwa izitshalo kutshalwa. Lokhu garlic, amagilebhisi, izaqathe, iklabishi, amagonandoda, udali nabanye.
5. Ethiopia kwaba ekhaya 4% zezinto eziphilayo, okuhlanganisa chickpeas, ibhali, ikhofi kwesihlahla.
6. EMelika Ephakathi, lolu ethulwa emhlabeni ngamabele, amathanga, ugwayi, ukhokho.
7. I-Ningizimu Melika basonta amazambane, coca, Oki, Cinchona.

izihlobo Wild yalezi izitshalo zingatholakala kuze kube manje. Kulesi amaqiniso ethakazelisayo isilimo akugcini lapho.

Ukukhethwa abantu basendulo

Lutho neze Cavemen noma ukuthuthukiswa kamuva lawo izinhlobo zabantu ezahlukaniselwa abalimi, kodwa abanye amakhono e ukukhethwa kanye ukutshalwa kwezitshalo ababenakho.

Abavubukuli baphetha ngokuthi ezolimo kanye ukuphila umzimba njengendlela sokusinda baba esebenzayo engu-10 000 edlule. It is le nkathi kubhekwa ekuqaleni ukufuywa kwamakamela izitshalo. Eqinisweni, i-izitshalo (izibonelo lokho abavubukuli bethola amasayithi lasendulo emkhakheni) kufanele ilahle kusekude ukufika lapho.

Ososayensi kwelokuthi eqoqwe okusanhlamvu zasendle, izithelo itshe nezinye Yamila eduze amasayithi Kunabantu abaningi basendulo, lapho uvuka imigodi okusanhlamvu noma aphonswe kanye izinsalela. Abesifazane besizwe senziwa ukuyikhipha ukhula eduze "emasimini" ukuthi esekhona namuhla.

Kancane kancane, abantu baqala ukuthatha izimpande, okusanhlamvu kanye namathambo alowo izithelo okumnandi kakhulu futhi ezinkulu futhi batshala ngamabomu nabo eziseduze kwemizi yabo. umsuka Ngakho ezolimo, okuyinto emenza ezingeni elisha nokuthuthuka komuntu.

Ukuhlukahlukana izitshalo kutshalwa namuhla

Esikhathini sethu, ukukhethwa isibe isayensi elisebenza hhayi kuphela isivuno, kodwa futhi ukunambitheka kwabo futhi ungafi anda. Cishe zonke izinhlobo zemifino, izithelo nokusanhlamvu, odla indoda yesimanje - hybrid, ukuthi ayikhuliswanga ngokufuywa.

Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo simila kwezitshalo, okuyinto usebhekene hhayi nje ukukhetha futhi cross-yokuzalanisa nezinye izinhlobo - yikona okwenza ephilayo entsha ngokuphelele okusho engenakuqhathaniswa nemvelo.

Nzalo, ayikhuliswanga ngokufuywa endaweni yokucwaninga kuyinto imbewu yesikhathi esisodwa, kodwa sibonga nabo inani okumnandi akunika isivuno eliphezulu izitshalo liye lenyuka kaningi.

Namuhla hybridity wathinta efana okusanhlamvu, futhi izithelo nemifino eyaziwayo kithi, ezifana utamatisi, pepper, ukhukhamba, nabanye abaningi.

ukhukhamba kutshalwa

Etshalwayo isitshalo ikhukhamba ejwayele etafuleni lethu ngakho ifomu fresh and okusemathinini, singazi sizibuze "kuphi konke kwaba khona kithi."

It kuvela ukuthi indlela ikhukhamba phezu kwetafula kwakuminyene elikhulu, njengoba izwe lakubo kuyinto iChina neNdiya. Ngisho 6000 edlule, lokhu zemifino civilize, nakuba izihlobo zayo lasendulo namanje sikhule emahlathini eNdiya njengomshumayeli emvinini, evala iziqu zezihlahla, kanye ukusetshenziswa kwabo engadini ezicijile kanye Hedges.

