Khanyisa - lokhu kukhanya ... Umhlobo. imithetho ukukhanya

Khanyisa ubhekwa yiluphi uhlobo emisebeni optical. Ngamanye amazwi, leli gagasi kagesi, ubude elisezweni eyamukela nanometer ambalwa.

Izincazelo Jikelele

Ngokuya yokukhanya, ukukhanya - kuyinto emisebeni kagesi, okuyinto ziqondakala ehlweni lomuntu. Iyunithi izinguquko ezenziwe ukuthatha e vacuo ingxenye 750 THz. Lo mkhawulo iDemo-wave bohlu. Ubude bayo 400 nm. Ngokuqondene umngcele amagagasi ezibanzi, yokukala esithathwayo ngesakhiwo 760 NM, isb 390 THz.

I-physics yokukhanya kubhekwa njengento isethi okuhloswe yizinhlayiyana okuthiwa ama izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya. ukusatshalaliswa Isivinini amagagasi kuba njalo vacuo. Izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya abe ezithile umfutho, amandla, zero mass. Ngomqondo obanzi, ukukhanya - ibonakale emisebeni yelanga. Futhi, amagagasi kungenziwa lefoni. Kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa ontology, ukukhanya - lena ekuqaleni ukuphila. Lokhu izifundo okuqinile nezazi zefilosofi nezenkolo. I geography kwaleli gama libizwa ezindaweni ngabanye planethi. Ngu uqobo, ukukhanya - kuba umqondo emphakathini. Nokho, isayensi it has ethize izici, izici nemithetho.

Uhlobo kanye imithombo yokukhanya

emisebeni kagesi ikhiqizwa nokuxhumana izinhlayiya icala. Isimo eliphezulu lena ukushisa ukuthi ine spectrum okuqhubekayo. Ubuningi umthombo emisebeni incike lokushisa. Isibonelo esihle yenqubo ilanga. ngemisebe yaso eduze ukuthi we blackbody. Nature ukukhanya oku ilanga kungenxa lokushisa Ukushisa 6000 K. Kulokhu u-40% emisebeni obhekene. Ubuningi amandla spectrum etholakala eduze 550 nm.

imithombo Khanyisa kungaba futhi:

1. bezinhlamvu Electronic zama-athomu nezinhlayiyana ezincane ngesikhathi Ukuqeda omunye ezingeni kwesinye. izinqubo ezinjalo zenza ukufinyelela ibanga lwento. Izibonelo kukhona LED nezibani khulula.
2. emisebeni Cherenkov ezakhiwe ezinyakazayo izinhlayiya icala Isivinini isigaba yokukhanya okuyinto.
3. izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya braking inqubo. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka synchrotron noma cyclotron ngemisebe.

Nature ukukhanya lingaphathelaniswa ne luminescence. Lokhu kusebenza futhi imithombo yokufakelwa, organic. Isibonelo: chemiluminescence, scintillation, phosphorescence nabanye.

Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, imithombo ukukhanya zihlukaniswe amaqembu mayelana lokushisa izici: A, B, C, D65. Nomkhakha eyinkimbinkimbi kunazo ebonwe blackbody.

izici ukukhanya

Iso lomuntu uyabubona emisebeni subjectively kagesi njengoba umbala. Ngokwesibonelo, ukukhanya anganika omhlophe, ophuzi, obomvu, tints oluhlaza. Lena kuphela umuzwa okubukwayo lihlotshaniswa ukuvama emisebeni, kungakhathaliseki indlela yokwakheka Spectral noma monochromatic. It is wafakazela ukuthi izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya ingasatshalaliswa ngisho a cleaner. In the ukungabikho ketshezi ukugeleza rate ilingana 300,000 km / s. Lokhu kwatholakala ngeminyaka yawo-1970.

Ngesikhathi esibonakalayo ekusakazeni ukukhanya uhlangabezana nanoma yiziphi kuveza noma kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona. Nakuba wokuyidlulisela baxoshe lapho ufunda. Omunye ongathi medium optical libhekene indices yezokubona uyayazisa alinganayo velocities isihlobo kanye ukumuncwa e vacuo. Ngo izinto isotropic ukugeleza ukusatshalaliswa akuxhomekile isiqondiso. Lapha, i-index yezokubona imelelwa ubuningi scalar ukuthi inquma izixhumanisi kanye nesikhathi. Esimeni anisotropic naphakathi izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya kuzibonakalisa ngesimo tensor.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhanya athuthukisiwe nalaphaya. Esimweni sokuqala ubuningi main ziyonquma Vector wave. Uma ukusakaza hhayi lihlukaniswe, it siqukethe iqoqo izinhlayiya iqondiswe ndlela okungahleliwe.

Isici esibaluleke kakhulu ungukukhanya futhi ngegalelo lako. Okunqumayo amagugu photometric ezifana amandla amandla.

