Imfundiso Allen Dulles, umqondisi-CIA (1945)

Ngo-June 2015, abezindaba Russian ayesesakazekele izindaba ukuthi isinqumo seNkantolo kwedolobha Sverdlovsk Region asbhestosi umbhalo idokhumenti, eyaziwa ngokuthi i- "imfundiso Allen Dulles" kaMasipala watholakala ziyingozi impahla. Ngakho, le ndaba yokuvinjelwa ukusetshenziswa kwalo lalisetshenziswa nganoma yikuphi ukuhleleka. Kuyini le dokhumenti, wafihla yingozi emphakathini, futhi ngubani uMnu Dulles, shi ekukhulekeleni indalo yayo? Zama ukuqonda.

Bestseller, adalwe sezombangazwe abasha

Allen Dulles, ogama biography zitholakala umphakathi kuphela emva kokuphothulwa umsebenzi wabo wasikhathi sonke, inhloko omunye edume kakhulu emhlabeni intelligence, ngokuthi CIA, wayevela emndenini enamalungu amashumi eminyaka matasa izikhundla ezivelele enkonzweni zamanxusa American.

Wazalwa ngo-April 7, 1893 e Watertown, eNew York. A imininingwane ukwazi, kodwa eneminyaka eyisishiyagalombili, ngemva kokulalela ezimpikiswaneni zezombangazwe abadala, u-Allen kushiwo iphuzu le iphepha sika siqu umbono, futhi umlando wakhe, eyanyatheliswa ngo efomini pheshana, waba ethengwa kakhulu. Kuwo, kakhulu sigcizelele wathatha ohlangothini labo wazizwa "ngicasukile".

Ayohlola ezishaya unkulunkulukazi u-usomaqhinga

Ngemva kokuthola iziqu ngo-1914 Prinstaunsky University Dulles uhambo okuningi, ngokuvakashela India, China neMpumalanga Ekude. Emuva e-US, kuba ngokusobala yini ngaphandle ukuvikelwa umndeni esima zokubonisana kanye wachitha Eminyakeni eyalandela, ebambe ezikhundleni ezehlukene e Vienna, Berlin naseConstantinople. Njengoba ummeleli United States Allen khona ezingxoxweni ezishubile ezihlobene ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Nokho, ngo-yokuvuma sakhe ayenakho ukuze wenze imisebenzi intelligence kunokuba zamanxusa.

In parallel Civil Service Allen Dulles ephothula eGeorge Washington University futhi isikhathi esithile waba ilungu ifemu yomthetho, kodwa, ngokusobala, ngaphandle kokuzizwa ucingo kule umsebenzi, ngokushesha wamshiya. Ukuqhubeka umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko, ngesikhathi namathathu banesifo esibi, wahlanganyela eziningi izingqungquthela ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe.

Inhloko US intelligence

Ekuqaleni neMpi Yezwe II, Dulles uyasho ukuthi abasebenzi Ihhovisi okudalwe of Strategic Services, futhi phakathi neminyaka emibili usekhonze njengephayona induna ukuhlakanipha kwakhe isikhungo e Bern. Kodwa ngempela Zashintsha kwenkonzo yakhe kwaba ukusungulwa ngemva kwempi,-US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) yaseMelika, abangaphansi ngqo uMongameli futhi senzelwe ukuqaliswa ngokushesha imisebenzi yayo, futhi ukuba bafeze imisebenzi esikhoselweni. Yingaleso sikhathi, ngokuvumelana abacwaningi abaningi, notorious "imfundiso Allen Dulles" wayezelwe. Ngo-1945, ngakho-ke kwaba usuku lokuzalwa kwakhe.

Eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili wachitha ngasekhanda US intelligence, kwaba nenani eliphakeme labangu-career yakhe, okuyinto kwaphazanyiswa ngo-1961 ngemva umzamo kuhlulekile ukuba bahlasele American amabutho ahlomile e-Cuba. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi, ngokusho kongoti, iphutha main walala ukwehluleka ukusebenza ngqo UMengameli waseMelika, Dulles sachithwa.

Umbhali idokhumenti nhlobo

Ngemva eminye iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili ngemva kokushiya umphakathi, owayeyinhloko CIA kwaba nombhali wezincwadi eziningana eziphathelene nomgomo wezangaphandle, kanye iqhaza ezinhlelweni eziningi kuyi-TV nasemsakazweni. Kuthathwa ngokuthi kuba kubo kwakuzwakala eziyihlazo imfundiso lempi Allen Dulles. Nokho, abacwaningi bathi, leli phepha ukuze bangabhekani onesiginesha wakhe awuphili.

Ukuhlolisisa eningiliziwe emayelana nemfundiso kaZiqu isibaluli kuye, ezihlobene kungenzeka yalwa eSoviet Union, kuyacaca ukuthi uhlu lwezikhalazo okulungiselelwe ngo-August 1948, e-US National Security Council. Lokho ngokuvamile kubhekiselwa kuye ngokuthi imfundiso kaZiqu-Allen Dulles - umqondisi CIA.