I nemidwebo eGibhithe lasendulo, bese ngezikhwepha yaseGrisi yasendulo, lokhu zemifino yayimelelwe ezibhebheni zabantu abacebile kwaba yisikhathi eside atholakale abantu esiphakeme kuphela.

EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani ukhukhamba alethwe amaGreki, nokusabalalisa yabo yashesha ngenxa ukunambitha kanye amathuba amanzi okugqumisa esizayo ebusika. Namuhla, le yemifino zonke singatholwa yinoma ubani futhi yonke indawo. wensimu ngamunye uzibophezele sikhule isivuno esihle yamakhukhamba, ezisetshenziswa njengoba yayo zinhlobo varietal kanye nenzalo yabo.

Ukutshala izitshalo zasendlini

Abantu basazisa lesi izitshalo hhayi kuphela ukuthi kungenzeka ukusetshenziswa kwabo ukudla, kodwa futhi ngoba ayelapha, kanye nobuhle. Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo simila kwezitshalo, okuyinto isimo sasendle sasikhona lizinga ubuhle nesisa, ukukhathazeka rose.

Rose baba imbali ongokomfanekiso kwezizwe eziningi zasendulo. Ngakho, ngokusho legend Indian, Lakshmi, unkulunkulukazi ubuhle, wazalelwa rosebud. Yena enikelwe izinkondlo yezimbongi emazweni ahlukahlukene futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi, njengoba kwakunjalo ezishisayo Southeast Asia ekhaya. Kwaba ngesitshalo kutshalwa rose esikhishiwe ukuba Ancient Greece, lapho ebizwa imbali Aphrodite. ERoma lasendulo, ngisho ukubeka greenhouse for rose ukuthi ziya rose unyaka wonke.

Namuhla kunamakhulu zezitshalo ezifuywa abalimi abatshali emhlabeni wonke.

rose Modern etshalwa kule ekhanyayo, izimbiza ku windowsills, e zokugcina izithombo ebusika zokugcina. Kusukela kubo ukulungiselela ujamu esihlwabusayo futhi unempilo futhi wavuka uwoyela ubhekwa eqolo, njengoba ukukhiqiza eyodwa kilogram 500 kg esetshenziswa amacembe.

izithelo etshalwayo

Kanye okusanhlamvu nemifino, izithelo bebelokhu into ukutshalwa abantu basendulo. izakhiwo awusizo berry nezithelo izitshalo, kanye kungenzeka ukuzilondoloza ngesimo omisiwe noma zicwiliswe ngibenze unomphela izinto pantries. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke ye izithelo apula, izihlobo zasendle atholakala kwezakhi Cretaceous, kanye nezinsuku. Namuhla, izihlahla zezithelo abaningi abangabokuqala iminyaka 200-300 edlule zazibhekwa njengochwepheshe angaphandle, ezikhulayo ejwayele izingadi emakhaya.

kwezitshalo Ikusasa

Abazalanisi emhlabeni wonke basazama e labs zabo ukuthuthukisa ngezitshalo uzokwazi singagxila izimo engajwayelekile futhi abanike kwesivuno engakaze ibonwe.

Ngenxa yemizamo yabo, izitshalo kukhona ezikwazi ukumelana ushintsho esimweni sezulu, inhlabathi Ukuwohloka ungqimba Zomhlaba futhi ngaleyo ndlela ezithela ezinhle.

izitshalo eziningi kwezitshalo banikeza izitshalo ezimbili ngonyaka noma inkathi, njengoba hybrid safike lukhuni. Lokhu kunikeza ithemba lokuthi esikhathini esizayo kumathebula yethu kuyoba nezithelo nemifino eminingi, ogama lenkaba sekuyisikhathi eside saphela izwe elizimele, njengoba umhlaba wonke.