I izakhiwo eziyisisekelo ukukhanya

Izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya abakwazi kuphela nihlanganyele, kodwa futhi abe isiqondiso. Ngenxa yalokho ukuxhumana ngaphandle imvelo ukugeleza asitholayo ukucabangisisa kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona. Lawa izindawo amabili ayisisekelo yokukhanya. Njengoba kuveza ucishe ecacile: incike kwabantu ndaba futhi engela kwesifo. Nokho, nge kuphulwa isimo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kangakanani.

Okokuqala, ungase ucabangele isibonelo esilula: uma yeka utshani emanzini, khona-ke kubonakala sengathi kusukela lwalugobile futhi mfushane. Lona kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona ukuthi kwenzeka ekusebenzisaneni medium liquid emoyeni. Le nqubo kunqunywa isiqondiso wale misebe ukusatshalaliswa ngenkathi edabula ndaba umngcele. Lapho yokucucuza ukukhanya ithinta umngcele phakathi kwabezindaba, wavelength yayo izinguquko kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, izinga ukusabalala ayiguquki. Uma ugongolo akuyona orthogonal kuze kube semngceleni, futhi ngeke bashintshe e wavelength nesiqondiso.

Artificial kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona ukukhanya ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa ngezinjongo zocwaningo (nangezibonakhulu, amalensi, magnifiers). Futhi kulabo imithombo wave izici akwazi ukuzishintsha zihlanganisa izibuko.

Ukwahlukaniswa ukukhanya

Okwamanje ukuhlukanisa izibani futhi zemvelo. Ngayinye yalezi zinhlobo kunqunywa nobuntu umthombo ngemisebe.

ukukhanya Natural iqoqo izinhlayiya icala kusukela isiqondiso kunezinxushunxushu futhi zishintsha ngokushesha. inkambu kagesi okunjalo eliqhutshwa kwenombolo voltage iyehla iyenyuka. I imithombo yemvelo zihlanganisa umzimba esikhipha, ilanga, amagesi athuthukisiwe.

ukukhanya Artificial iyona zinhlobo ezilandelayo:

1. Endaweni. Isetshenziselwa emsebenzini, endaweni ekhishini, izindonga, njll ukukhanyisa okunjalo udlala indima ebalulekile design ingaphakathi.
2. Sekukonke. Lokhu kukhanya umfaniswano yonke indawo. Imithombo ifaka phakathi Chandeliers, izibani phansi.
3. Kuhlanganiswe. Ingxube izinhlobo lokuqala nelesibili ukufeza ephelele Igumbi ukukhanya.
4. Eziphuthumayo. Kuyinto kakhulu wusizo ukuquleka. Amandla kukhiqizwa ikakhulukazi kusukela amabhethri.

kwelanga

Namuhla-ke liwumthombo oyinhloko wamandla emhlabeni. Akulona ihaba ukuthi elangeni kuthinta ndaba obaluleke kunayo yonke. Lokhu njalo ambalwa, ebheka amandla.

Zogqinsi engenhla ozungeze umhlaba iqukethe mayelana 50% amaza okushisa futhi 10% UV. Ngakho-ke, ingxenye ambalwa of ukukhanya ebonakalayo kuyinto% 40 kuphela.

Ugesi wemisebe yelanga yiwona isetshenziswa izinqubo zokwenziwa yemvelo. Lokhu futhi i-photosynthesis, kanye nokuguqulwa amafomu zamakhemikhali, bafudumale, nokuningi. Ngenxa ilanga abantu angasebenzisa ugesi. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, notshwala ukukhanya kungaba ngokuqondile futhi wahlakaza lapho udabula amafu.

umthetho ezinkulu ezintathu

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, ososayensi sekuyisikhathi utadisha yokukhanya weJiyomethri. Kuze kube manje, lokhu okulandelayo imithetho eyisisekelo ukukhanya:

1. umthetho Distribution. Uthi e konemimoya optical eyohlobo ukukhanya kwahlukaniselwa emgceni locondzile.
2. Umthetho of kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona. A ray isigameko ukukhanya emngceleni ophakathi abezindaba ezimbili, futhi kwelivi yayo amaphuzu empambana amanga ngayo indiza. Iphinde kusebenza perpendicular kwehla kwaze kwaba seqophelweni contact. Isilinganiso Sines ka kwesifo kanye kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona engeli kuyinto njalo.
3. Umthetho reflection. Olwehlayo ngesikhathi ray umngcele ukukhanya kwelivi yayo amanga ngayo indiza. Ngakho engele of kwesifo reflection bayalingana.

Umbono ukukhanya

Izwe ezungeze umuntu ubonakala ngemehlo yekhono layo ukuze uhlanganyele emisebeni kagesi. Khanyisa ziqondakala receptor retina, lapho ungakwazi thatha futhi uphendule uhla Spectral izinhlayiya icala.

Kubantu, kukhona 2 izinhlobo amaseli iso ebucayi: izinduku kanye Izigaxa. Imbangela lokuqala indlela ngesikhathi sasemini nge izinga eliphezulu sokukhanyisa. Izinduku ezwela emisebeni futhi kukhona. Bavumela umuntu ukubona ebusuku.

shades zokubona yokukhanya zibangelwa wavelength nesiqondiso.