1945, okwaphela iMpi Yezwe II, kuye kwaba, empeleni, lunqume kuyi-United States kanye nobudlelwane yaseSoviet Union esizayo. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi umbimbi izolo okwakufanele bathathe izinqumo ezisemqoka emkhakheni inqubomgomo angaphandle. Kule ndaba, kwelinye emihlanganweni Congress futhi wenza umbiko, okuthiwa ashiwo Allen Dulles, nakuba, ngokusho abacwaningi, okwadingeka ongesona isihlobo noma kuye uqobo noma enhlanganweni yakhe.

Article 20/1 we Imemorandamu

Ngokusho umbhalo idokhumenti, declassified namuhla futhi waziwa ngokuthi Memorandum 20/1, letibukene uhulumeni wase-US, ayehlukaniswe amaqembu amabili. Eyokuqala uhlu izinyathelo ezidingekayo uma kwenzeka impi neSoviet Union futhi ahlula them. The kungenzeka self-ukubhujiswa ingathathwa zibe akhawunti. Iqembu lesibili cabanga ngenkinga, okuyinto kwadingeka anqume uma kwenzeka ukuthi inkambo imicimbi akusho kuholele ekubeni abonane nomqashi wezempi.

simo ngaphandle ukungenela ezempi

Nokho, Lokhu okuthiwa ukhetho obunokuthula, sihlinzekela eziningi izinyathelo ezithile okuhloswe ngazo ukunciphisa amandla ezempi kanye nethonya wezizwe eMoscow. Uma ucabangela waseSoviet Union njengenkolo usongo abezindaba emhlabeni, imemorandamu ubeka indlela umthelela uhulumeni wakhe ukwenza izinguquko ku theory kanye umkhuba izinqubomgomo ngamazwe.

Siphawula ekudluliseleni ukuthi izenzo zabo enkundleni ngamazwe, njenge inhlangano kokugumbuqelwa UNdunankulu Mossadegh Iran (1953), uMongameli Arbenz eGuatemala (1954), kanye nezinye abaholi nochuku osopolitiki kwezilwandle wazizwa ukwabelana ngempela abafanelekile. Ngisho ayehlasela kuhlulekile Cuba akazange kubenze ukuzisola.

Amandla inkambo

Njengoba amasosha ngesakhiwo ngentuthuko, Memorandum 20/1, ngokuvamile imelelwa "Dulles imfundiso" akuhloselwe ukuba luthathe ezweni lonke, uma sicabangela ubukhulu nendawo yalo okungavamile. Futhi, kukhona ukungabi nakwenzeka kwento ukunqunywa ngempoqo phakathi bakhona yentsandvo yelinyenti ifomu lapho samukelwa eNtshonalanga.

Isizathu kuboniswa ukungabi emasikweni zomlando kunesidingo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi abahlaziyi kwezilwandle baye njengenkulumo isici main - ukungabi nakwenzeka ngokuphelele ukuphoqelela lutho ngenkani ezingqondweni zabantu bakithi. Ukuphendukela umlando Russia, babekwazi ukwenza le lula.

zomlando inkohliso

Manje wawuchaza kabanzi incwadi enesihloko esithi "Imfundiso Allen Dulles," umbhalo, nangokwesinqumo sokwahlulela ka Asbest seNkantolo Yedolobha kufanele ebaluliwe nesibalo ziyingozi izinto. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi zabhalwa lo msebenzi, eyabonakala ngesikhathi eMpini Yomshoshaphansi, futhi kuhloswe kwamazinyo ezifihliwe zokuziphatha sabantu ezweni lethu kuthiwa sathathwa owayeyinhloko CIA, abacwaningi yesimanje lokhu kubangela ezinye ukungabaza.

Okokuqala, umbhalo wesiNgisi we-mbhalo, okungenani kule nguqulo eyayaziwa ngalo, ungalokothi ngokusemthethweni awuzange emelelwa, nabo bonke abasekeli ubuqiniso bayo ubheke kuphela ukuhumusha Russian. Okwesibili, ucwaningo enemininingwane Imfundiso Dulles ezikhishwe ngabanye Akumangalisi ungathi imigqa owaziwa ngazo zonke izimangaliso NJENGOBA Ivanov, "Ongunaphakade Call", kule nguqulo esanyatheliswa ngo-1981.

Yokweba ekhishwe lekucabanga zezombusazwe

Ikakhulukazi, abacwaningi abaningi olwenziwa ukufana phakathi kwaleso equkethe imfundiso post-yimpi Allen Dulles, kanye nombhalo okuvalelwe Anatoliem Ivanovym emlonyeni umlingisi engakhi inoveli yakhe "Ongunaphakade Call" - yangaphambili iWhite Guard, kwaba enkonzweni yama-Jalimane. Kuzo zombili lezi zimo, kukhona izingcingo ngokuthumela abantu baseSoviet ngumhlinzeki kwamazinyo zalo zokuziphatha ukuqhathanisa imibhalo ebonisa ephelele ubuntu babo semantic.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imfundiso Allen Dulles - umqondisi CIA, ephawulekayo kwenanela amazwi hero noveli FM Ithi: "Amademoni" Dostoyevsky sika - Petra Verhovenskogo. Ukuze ubone lokhu, lwanele kokuvula umkhiqizo, gxila amazwi akhe ukusungulwa amandla phezu kwabantu, kanye nabanye abafana nayo bayahamba ukuba ibe igama elithi "unya, ukugqwala sobugovu;".

