Ukuvela intando yeningi e-Athens. Izinguquko ka Solon futhi Cleisthenes

impumelelo abaningi ezikweletini European impucuko yesimanje ukuze eGrisi lasendulo. Phela, kwabonakala okokuqala enkundleni yemidlalo, pedagogy, ifilosofi, ezemidlalo kanye, yebo, umbuso wentando yeningi. Inombolo yomhlaba wonke yesikhungo eyinhloko okungcono emhlabeni ezikhathini zasendulo laliyinhloko-dolobha umlando Greece yesimanje. Kuyinto ithonya ke ikakhulukazi omkhulu phezu kwezintaba ukuqhubeka isintu ukuzalwa intando yeningi e-Athens.

prehistory

Kuyaziwa ukuthi eGrisi lasendulo wabusa izinqubomgomo - edolobheni-state, okuyiqembu ngobukhulu babe Sparta futhi Athens. Kube yayikhona amaqembu amabili ngokucijile ihlukaniswe zabahlali - abawinile futhi losers, njengoba yayibizwa kanjalo hhayi ayeyizigqila, futhi kwamiswa lezi zokwakheka wombuso by sihlangane ukuthula nabanye omakhelwane buthaka. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, Kwaba khona ukwahlukana kanye ekilasini imigqa, okuyinto ayikwazanga kodwa ukuvusa intukuthelo phakathi imiphakathi ekhungethwe yindlala. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukungqubuzana phakathi ebukhosini kanye namademo baba evelele. Revolution uthuthuva, okungase kuphela kuphazamise wokubuyekeza eyisisekelo ekhona kweluhlelo lwahulumende ngalokuyimphumelelo.

Wayengubani Solon

Babuyisane zonke kuwukuphikisana ephethwe omunye abameleli umndeni Kodridov yizicukuthwane, ngaphambili inkosi sika. Igama lakhe kwakungu Solon, bese wehlela emlandweni njengoba wabayisikhombisa zo yaseGrisi yasendulo. Ngaphambi kokungena ezombusazwe, wayaziwa Athene njengoba imbongi kakhulu futhi sazi, bese eyaduma njengomkhuzi webutho yimpumelelo. I BC engu-594. e., eneminyaka engaba ngu-iminyaka 34-35, Solon wakhethwa archon eponymous, t. e. induna ababusi 9-collective, bamthwesa amandla angavamile. Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, nomfundisi Solon eside isilungele ushintsho inqubomgomo yakho siqu, futhi ngokushesha waqala ukuya kabusha. Ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka embalwa ephathelene nomsebenzi wakhe waqhubeka Cleisthenes, nokuthi ukuguqulwa lezi osopolitiki ezanquma inkambo yentuthuko somphakathi wesintu ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka ezizayo.

kwekuhlela kabusha Solon sika

Kukholakala ukuthi ukuzalwa intando yeningi e-Athens baqala esikhathini eside ngaphambi Solon. Nokho, kwaba owadala imithetho lapho sekuyinto draw. Okokuqala azazisa sisahfiya, usula bonke kweletu, iziza wabeka komhlaba wabuyela umnikazi, futhi okwakwenqatshelwe ukuthatha ukubolekisa ku ukuphepha kwabantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yengcebo Athene kwathengwa futhi buyiselwa izakhamuzi kwenqubomgomo ithengiswe kwelinye izwe. Solon futhi usethe ngesilinganiso esiphezulu ngabanikazi bomhlaba, isb. E., Asikho isakhamuzi akakwazanga ukuthenga iziza ngale ndawo lomthetho futhi babe Umninindawo nkulu kakhulu.

iziphathimandla

The esiphezulu zikahulumeni e-Athens phakathi nokubusa Solon babe Areyophagu, Isishayamthetho Sikazwelonke kanye noMkhandlu Boule. Lesi sakamuva wayengumuntu umzimba omusha, futhi lalinabashumayeli abantu abane. Eqinisweni, abacwaningi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi kwaba ukubonakala kwakhe nokuphakama kwakusho ukuzalwa intando yeningi e-Athens. I Boule ngaxoxa nayo yonke imithetho kanye nemibuzo, abese okuxoxwe ngazo Sikazwelonke. Nakuba kukhona Ecclesia e-Athens nezinye zaseGrisi-ngaphambi, Solon lapho waba nomzimba isebenze ngempela, futhi wahlela kaningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Archon uye wakhipha isimemezelo owawuthi ngesikhathi wombango yilowo nalowo khulula ofinyelele yobudala kwakudingeka nendima ebalulekile emphakathini, ngaphandle kwalokho ezisengozini bokuhlukaniswa amalungelo ezakhamuzi.

