Ubukhulu 1 ikhompyutha isizukulwane. Ukuthuthukiswa computer computer isizukulwane

Computerisation - into ukuthi siyenzeka manje, cishe, kuwo wonke amazwe emhlabeni. amazinga wakhe umxhwele. Kuyathakazelisa ukulandelela izimo lapho kwenziwa emlandweni. Kungashiwo yini ukuthi computerization - umphumela ukuthuthukiswa ehlelekile zekhompyutha isofthiwe ukukhululwa ubuchwepheshe kubo? Ziyini izigaba zomlando yentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe amakhompyutha?

Lokho kwaba ngaphambi amakhompyutha?

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthola ukuthi yini uhlobo amadivayisi zinomlando andulela ikhompyutha. Ngakho, kungenzeka ukuthi kwazeke ukuthi ngekhulu le-17, usosayensi edume French Pascal yasungulwa, okukholakala ukuthi umshini wokuqala ukungeza, esasivutha ngesisekelo lokukhanda. Ngo umhloli wamazwe waseBrithani ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 Babbage yasungulwa injini lokuqala kohlaziyo. Ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka embalwa, le unjiniyela waseMelika wadala Hollerith tabulator - umshini kagesi, ngawo kwakunokwenzeka ukubala izibalo. Kamuva ngentuthuko ka lawo amalabhorethri ehola emhlabeni bebheke ukudala amadivayisi ukuthi sekuseduze ukuba amakhompyutha ngomqondo wesimanje, limatasa baqhubeka.

Amakhompyutha lokuqala

Omunye computer emhlabeni wokuqala yasungulwa ngomunye umcwaningi American W. Bush ngo-1930. Umlando computer, kuyinto kumadivayisi ephelele digital, ososayensi abaningi abalwa kusukela 1944, lapho i-American ikhompyutha Uprofesa Ayknem yakhelwe "Marku 1". Empeleni, kwaba idivayisi okuqondene isizukulwane kukhompyutha 1. Yiziphi izici zayo, ungakwazi ukusho? Okokuqala, mhlawumbe, izinhlangothi design. Ubukhulu 1 Generation amakhompyutha yaba mihle kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, "UMarku-1" waba ubude-15 metres, ukuphakama -. Mayelana 2.5 m umthamo i-computer yokuqala digital, ngezindinganiso yesimanje, kwakuhunyushwa nesizotha, kodwa indima yayo emlandweni umkhakha ubuchwepheshe bama-computer ayikwazi overestimated. Ngo-1946, amasosha US uye wakha ikhompyutha "ENIAC". Ubukhulu 1 ikhompyutha isizukulwane isibonelo kule divayisi kungase kubonakale kuhlaba umxhwele ngisho nakakhulu. Ikhompyutha "ENIAC" waba ubude-30 m kanye esingamathani angaba ngu-30.

Sinesithakazelo Yiqiniso, hhayi kuphela ubukhulu kwesinye isizukulwane amakhompyutha, kodwa futhi nezinye izici uhlobo ehlukene umshini. Cabanga ngabo kanye umlando okwalandela lwamakhompyutha ngaphezulu.

Izici isizukulwane 1 ikhompyutha

ikhompyutha Isetshenziswa 1 esekelwe isizukulwane electron amashubhu - umshini usebenza ngokushintsha ekusakazeni izinhlayiya ezihambayo kusukela cathode kuya anode. Isimiso eziyisisekelo elihambisana ukunyakaza - ekushayweni amakheli ndawonye. Kusukela ekuqaleni, ama-computer zakhiwa isimiso imiyalelo logic ku ukusatshalaliswa 0 no 1. Leli cebo luyasetshenziswa kuze kube manje. ingabe ukusebenza kanjani njengoba ingxenye main e PC ukusebenzisa isibani? elula kakhulu. Inlet lamiswa ngo-voltage isibani, isibonelo 2 V. Le okukhipha - kancane, ezifana 1 V. Le isimo kuqala sabhalwa njengoba isibani 1, owesibili - njengoba 0. Inhlanganisela yalawo izimo esekelwe sebuningini amashumi ezinkulungwane izibani ezimise ikhodi umshini.

amakhompyutha Tube, okungukuthi, labo abangabakaKristu phakathi nesizukulwane esisodwa ongenza angaba yizinkulungwane 20. Operations ngomzuzwana. Kuningi noma cha kakhulu? Ukuze uqhathanise, izibalo zabathanda PC lanamuhla - izigidigidi imisebenzi ngomzuzwana. Kodwa inkinga eyinhloko yaleyo minyaka, kuhlanganise ezingeni lempi, isizukulwane sokuqala kukhompyutha izici ngempela avunyelwe ukwenza.

