Ukufika kombuso nokubhala ngezinhlamvu eFenike (Ubudala)

Lokhu ngempucuko yasendulo manje ngilukhohliwe, ngoba umhlaba omncane kakhulu kwesokunxele kuya emikhondweni yabo. Kunalokho, yasishintsha inkambo yomlando, kunqunywa ukuthuthukiswa amasiko isayensi ukuthi emakhulwini amaningana eminyaka ezayo. Ukufika kombuso nokubhala ngezinhlamvu eFenike kubhekwa impumelelo ezinkulu ezincane, kodwa enamandla kakhulu ngesikhathi sakhe amandla zasolwandle. Kodwa izinto zokuqala kuqala.

Indawo Map

Njengoba abaningi abawazi, kwabonakala nokubhala ngezinhlamvu eFenike. Kodwa lapha yilapho leli lizwe ungazi konke. ngempucuko yasendulo matasa isiqeshana encane ogwini empumalanga yeMedithera. Izwe lakhe waqunywa wasuka lonke ezintabeni Lebanese, okuyinto cishe iza eduze kwamanzi. Uma siqhathanisa isimo waseFenike nge nakwezinye izizwe zezwe lasendulo - eMesophothamiya, eGibhithe, ePheresiya, eGrisi naseRoma, kubonakala ukuba midget yangempela. Kodwa izakhamuzi zakhona waya zonke izimbobo abahlala kule ndawo yaseMediterranean. ngemikhumbi yakhona zithutha i lezimpahla ezibalulekile, nabathengisi ngokwabo washaywa ukwamukela ezigodlweni eziningi wasebukhosini. Kwakungeyona nesenzakalo okungahleliwe izinhlamvu eFenike. Ngemva wezimali kwakudingeka ephumelelayo futhi elula uhlelo.

AbaseFenike - ayini?

Namuhla-ke ukuthi yasungulwa nokubhala ngezinhlamvu eFenike ezaziwayo. Lapho uvele - kahle ngokwanele wafunda mbuzo. Kodwa lapha ababe izakhamuzi isimo kolwandle - izazimlando ungazi. Okhokho babo babehlala kula mazwe njengokukhanya emuva enkulungwaneni yesithathu yeminyaka BC. Nokho, isimo njengoba enjalo babengekho, kwakukhona abanye emadolobheni lapho ukuphila ngawo ugcwaliseka ngokugcwele. Lalizibiza ngegama komnikazi (tiriytsy, namaSidoni), nokuthi behlala ezweni laseKhanani. ulimi zamaSemite, eduze Arabhu yesimanje, ulimi lasendulo yase-Asiriya, Akkadians, abaseGibhithe, ngumama wabo.

Ngokusho abalobi abaningi basendulo, kwakukhona abaseFenike seziqhingi Gulf. ikhaya lakubo lendabuko, ngoba mhlawumbe esele ekupheleni kwenyanga yesine yeminyaka BC. Ngalesi sikhathi, abavubukuli athwale iminonjana kuqala impucuko yabo ogwini Mediterranean.

igama lezwe

nokubhala ngezinhlamvu uvele eFenike eminyakeni yokuqala, ekuqaleni impucuko womuntu. Kuyinto zamagama abo, eyayinekheli izinhlamvu ezingamashumi amabili nambili kuphela, baba sibonelo yokuloba izinhlelo zezwe lasendulo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kukhona izinguqulo eziningana umsuka igama isimo. Eyokuqala - okuvame kakhulu, uthi eFenike lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu ngesiGreki ngokuthi "Izwe onsomi." Kwakuthinta lapha misela udayi ezingavamile izindwangu ezibizayo. Kodwa okuhunyushwa ngokuthi futhi "IZwe Phoenix", isidalwa enhle kakhulu uyakwazi ukuthi uphinde uzalwe emlotheni. Phoenix uvele empumalanga, lapho ayehlala khona abaseFenike. Le nguqulo yesithathu - lo kungenzeka kakhulu. Ngokusho kwakhe, igama isimo lisuselwa izwi lwaseGibhithe elithi Umakhi lwemikhumbi.

Njengoba abaseFenike babehlala

nokubhala ngezinhlamvu eFenike uvele nanhlanu-nantathu ekhulwini BC. Futhi kuze kube yileso sikhathi, abantu babephila phezu evundile futhi ithele. Nakuba kwaba ezincane, kungenzeka sikhule amakhiwane, iminqumo, amagilebhisi, zizalela izinkomo nezimvu. Sasingekho isidingo ukuba eyayenziwe ekuniseleni nenhlabathi, ngoba lina kakhulu waphuzisa. Ulwandle lwakhipha izinhlanzi nezinye izilwane kwamanzi. Yingakho phakathi III yeminyaka BC. e. isigodi esincane lakhula laba idolobha. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke kubo babe yizinkulungwane Byblos, Arwad, iTire, i-Ugarit, wadabula iSidoni, Lagish. Cishe bonke yahaqwa Izindonga ezinkulu, futhi central okuyingxenye kuyinto yethempeli zikhulu zendlu. AbaseFenike Ordinary wahlala maqhugwane ezincane ezenziwe ngobumba noma isitini. Emigwaqweni base avuselelwa emseleni amanzi.

nokubhala ngezinhlamvu eFenike (13-15 ekhulwini BC. E.) Yafika kakhulu kamuva. Kodwa noma kunjalo, abantu bakuleli dolobha wake isikhala. Ngenxa yalokhu, beqala wathela edamini yokufakelwa, uhlehlise isiqhingi, wakha izindlu multi-storey. eduze kakhulu futhi iCarthage eyakhelwe - edume kunazo futhi leli koloni elikhulu, okuyinto uye wakwazi isikhathi eside ukuze bancintisane iRoma ngokwayo. Izindonga zipendwe amaphethini yokubukisa ngamajamo weJiyomethri futhi kuze kudabuke umhlane anemibala ehlukene. Kwakuthinta libhekene khona umhubhe omude kanye kuvulandi. Of izinto zasekhaya ezivela abaseFenike yibona amatafula ongaphakeme nezihlalo, bele ezinkulu, imibhede flat.

