Umlando umsakazo

"Umsakazo" manje amazwi ababewazi futhi ezivamile. Kuleli zwe lanamuhla wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi ukudluliswa kolwazi "ngaphandle kwezintambo" usebenzisa amagagasi omsakazo. Kodwa eminyakeni engaba 100 edlule, kepha kungekho muntu owayengase cabanga kungekho okunjalo. History of the radio, eqinisweni, ithakazelisa kakhulu. Kuze kube manje, izazi-mlando niphikisana ngubani umsunguli kweqiniso ngakho - Popov noma Marconi.

Ngazo zonke izikhathi, injini yenqubo kwakukhona uxhumano. Emuva ngo-1864 ukuba khona amagagasi kagesi wabikezela kwakuthiwa J. Maxwell. Eminyakeni engaphansi kwengu-25 wahlanganyela ukudalwa la magagasi Hertz. Phakathi uchungechunge ucwaningo lapho baqinisekisa theory Maxwell BakaJehova futhi ngaqhubeka nomsebenzi iqaliswe eyandulela wakhe. Umphumela waba ukudalwa idivaysi wawukwazi okuxhunyanwa nokwamukela amagagasi kagesi ziyafana. Lesi samukeli bekulokhu kuqhubekani wasebenza kuphela at ibanga ambalwa amamitha. Lokhu kwaba ukuqala intuthuko, kodwa kudingeka ukuba benze enye into ukuxhumana real - esiphelele Lidlulisela enamandla. Ngeshwa, Hertz wafa kusukela ezinzima ushevu egazini, kodwa umlando umsakazo akagcini lapho.

umphakathi wezwe lonke Academic ubelokhu enesithakazelo ucwaningo of Hertz. Futhi ngokushesha kakhulu kabusha wavula indlela yokuba odlala entsha ebucayi. Senza lokhu eyiNgisi futhi waseFrance O. Lodge E.Branli. Bathola ukuthi abanye tube powder metal egcwele iyaphendula kahle kuya amagagasi. Lapho Transmitter washelela inhlansi yokuqala, wathatha isignali ethile futhi uqhuba zamanje. Nokho, i-reception we olandelayo isignali coherer (tube) kwakudingekile ukuba kuntengantengise kancane, ukubuyela ke kanjalo indawo yokuqala.

Lezi ucwaningo balithanda unjiniyela Russian Alexander Popov, kuvisisa omuhle kakhulu isidingo imishini yezokuxhumana engenazo izintambo. Waqala ekufuneni kwakhe isicelo practice, "amagagasi Hertz". Kwakudingekile ukusetha umshini ukuze coherer yena "ukunyakazisa" ngemva isignali ngamunye ukukwazi ngokushesha ukuthatha kwesilandelayo.

Lapha uqala umlando umsakazo kunjiniyela Russian. Popov wathola ikhambi Kugcizelela ne alula okumsulwa. Ukuze uxhume tube insimbi kagesi. Lapho ngaleyo ndlela isiginali isando indandatho coherer flip, abuyele isikhundla yayo yasekuqaleni. Kusukela nomsindo wawo kwakunokwenzeka ukwamukela amasignali ngaphandle kwezinkinga ke ethandwa Morse code. Omunye umshini ixhunywe esibayeni ukuze sithole amasignali phezu ibhande ukuhamba. Lokhu reception umsakazo kanye ne-transmission (at ibanga ngamamitha 60) Popov ababhikishe 1895. Waqala kanjalo-ke umlando somsakazo. Wabe wadala kudivayisi okuletha inzuzo - "isiphepho inkomba" egunyazwe umbani eteyipini. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ubuhlobo Uye wayesebenzela 250 m. Leli cala yimpumelelo, kodwa umphumela wokugcina wawudinga umsebenzi kanye nesikhathi.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo G. Marconi, a-Italian nezinsizwa ezazisebenza ngenkuthalo umsebenzi ofanayo, kodwa ezinye izindlela. By the way, abamukelayo yakhe izikimu cishe izakhamuzi zaseBosnia zifana eempendulweni Popov. Ukuxhumana nayo ngocansi kuphela phezu amafushane. Kodwa umklami Italian wayeqiniseka kakhulu futhi bafuna ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze uthole uhlelo lokusebenza kohlelo. Wancenga kwemitimba yabohulumende State, kodwa bonke benqaba. Futhi kuphela ngo-1897 yena wanikwa patent e-UK. Umlando umsakazo, ukumisa i-Italy, beza e-Russia, ukuthi Popov waphendula ngempela ngokwanele, uma sicabangela ukuthi Marconi kuqala nesibindi ukuthatha egandayiwe isisekelo okusebenzayo kanye kufinyelelwa ucwaningo lwakhe, imiphumela emihle kakhulu.

Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, ukuthuthukiswa kokubili Italian futhi isiRashiya, bathole isicelo sabo esisebenzayo. Marconi ezisetjenziswako inkosi yase-Wales phezu yacht "Osborne". A aseqala Popov wasinda abadobi 50 usebenzisa idivayisi yayo ngoba imishini yezokuxhumana engenazo izintambo, uma uvunyelwe ukuba ulungise inkinga ebhekene oda radiogram ezinqala.

Futhi Popov, futhi Marconi ukukhuthalele lisebenzela ukuthuthukisa ukuxhumana okungenantambo. Kungenzeka ukuba ngcono ikhwalithi kanye ukufeza okwandisa ibanga phakathi bona abamukelayo. Indaba akugcini ukuthuthukiswa umsakazo, ngoba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwaba esisebenzayo nethembekile, shintsha futhi sithuthukise.