Ezamakhompiyutha yalolu hlobo ukuthi azinazo lezi zimpawu enokwethenjelwa. Ngoba nje isibani ngomlilo njalo, kumele ushintshe. Mayelana usayizi amakhompyutha giant, sishilo ngenhla. Lokhu predetermines le ubunzima obukhulu kakhulu zokuhamba yabo, kanye nokwenza indawo yabo isakhiwo. isizukulwane sokuqala kukhompyutha izindleko laliphezulu kakhulu - ababekwazi ukulikhokhela ukuthenga amabhizinisi amakhulu kuphela nama-ejenti kahulumeni nge amabhajethi ezinkulu. Futhi amakhompyutha tube abangu ngezimiso eziphakeme kunciphise nezindleko - ikakhulu ngokuya kwamandla. Umsebenzi kubo yafuna ukuheha abasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe kanye inkokhelo elandelayo amaholo yabo emikhulu. Umuntu owazi okungenani kudivayisi ikhompyutha, ingasaphathwa ikhono uhlelo ikhompyutha, yayidumile futhi kuyabiza uchwepheshe.

Ngokucacile of isizukulwane sokuqala amakhompyutha futhi ukuthi lezi imishini abathintekayo ngamunye ngezilimi izinhlelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqoqo imiyalelo ikhompyutha ayelula ngokwanele. Ngenxa yalokho, uhlelo - ngomqondo evamile - uma usebenzisa uhlobo ezifanele kwikhompyutha alisetshenziswa. Lokhu kungenxa nje kuphela ukusebenza ikhompyutha yakho nesizotha, kodwa futhi ngempela sesitoreji tech amadivayisi - babeyi- amakhadi Punch kanye opholile kazibuthe, okuyinto nakanjani asifani ngsivinini evamile ushayela us.

Nokho, ngo-ngokuphumelelayo waphawula onjiniyela waqala ngenkuthalo ukuzivumelanisa - ikakhulukazi ngokusungulwa kwezinqubo ezihlukahlukene ezishintshayo algorithm ukusebenza ngekhodi bomdabu. Naphezu Kungasebenti kahle kwaletinye isizukulwane sokuqala amakhompyutha, nekusebenta operation yabo namanje kancane kancane.

Ikhompyutha Generation 2

ikhompyutha umkhakha Umhlaba ngemva kokusungulwa kwemishini emisha okukhulunywa uye waqhubeka ukuthuthukisa ngokushesha. Ukusungulwa kwe "UMarku-1", "ENIAC" nezinye izimoto - kwaba isiqalo nje. 2 computer isizukulwane uvele 60s ekuseni. sici yabo eyinhloko - abayikho esikhundleni izibani transistors yasetshenziswa. Ngenxa yalokho, umshini kwenyuswe umkhiqizo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, siyakhumbula ukuthi ubukhulu amakhompyutha kwesinye isizukulwane babe umxhwele. Imishini ngoba transistors yena, kakhulu kwehle. Kanjani inzuzo sobala wazibonakalisa ukubandakanyeka kule nokwakheka efanele zobuchwepheshe izixazululo amakhompyutha? Engingakusho nje ukuthi Transistor 1 wakwazi esikhundleni azungeze 40 izibani. Okuthuthukisiwe futhi abezindaba. Idivayisi kuyinto isizukulwane lwamakhompyutha wesibili ungase ezihilela ukusetshenziswa idiski kazibuthe, ukuvala isakhiwo kanye nomqondo kudivayisi, okuyinto bayazazi umsebenzisi yesimanje.

Ngokuya ukubandakanywa embonini software kwezwe computer futhi wathatha isinyathelo phambili, sibonga amakhono abafanele umshini uhlobo. Ulimi, okuqondene isigaba ephezulu ezingeni. Program baye basungula abahumushi - oshumayela ubuchule abafanele zihunyushelwa olimini lwesi-Ulimi olusetshenziswa imiyalo umshini ikhompyutha. Siphinde imikhawulo izimiso ka kusengaphambili ngezimo ezithile computer. Saqala ukuba avele isicelo umtapo, izinhlelo zokuqapha ahlukahlukene, okuyinto babé prototypes of wokusebenza wamanje.