Ukuvela intando yeningi e-Athens (History World): Cleisthenes kwekuhlela kabusha

Ukwakheka sokugcina isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona ase-Athene, egxile entandweni uzwakalise ngokukhululekile kwabantu, livelile ngasekupheleni 6th ekhulwini BC. e. Umbhali izinguquko ezintsha baba Cleisthenes, ngubani wakhethwa archon, ngamandla efanayo, lokho wake wanikeza Solon.

Wahlukanisa insimu ka Attica 3 District: eAthene ngokwayo, umdweshu angasogwini nasemaxhaphozini indawo flat. Ngamunye wabo, esikhundleni salokho, ihlukaniswe 10 Tritt. Ngaphezu indawo, Cleisthenes nabo babeba kabusha ukhetho. Ngaphansi kwemithetho emisha, kwakheka 10 phyla, ezazihlanganisa izakhamuzi Tritt ezintathu, eyodwa kusuka esifundeni ngasinye. Fila okhethwe hlangana nabantu 50 ukubamba iqhaza lapho uMkhandlu wase-500. Ngakho, Cleisthenes njengoba abantu besikhathi wabhala, "shuffled" abase-Athene. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi manje bona bakhethelwa ohulumeni Awukho indawo noma ukwehla-based, kodwa okusekelwe esikuthandayo.

Ecclesia at Klisfene

Zonke izinqumo ezibalulekile e-Athens ngalesi sikhathi zithathwa Ecclesia bebonke olusha, esebenzisa amandla okushaya imithetho, zokwahlulela neyokuphatha. Izimpikiswano main ixazululwe ngesikhathi jikelele efana le-People, kwakuyilawa:

• ukhetho lamaphoyisa;
• isinqumo ukushintsha imithetho ekhona kanye ukwamukelwa of amasha;
• ulethela maqondana izakhamuzi ngabanye;
• Izinqumo ezindabeni ezibalulekile kazwelonke ephathelene impi nokuthula, ukuphetha izivumelwano wombimbi, imali imali yomphakathi, kanye nabanye.

Umniningwane othakazelisayo: ngaphambi "Iseshini" ngamunye yesiBethamthetho seNarha owengamele sathumela hang amaphosta uzungeze umuzi, ekwazisa mayelana nezindaba ukuthi kwakufanele kubhekwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqinisekisa ukungakhethi loMkhandlu 500, phylum ngamunye kwenziwe imisebenzi yayo ngaphakathi 1 nje ngenyanga konyaka.

geliee

Ukuvela intando yeningi e-Athens futhi kumakwe ukuvela uhlobo olusha inqubo, okuyinto eye futhi ube ngokuhlanganyela. Cases axazulula okuthiwa geliee - amajaji, eyayihlanganisa abantu 6.000. Ngo parallel, kwakube nokusitheka Areyophagu - inkantolo yabadala, eyakhiwa aristocrats, okuyinto nge obhekwe neziphathimandla yeningi aqala ukuphelelwa usithonye futhi ukubaluleka.

ulethela

Ngemvelaphi nokuthuthuka intando yeningi e-Athens futhi okwenziwe kwaba nokwenzeka ukuvela buyinto entsha ngokuphelele emlandweni wesintu. Zaba inyumbazane. Kanye ngonyaka, ekklesia kwadingeka ukuba uphendule umbuzo obalulekile: "Awekho yini phakathi izakhamuzi womuntu, elikwaziyo ukugumbuqela umbuso bese uba engumashiqela" Uma Isishayamthetho Sikazwelonke babekholelwa ukuthi umuntu onjalo okungukuthi, kuzakuba khona omunye umhlangano nenqubo yokuvota eyinqaba ezindengezini. Uma engase "eyingozi" intando yeningi yakuleli, umuntu uthola amavoti amaningi ngokumelene nalo, kube axoshwe Polis.

Manje ngoba sewuyazi ukuthi kwaba kanjani ukuzalwa umbuso wentsandvo yelinyenti nga-Athens (kwekuhlela kabusha of Solon futhi Cleisthenes) futhi bakwazi ukuqhathanisa ngayo Analogue yesimanje.