Iziboshwa-German empi eSoviet Union: izimo yeziboshwa, kuthutha

Ngo nenkathi yamaSoviet eziningi themes setepolitiki, zomlando kusukela kohlaka ingxoxo yomphakathi ngoba ezinye zezizathu ngemibono. Ikakhulu, i-Taboo waphoselwa konke kwadingeka lutho iziboshwa zempi, owalwa ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili ohlangothini iJalimane lamaNazi. Zibonakala khona. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ngokuvumelana idatha esemthethweni Wezangaphakathi zase-USSR, njengobunengi bemiphefumulo ezinjalo zaba abantu 2.389.560, okuyinto efana ne labantu nedolobha elikhulu lesimanje. Kulezi 356 678 bafa ukuba alinde ngaso ukukhululwa.

"Parade of losers"

Ngemva Meyi 24, 1945 kwaba khona umbukiso edumile Red Square, phambi esimelela le Mausoleum kwavele amabutho mazingethabi eJalimane lobuNazi, eMoscow isingathwe omunye umcimbi obalulekile. Indaba ifakiwe njengendlela "umbukiso we losers." Yakhe indaba isithombe liyavuleka.

Ngo-July 17 kwalowo nyaka, ikholomu lamasosha-Third Reich, le ethumba Soviet ibutho amayunithi (ikakhulukazi bomlilo abathathu isiBelorussia Phambili), ephelezelwa nothile lapho bevakashela iziguli ahlomile, babexoshiwe ensimini Ring namanye ezitaladini yenhloko-dolobha. Ngo nalolu hambo losizi yahanjelwa ayizinkulungwane 57. Iziboshwa isiJalimane, kulandele ukuchelela imishini ezihambayo, umhlaba ongokomfanekiso zihlanzekile ngu "ukugqwala undlovukayiphikiswa." Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi mhlaka-24 Meyi, lapho kubukiswa ku Red Square, ku egandayiwe yayo kade ayizinkulungwane 16. Amasosha-abawinile. Lezi zenzakalo ezimbili babe ekupheleni uyakufanelekela kweMpi Yezwe II.

Sikhule kakhulu isibalo seziboshwa German empi eU.SSR

Phakathi neMpi Omkhulu Patriotic we NKVD sadalwa ekuphathweni ekhethekile (GUPVI), ophethe nezindaba ezihlobene iziboshwa zempi, futhi kamuva livalelwe abantu, ezazihlanganisa abameleli lezakhamuzi yaseJalimane Kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, ngesizathu esisodwa noma kwenye ngaphansi izivimbelo enkululeko. Kuyinto ngesisekelo imibiko ukuthi Office kamuva esungulwe lonke inani iziboshwa German empi eSoviet Union.

Kumele ngokushesha ecacisa ukuthi isiko kusungulwa, igama elithi "iziboshwa German zempi" elivame ukuqondwa ngayo njengoba zonke athathwa isiboshwa sempi, owalwa ohlangothini-Third Reich, kungakhathaliseki uhlanga lwabo. Empeleni, lezi kuhlanganisiwe abameleli bezizwe 36 esengeziwe yezizathu ezithile bazithola kwababusi nezitha umfelandawonye anti-undlovukayiphikiswa.

Basebentisa idatha leniketiwe emibikweni GUPVI futhi ngo-1959 wamemezela Wezangaphakathi kombiko we-USSR (babo ezishiwo ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko), ngezindlela eziningi ezingqubuzana nemiphumela imiphumela nophenyo mlando angaphandle. Ikakhulu, i-abacwaningi German kusho ukuthi isibalo amasosha kweqiniso ingagxili ekuthunjweni Soviet, abantu abangaphezu kuka-3 million, babo okungenani 1 kwesigidi bafa ngaphambi kokubuyela ekhaya.

Lokhu iphutha zingachazwa izibalo. Iqiniso lokuthi emakamu iziboshwa zempi futhi amaphuzu ezempi ngenxa yabantu wavuswa abampofu, khona ukunyakaza kwabo njalo kusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya kwenye ukungena umsebenzi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ekuqaleni nempi isibalo seziboshwa lalilincane eyaziwa futhi 1942 cishe safinyelela 9 ayizinkulungwane. Man. Ngokokuqala ngqá isibalo esikhulu sezithunjwa amaJalimane ─ 100 ayizinkulungwane. Amabutho, abaphathi bamahhovisi kanye ojenene ─ bathunjwa emva kokunqotshwa kwazo-Battle of kwaseStalingrad.

Indlela ukugcina iziboshwa German empi eSoviet Union?