Nokho, nakuba imizamo ukuhlanganisa isofthiwe ukubandakanyeka algorithm imishini ezahlukene, amakhompyutha ahlukahlukene babuzwe lo libhekene kwedivayisi elinganiselwe. Hlanganisa nabo, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, ku kunethiwekhi eyodwa futhi ukwakha ngesisekelo uhlelo lwayo ukwaziswa kwenkampani kwaba nzima kakhulu.

Ikhompyutha Generation 3

Indaba 3 izizukulwane amakhompyutha iqala imishini, ukwakhiwa zazo zaqala ukusetshenziswa izifunda ehlangene, ngalinye elikwazi, kwacaca ukuthi, ungase esikhundleni mayelana 1,000 transistors. Ukusebenza amakhompyutha ikhule kakhulu. Manje ungaqalisa kukhompyutha algorithm eziningana isofthiwe kanyekanye. Kuyini ASIC? Lokhu crystal ka-silicon, elithatha indawo ka-10 sq. mm. Ngokuya ukusebenza, kulinganiselwa, eqinisweni, omunye IC uyalingana ikhompyutha "ENIAC". Phakathi edume kunazo amakhompyutha 3-isizukulwane - computer olusungulwe IBM - umshini System 360.

Ezamakhompiyutha yalolu hlobo abangu elinesimo degree enkulu kakhulu ukusebenzelana kuka idivayisi, esixoxe ngayo ngasenhla, kuhlanganise nalabo abasezindaweni isici isofthiwe. Esikhathini amakhompyutha-lokuqala isizukulwane 3 wokusebenza umnyuziki ziye lwenteke, ongenza imisebenzi eziningi kanyekanye. Eziningi zalezi zinhlelo hardware aseqalile idluliselwe ungqimba software.

COMPUTER 4 izizukulwane

Eminyakeni 70 okubizwa ngokuthi emikhulu izifunda okuhlangene sezifakiwe ekukhiqizweni. Hlobo luni izici kungaba okumelwe ziphawulwe? Okokuqala, lelo elihambisana ukusebenza kwabo mayelana 1000 izifunda ezivamile ehlangene. Ngenxa yalokho, yama-computer emhlabeni wonke unekhono ukukhiqiza idivayisi, ubukhulu kanye nokusebenza efana neyalabo okuyinto thina zijwayele namuhla.

Ngu ngcono ukukhiqiza of ifektri imigqa ukwenziwa emikhulu izifunda ehlangene nezinye ukhiye izingxenye computer, amakhompyutha zaziya eshibhile. Uma amakhompyutha isizukulwane sokuqala nesesibili (in the 50s and 60s) ezazitholakala, njengoba sibonile ngenhla, ngokuyinhloko kuphela kumabhizinisi esikhulu izakhiwo zikahulumeni, i-computer 1970 ziye ngenkuthalo ukuthenga abayizakhamuzi ezejwayelekile.

computerization izici

Computerisation isibe into mass, ikakhulukazi nge obhekwe internet in the 80s sekwephuzile. amazinga bawo babeyizimpisi ngisho ashukumisayo ngaphezu intengo baba amadivayisi njalonjalo - ubungako bawo. Ngakho, PC yokuqala, ngezindlela eziningi, futhi isakhiwo zobuchwepheshe ezifana nalezo ajwayelekile kithi namuhla, uvele kwaba maphakathi nawo-70s kanye 80s ekuseni. Phakathi kwalabo amadivayisi - IBM PC, elaba-prototype ye luvame kakhulu platform Computing namuhla. Babé esincintisana esiseduzane PC ukuthi ngenkuthalo ezivezwa Apple. Umehluko oyinhloko phakathi kwawo - umqondo IBM sokuvuleleka abasondelana yesikhulumi Apple. Ngokombono walaba isofthiwe futhi hardware isakhiwo umehluko phakathi izinhlobo PC ngokuvamile encane. Isakhiwo IBM-platform iqukethe izingxenye ezilandelayo ezibalulekile ezifana wokugaya, RAM, drive kanzima, video kanye ikhadi umsindo, umbadlana. Nokho, bangase esikhundleni salo kube nezinye - esikhundleni, ikhiqize kakhudlwana.