Izindlela ekufezeni umgomo onjalo Verhovensky ubona ukunqunywa uquqaba ezibanzi ayizindawo zokudakwa, ukuzitika ngamanyala okubalahla. Into esemqoka - iyona esikhundleni imihlahlandlela kweqiniso zokuziphatha ngengqondo nezenzo okuhloswe ngaso ukwehlukana abantu kusukela ezimpandeni zakhe bomdabu ezingokomoya.

Futhi ekugcineni, laba izisusa uzwakale enovelini George Dold-Mikhailik "Ngezinye Black Knights" ezavela emashalofini ezitolo ezidayisa ezweni lethu ngo-1965. Kuyo yomunye wabalingiswa, futhi oveza ziyindlela eholela ekonakaleni kwesimilo somphakathi, ngaphezu kweminye imizamo, ugxila esikhundleni yabantu abasenkolweni yeqiniso, eyinqaba kubantu elibanjwe lakhe amahlelo wobushiqela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezinhlelo ezibanzi ezifana Kunconywa ukusungulwa yabo ngokushesha.

Ukufuna i elinegazi Umbhali

Konke lokhu, ake ngikhulume, "lwekusebenta", ngezindlela ezingafani, zihlanganisa "Dulles imfundiso" okukhulunywa ngalo. Akungabazeki ukuthi umbhalo wayo, eqinisweni, ukusebenzisa umqondo womunye, sokuhlanganiswa yokusobala ngabanye ezithathwe umbhali (noma abalobi) ezahlukene izincwadi isiRashiya. Kule ndaba, zabhalwa yaseMelika nawukuthi intelligence ejenti iba ngisho abakhangayo banamathuba amancane.

Ubani-ke, kuyinto umsunguli Tindzaba inkanuko, ngokuthi "Dulles imfundiso"? Lo mbuzo ngeke kwenzeke ukuba sithole impendulo esiqondile. Kodwa lawa imigomo bazingelwa umbhali, kusobala ngempela uma sibheka ekuqaleni nineties, esimweni lapho dokhumenti kabanzi yokutholwa.

ngxabano ukwehla ngenxa yokuhlela kabusha

Ngaphambi nje kwalokho, in the Eighties sekwephuzile, uqedwe okubizwa ngokuthi iMpi Yomshoshaphansi - isikhathi sokuba itholane phezulu zezombusazwe phakathi Eastern namazwe aseNtshonalanga ekamu, okwakubekelwa eliholwa-United States. Out of the esidlule elidumile ubuKhomanisi, futhi ubudlelwane phakathi kwalezi zinhlangothi zombili kucaca hhayi ukufudumala kuphela, kodwa futhi izitayela Kuhlangana sobala labamelene izolo.

Ngeshwa, okuhlangenwe nakho kuye kwabonisa ukuthi ngisho esikhathini of ukulungiswa osenyameni izingxabano ephelezelwa lezi izinqubo omuhle ezikufanelayo akubona bonke. Maduze, kuzo zombili emakamu yabonisa izimbangi zawo nezisobala futhi esikhoselweni zisebenzisa ukuze umzabalazo wabo nakanjani kuyatholakala kubo.

enqamula inkohliso

Kungenzeka ukuthi abantu abazimisele ukuvula umbono womphakathi ngokumelene labantu emazweni CIS, uhulumeni wase-US, iye iyawakha bafakwa uhlobo traffic inkohliso, uvezwa njengoMahluleli 'imfundiso Allen Dulles "(CIA Umqondisi). Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umbhalo wayo uchungechunge izingxenyana ezicashunwe isiRashiya imisebenzi ebhaliwe, ngawo esemthethweni US Akunakwenzeka ukuba kube uphawu, kungenzeka ukuthi umbhali namanje ukuba wafuna kwezilwandle.

agumenti zakhe ezinjengethi, "I Emfundisweni Allen Dulles 'CIA futhi umbuso ngemibono - isethi ngempela esifanele" horror izindaba "ukuthonya izingqondo zabantu iminyaka eminingi zingaphansi kwethonya ze-Soviet, emelela waseNtshonalanga kuyisitha ezingaba khona. Ukukhombisa ukuphikisana nalokhu ukucabanga ngemibono kungaba ukudlala kahle nabaphikisi phesheya izinqubo omuhle eziye zenzeka esikhathini nineties zakuqala.

Ukubala asizange sigcwaliseke ngokwezinga kulindeleke abadali elinegazi, no-Allen Dulles akazange abe uphawu izingozi ezivela emazweni aseNtshonalanga. Namuhla, ukuzinza of ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-United States neRussia usamelela ensimini letinengi umsebenzi osomaqhinga wawo womabili la mazwe, kodwa izizathu umyalelo ezahlukene.