Lo mbuzo ungaphendulwa ngu isaga owaziwa: "Njengoba okuhlwanyelayo, kuyakuba uvuna." Njengoba izenzo ezinyantisayo eziye wasebenza abahlaseli undlovukayiphikiswa ezindaweni ehlasela, yamenza inzondo jikelele, akusiyo ceremonious ikakhulukazi nabo. Iziboshwa eziningi yafa, akakwazanga ukumelana uhambo olude beya ezindaweni yeziboshwa, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho abantu nqunu futhi elambile kwakudingeka bahambe ukuze sinqobe emashumini ambalwa amakhilomitha ngosuku. Inani lokuhlongakala hlangana nabo yayiphezulu kakhulu futhi, njengoba umthetho, kungukuthi kwisitatimende esithunyelwa.

ukushoda unomphela odokotela abaqeqeshiwe waba isizathu okusezingeni eliphezulu lokufa ngenxa izifo kanye nokulimala, nokusweleka kokudla ehlelekile ukungondleki kahle ezingamahlalakhona futhi ngikhandlekile iziboshwa. Kodwa ngisho ezimweni lapho imikhiqizo zilethwa ngesikhathi, ezibekela izindinganiso umsoco incane kangangokuba azizange zivunyelwe ukuba zihlangane ukuze lulama, azisebenzisa ukuze aphazamise umsebenzi akhathazayo ngokomzimba. Uma ungeza ezibandayo, ezingcolile futhi inyinyekile, eyayinekheli iziboshwa ke kuyacaca ukuthi kungani ezinye izinkathi yokufa phakathi kwabo safinyelela ku-70%.

Ngaphezu amasosha nezikhulu owalwela ohlangothini isiJalimane, ekuthunjweni Soviet nabo bebekhona abameleli amaningana ojenene ka-Third Reich. Ikakhulukazi, emva kokuphothulwa Battle of kwaseStalingrad baphoqeleka ukuba lidele 32 German Jikelele, eliholwa Jikelele-Field Marshal Paulus (esithombeni sakhe uvezwa sihloko). Sekukonke, phakathi neminyaka yempi basekuthunjweni babe 376 ojenene lobuNazi, babo 277 sezibuyele, 99 bafa elinde kuthutha futhi 18 babebethelelwe eminqamlezweni ngamacala impi.

yokubhudulwa Isentha

Document belinganisa namazinga omhlaba yokwelashwa iziboshwa zempi, kwaba Geneva Convention ka-1929, ungene ngemvume futhi samukelwa ngokomthetho emazweni angu-53 e-Europe, Asia nase Melika, kodwa yaliwe zikahulumeni kaStalin. ESoviet Union senqaba ukungena ku Inombolo yabo, kunalokho awusona ukuhlupheka Amazing izigidi zabahlali yayo izikhala zalabo abaye bawa okuyisimanga phakathi neminyaka seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili basekuthunjweni German. Basuke engamboziwe isihlobo Isentha kuya Ukwelashwa Iziboshwa neMpi, futhi osungulwe ngokuhambisana nezidingo bezimiso zawo ngokomthetho.

Esimweni afanayo amaJalimane owawuba endaweni ye-USSR emakamu eziningi nakwezinye izindawo yeziboshwa. Iziphathimandla zaseSoviet abazange bazibheke nakanjani ukugcina maqondana nabo noma yiziphi izindinganiso umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba. Nokho, kwamukelwa kabanzi, futhi lapha hhayi kuphela, kodwa phesheya, izimo yeziboshwa iziboshwa German eSoviet Union zazisekhona nomusa ngaphezulu kunalawo okuyinto zadalwa eJalimane futhi ezifundeni ezinabantu ngoba abantu bakithi.

Ukusetshenziswa German POW zabasebenzi

ESoviet Union ubelokhu kabanzi zabasebenzi iziboshwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuyizinto impahla izakhamizi, balahlwa amacala obugebengu, noma ibaphi izisulu yokucindezelwa zezombusazwe. Umkhuba ofanayo eyasetshenziswa ukushaya iziboshwa zempi. Uma phakathi nempi, baye babamba iqhaza elikhulu emnothweni lalilincane, ke eseke umehluko omkhulu kakhulu esikhathini okwalandela.

iziboshwa-German empi eSoviet Union baningi futhi ezishibhile angisebenzi, ngosizo okuyinto nokuvulwa umnotho kazwelonke libhujiswa impi. amasosha Izolo sika nezikhonzi Third Reich wasebenza esakhiweni izimboni, ojantshi, amachweba, amadamu, nokunye. D. Izandla zabo kabusha izindlu emadolobheni ezweni lonke, kanti futhi wasebenza emakamu amapulangwe, kanye nokuthuthukiswa izidubedube, ezifana uranium , itshe-nsimbi namalahle. Kule ndaba, abathunjwa abaningi achitha iminyaka eminingi ezindaweni ezikude futhi ezingafinyeleleki zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa.