Isizukulwane samanje amakhompyutha

inqolobane kwetheknoloji, okuyinto yasungulwa onjiniyela 70s, bekulokhu abalulekile ukuze ukuqhubeka ochwepheshe computer nabahlaziyi echazwe njengo ezenzeka ngaphakathi isizukulwane efanayo 4th. Yileyo yesimanje ephezulu PC eziqhutshwa, ngokuvamile, izimiso ezifanayo kudivayisi engu-40 edlule. Kwezinye izici, ezifana, isibonelo, ubukhulu computer, amakhompyutha zanamuhla nakanjani kubonakala kakhulu ubuchwepheshe isihambile. Ngo idivayisi nge usayizi elincane notebook kufanelekile amandla ama kakhulu uma siqhathaniswa Nalawo ayaziwa, isibonelo, i-computer yokuqala kusukela Apple 70s.

imiqondo embili

Kodwa ngemicondvo PC ukuthi sisebenzisa namuhla, eziqhutshwa izikimu saphayona computer 4 izizukulwane. Azikho nenqubo ecacile, esizokwenza ukuba bathi, ukukhuluma kuqhathaniswa, owokuqala IBM PC laptop kanye iMac yesimanje - kwikhompyutha izizukulwane ezahlukene. Ukusebenza ziyahlukahluka, kodwa umqondo ngokuvamile okufanayo.

Ngesisekelo yesikhulumi anikezwa IBM, ukusebenza iningi wanamuhla amadeski, ama-laptops, AIO. Ngu sokunquma esiningi, futhi kumadivayisi eselula - Smartphones kanye amaphilisi - ziyavumelana IBM-platform ezavela 70s. Ngakho, ngamunye kubo, njengoba kule PC, kukhona iprosesa, inkumbulo, isitoreji sedivayisi - i-analog of disk hard.

Kunzima ngisho bathi ngokuyinhloko anda induduzo ezingeni ngama-computer, uma siqhathanisa 4 izizukulwane lokuqala PC imiklamo amaphethini yesimanje. Basic zekhompyutha Izilawuli - ikhibhodi, igundane - ngokuyisisekelo, akukashintshi eminyakeni. Kwakukhona, yebo, zonke izinhlobo touch izikrini, ukusondela ekhombisa nezinye izixazululo angavamile. Kodwa hhayi kubo bonke abasebenzisi ezakhe ngokwanele omuhle.

Okuthuthukisiwe, yebo, futhi amakhambi e-software - uhlelo lokusebenza (e-4 izizukulwane lokuqala amakhompyutha babe amasampula, elawulwa kusuka kumugqa womyalo wokusebenza namuhla zihlanganisa obusebenzayo sokuqhafaza interface yomsebenzisi), izinhlobo software application. Izinhlobo yokuqala izinhlelo ezifanele 70s ayelula kakhulu isakhiwo.

Namuhla, kuba anamandla ukugcwaliseka imisebenzi yokukhiqiza. Uma sikhuluma imidlalo, umehluko futhi obonakalayo. In the 70s kwaba nje Arcade, namuhla bavumela ukwenza ukucwiliswa okuthakazelisayo mayelana isikhala ebonakalayo. Nokho, imidlalo zidalwe, esebenzayo kanye isofthiwe isicelo kwi-algorithm efanayo izixazululo okuhambisanayo neminyaka yokuqala yesizukulwane esingu-4 yentuthuko ikhompyutha, ngokuvamile kuzilimi efanayo izinhlelo.

Ukuqhathanisa izizukulwane ikhompyutha

Zama ukukubona ngeso lengqondo izici ngokuqhathanisa isizukulwane ikhompyutha. kanjani lokhu? Kuyinto indlela elula - a ngokuqhathanisa ithebula isizukulwane ikhompyutha. Kungaba amelwe isakhiwo, isici kutjengisa ukhiye ikhompyutha - umkhiqizo futhi base zobuchwepheshe, esekelwe okuyinto ukubalwa kwenziwa.

Lawa izici ngokuqhathanisa isizukulwane ikhompyutha. Sibona kanjani ngokushesha ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe bama-computer. Ezamakhompiyutha izizukulwane ezahlukene - izibonelo ezicacile zendlela ukuvela isingeniso ngempumelelo ukukhiqizwa imiqondo ezintsha kakhulu futhi zobuchwepheshe ubunjiniyela - kokubili ezingeni hardware ingxenye, kanye software.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, singaphetha ngokuthi computerization - into eliye lakhula kancane kancane, nokwanda kwentshiseko correlative roomates e PC ukusebenza, zingabantu ukusetshenziswa lula. Kodwa kukhona umbono, lapho inqubo okukhulunywa libhekene izinkathi 2, lapho agijima ngempela ijubane, futhi kwaba ngemva ukubukeka computer 4 izizukulwane, futhi ngemva tingucuko Inthanethi kunethiwekhi yomhlaba. Lezi zici ezimbili, futhi baba, ngokusho kwabanye abacwaningi, abashayeli ayisihluthulelo computerization.