abathengisi kwezilwandle

Ukufika kombuso nokubhala ngezinhlamvu ku abathengisi waseFenike ngenxa ukuhweba ezithakazelisayo emhlabeni. Kodwa kwakungegazi abakhileyo ogwini empumalanga yeMedithera? City wabahloli wezilwandle ayecebile kakhulu, abavubukuli bathola eziningi baloku. Umthombo engcebweni waseFenike kwaba ukuhweba: izindlela of Southwest Asia, kusukela enyakatho naseningizimu lwabuthana kule ndawo. Izithelo bomhlaba base ngokulambisa eyanele yokudla, kodwa ukhuni laligcwele. Kodwa le nto bekulokhu ethandwa kakhulu ogwadule laseGibhithe. Byblos yanikezwa emakethe umsedari, oki zamafiri, okuyinto kabanzi shipbuilding. Kusukela eyigugu ugodo ekhiqizwa amabhokisi ngoba izikhulu zaseGibhithe naseSiriya oFaro.

iwayini ithengiswe, amafutha omnqumo, futhi-ke, le indwangu ebubende. Of lwesimila ka mollusk udayi ekhishwe ukuthi enombala kusengutsheni yoboya futhi nelineni izindwangu e yizicukuthwane luhlaza onsomi. Lezi izindwangu ayenamandla okukwenza abantu kuphela ocebile kakhulu. Abakhi kwaba omkhulu ukuze akwanele endaweni ekhiqizwa izindwangu. Ngakho-ke, abathengisi alethwe izimpahla ezishibhile (unpainted) eFenike, futhi lapha isivele ufune i futhi uguqule. Futhi emikhiqizweni buza of ababazi wendawo zesiliva, ithusi kanye namabhodlela. Futhi olwenziwa ukuhweba phakathi ngasempumalanga nangasentshonalanga.

nemibhalo yasendulo: izinguqulo umsuka

Ngakho, nokubhala ngezinhlamvu eFenike. Lapho uvele, sekushiwo. Kodwa ososayensi uyavumelana umbono wokuthi kube khona zamagama lasendulo nakakhulu, eye wakhonza njengombonisi isisekelo sokuthethelelwa abaseFenike. Ukuyibiza eWest isiJuda noma protosinayskim, kodwa kuze kube manje, lesi simiso engakaze ziqala.

Le mibhalo lokuqala esenziwe waseFenike ngokubhala uhlelo, ohlehlela emuva nantathu ekhulwini BC, ngaphambi nje kokuqala iThrojani neMpi. Uma ukholelwa ukuthi abacwaningi, izakhamuzi eFenike wenza amarekhodi thematic for ezihlukahlukene wesayensi, kanye basuke benza ifilosofi, izincwadi kanye nomlando. Ngeshwa, iningi imisebenzi yabo nokuthela amanzi emhlane wedada, futhi ezisekhona izingcaphuno kuphela amancane izingcaphuno amarekhodi abalobi basendulo.

Kukhona futhi yeziphakamiso nokubhala ngezinhlamvu eFenike (nangosuku okungenzeka ukuthi ukuqala) lisuselwa hieroglyphs waseGibhithe. Babekwazi ukuletha amaJuda eKhanani ngemva kokubuya kwawo ekuthunjweni ezweni oFaro. Mhlawumbe base ingxenye labantu ukuthi kwakungelona isiboshwa, wahlala ekhaya. Kwazi bani?

uhlelo Izici

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ukubukeka nokubhala ngezinhlamvu eFenike kwakubangelwa izidingo zomphakathi. Manje thina niyikhulume uhlelo kanye nezici zayo. AbaseFenike wasebenzisa isimiso wongwaqa ukuthi kulotshwe iphepha kuphela ongwaqa. Onkamisa ingangeni, futhi ucabangisise kahle ngezinselele umfundi, kokushiya umongo. Ibhalwe kusuka kwesokunxele kuya kwesokudla.

Ekuthuthukisweni yayo, nokuloba abaseFenike lasendulo lidlule izigaba ezintathu ukuthuthukiswa:

• Umsuka noma waseFenike wawuqala yaqala zamagama (kwesigamu enkulungwaneni yesibili yeminyaka BC wesibili) ukunqoba yezwe Aleksandrom Makedonskim.
• isikhathi Puniysky iqala kusukela phansi isikhathi waseCarthage (9. BC. Oe) futhi iphela lapho kubhujiswa lase libhujiswa ngemaRoma.
• Novopuniysky, eyathatha kuze yesihlanu AD leminyaka.

Alfabhethi kancane kancane ukuguquguquka kusukela mark ngekuhlanganisa epigraphic. Ngesikhathi esifanayo uhlamvu yinde futhi ayisesemikhulu, kokuthola ifomu wokugcina.

Izimpumelelo ka abaseFenike

Ukufika kombuso nokubhala ngezinhlamvu eFenike - akusiwona wonke impumelelo bendawo. It kubhekwa Eqinisweni efakazelwe ukuthi kwaba amatilosi kusukela kule isimo Afrika kuqala oyindilinga. Ukubhukuda Kuthethe iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu. abahambi Okokuqala befika oLwandle Olubomvu, zagudla Black Izwekazi waya Gibraltar. Futhi sezisungule ukuhweba phakathi East and West, wabeka izisekelo izikebhe zasolwandle. Futhi kakhulu isikhathi.