Ngo ngemva kwempi, yonke Izwe lahlukaniswa laba 15 nezifunda zezomnotho, 12 zazo esetshenziswa lomtshikatshika amasosha owayekade eyisikhulu saseJalimane nezinduna. Camp iziboshwa German eU.SSR ngemibandela yeziboshwa iziboshwa akuyona ezahlukene okuningi kulabo eyayinekheli izigidi zabantu yokucindezelwa uStalin. Kwakunzima ngokukhethekile phakathi nempi.

Ubukhulu umsebenzi owawenziwa iziboshwa German wempi e-USSR usuka 1943 kuya ku-1950, ngokusho kombiko we-Central lwezezimali uMnyango Wezangaphakathi. Ngokusho izinto etholakala kubo, ngokuba isikhathi emasayithini ukwakhiwa komnotho lesizwe saveza angaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1 (ukuba eqondile - 1077564200) Indoda-izinsuku. Kulokhu, inani umsebenzi owawenziwa, ngaphansi amazinga bamukeleke leyo minyaka zaba ruble yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 50.

umsebenzi Propaganda eziboshweni

Phakathi ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, le NKVD babe umsebenzi engapheli ukudala indawo empi izinhlangano anti-undlovukayiphikiswa. yi kwawo kwakunjengokwetshe kumiswa ngo-1943, "Khulula eJalimane" eKomitini Yezwe, embalwa yokuqala futhi akazange abe nethonya Phakathi kweziboshwa ngoba kwakugcwele abameleli besigaba futhi ifayela futhi bangena ezinhlwini engezansi ibutho.

Nokho, ukubaluleka zezombusazwe wekomidi kwaluqinisa kakhulu ngemva kokuba waveza isifiso sawo sokuba ujoyine uLieutenant General Alexander von UDaniels ezimbili ezinkulu-jikelele - Otto Korfers noMartin Lattamnn. umphumela wokuthutha kwabo kubangelwa ngesikhathi kuqhubeka umbhikisho nentukuthelo ozakwabo nabaningi ababeyizithunywa, futhi ayethunjelwe. Iqembu elikhulu ojenene German eholwa Paulus wenza isitatimende okubhaliwe in which they ukugxekile lokhu kungaba ihlazo futhi wamemezela amambuka ehlangene nezithakazelo zoMbusi eJalimane.

Nokho, ngokushesha kakhulu ezihlobene ukwedlulela ojenene ohlangothini amabutho anti-undlovukayiphikiswa okushintshile, futhi indima ebalulekile lokhu kwafeza ngokwayo Pawulu. On oda siqu Stalin, washintshelwa kusukela ekamu iziboshwa zempi komunye izinto ezikhethekile ─ dacha NKVD ngaphandle eMoscow Dubrovo.

Lapho, Ngenxa ukwelashwa kwengqondo, Jikelele-Field Marshal yasishintsha isikhundla sakhe sokuqala futhi ngokushesha wamemezela obala kokujoyina sokusebenzisana anti-undlovukayiphikiswa. Kuthathwa ngokuthi ukwamukelwa ngesinqumo esifana kakhulu nomthelela ushintsho olukhulu enkambweni ezempi, kanye "uzungu ojenene" ngo-1944 cishe kubiza empilweni lo sokudumisa.

Qala yenqubo kuthutha

I kuthutha iziboshwa German empi (ukubuyela ezweni lenkaba yabo) kwenziwa ngezigaba eziningana. Eyokuqala yalezi wethulwa emva August 1945 wakhipha isimemezelo wase-USSR State Defense iKomidi, owawuthi kwesokudla ukubuyela laseJalimane lathola izinkulungwane 708. Abantu abakhubazekile nabanezinkinga amasosha ekhubazekile bazo zonke izizwe kusukela phakathi zangasese nezikhulu ze-non-ethunywe.

Ngemuva kwenyanga, ukuba ngqo, ngo-September 11 ngawo lowo nyaka, idokhumenti entsha ezokwenza kakhulu bandise abantu ezweni labo. Ngaphezu izigaba kushiwo ngaphambili, kufakwe amasosha kanye ezinhlwini aphansi bazo zonke izizwe, ngaphandle amaJalimane, kungakhathaliseki isimo sabo ngokomzimba nekhono ukusebenza. Bathunyelwa ekhaya ngo-January 1946. Ukuxolela yayimane nje nalabo abamangalelwa ukwenza ubugebengu sina impi. Kwakuthinta ikakhulukazi kuqashelwe ukuthi kuthutha lungekho kumuntu owakhonza Waffen-SS, SA, SD bese amaGestapo izikhulu.

Ngakho, ekuqaleni kwawo-Iminyaka yangemva kwempi, omningi walo iziboshwa zempi, abaqhubeka ipayipi ku ukubuyiselwa umnotho wabhubhisa yezwe, ngokuyinhloko amaJalimane. Ngokwalo mbiko we Wezangaphakathi wase-USSR ngo-October 1946, emakamu kanye nomshikashika Battalion spetsgospitalyah abelinganiselwa abantu abayingxenye yesigidi, kuhlanganise 352 ojenene futhi izinkulungwane 74.5. Isiphathamandla. Ngakho ignominiously uqede amaFascist yakhe eyayidume Drang nach Osten ( «Drang nach Osten").

Long indlela ikhaya

Esikhathini esizayo, inani iziboshwa German empi eSoviet Union kunqatshiwe, kodwa kancane kancane. Ngo-May 1947, ngesisekelo isinqumo wase-USSR Council of Ministers, eJalimane bathumela. Iziboshwa engasebenzi ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 100 kusukela phakathi amaJalimane, engakhishwa SS, le-SD, SA futhi amaGestapo, futhi akazange iqhaza amacala nempi. Ukubuyiselwa Ezweni Lakini kuncike amasosha nezikhulu ababengamthandi isikhundla ngenhla induna.

Ngo-June ngawo lowo nyaka, ubuholi isenzo NKVD kwenziwa, azisa imvelo evelele yinkulumo-ze. Ngokusho nesiqondiso, esisayinwe uStalin mathupha, ikhaya ezinkulungwane zeziboshwa German babo bonke ezinhlwini ithunyelwe, ukuze baveze imizwa yabo anti-undlovukayiphikiswa futhi phakathi abakhiqizi eziholela. Mayelana nalesi ukuthumela onolwazi zonke iziboshwa ezisele, umbiko ligcizelela ethile ekuzuzeni zabasebenzi abokufika.

inqubomgomo kahulumeni empikiswaneni kuthutha

Ekupheleni kuka-1947 isibalo seziboshwa kumele zibuyiselwe emakhaya, liye landa, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokucacile okuchaza eSoviet inqubomgomo kahulumeni kuthutha. Okokuqala, le nqubo behamba kancane, futhi ukuthola kuphela iqembu elincane nezigaba ezithile abantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekhaya ngokuyinhloko wathumela kulabo, ngokubona iziphathimandla zaseSoviet, kwaba ukwazi okungenani ukuthonya ukuqhubeka isimo sezombangazwe kokubili eJalimane futhi emazweni ukuthi belwa empini ezinsikeni zawo.

Kule ndaba, okokuqala wathumela iziguli, ngenxa yezizathu ezisobala, ekuthunjweni, uzobe wahlanganyela ukubuyiselwa impilo, hhayi ezombangazwe. Kungaba Akungabazeki lokuthi amasosha abavamile, NCOs nezikhulu, ngisho noma bezama iqhaza ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe zezwe, bathuthuka kakhulu esingaphansi ojenene eyabuya ekuthunjweni. Ikakhulukazi ukugeleza kwabokufika lenyuka ngemva kokumiswa ingxenye Eastern kahulumeni yaseJalimane pro-Soviet.

Kamuva, zonke nenkululeko amasosha zangaphambili wathola, izikhulu junior kuze futhi kubandakanya, baba sesimweni esihle ngokomzimba futhi ezifanele ukusetshenziswa njengoba zabasebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthunjwa yaqhubeka izikhulu eziphezulu, ojenene futhi Admirals, SS officer, le-SD, amaGestapo, kanye zonke iziboshwa zempi futhi ubugebengu.

Kwaqedwa kuthutha iziboshwa zempi

Ekupheleni kuka-1949 ekuthunjweni Soviet namanje asiphathele ezingaphezu kuka-430 eziyinkulungwane. Amasosha aseJalimane, kuphambene nokuzibophezela eyenziwe abameleli eU.SSR ngo-1947 emhlanganweni Wongqongqoshe Foreign Affairs of the anti-Hitler womanyano. Ngokusho idokhumenti ngemvume kwabo, kuthutha iziboshwa zempi kwakufanele igcwaliswe-December 1948.

Ngenxa ukuphulwa okuqondile kwezimiso isivumelwano wamukela kwabathukuthelisa abaholi uthi yaseNtshonalanga ngenkani Stalin ukusheshisa ukuthumela iziboshwa. Kwakuthinta ekugcineni kancane kancane babuyela eJalimane nje kuphela yilabo abamele izikhulu esiphakeme, kodwa futhi ojenene futhi Admirals. Ukuxolela babe 99 kuphela kuzo abaye babulawa isifo futhi 18 babebethelelwe eminqamlezweni ngamacala impi.

Ngokuvamile, i-kuthutha laqedwa-May 1950. Ngesikhathi tass olusemthethweni, wezwa ngo-May 5, wathi e-Germany wonke amasosha zangaphambili owalwela ohlangothini-Third Reich babethunyelwa khona, ngaphandle iziboshwa 9716, 3816 abasolwa, kanye 15 abagula kakhulu.