Uhlu Amazinga e Tsarist Russia. Uhlu Amazinga we Russian Federation

"Uhlu Amazinga" Tsarist Russia (1722-1917) predstalyaet umthetho ku inqubo ukuphikisana umphakathi e republic Russian kanye Russian Empire, futhi wabonisa isilinganiso ezahlukene ubudala ezingeni futhi ngokulandelana ukuthuthukiswa ngaphakathi gaba.

Kulokhu semukelwa ngu-Peter mina ngoJanuwari 1722, wadonsa kwaze kwaba Novemba 1917 nezinguquko eziningi. Kwamanye amasimu kulawulwa Cossack futhi Ohulumeni ezimhlophe, isenzo yaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngo-October 1922. Umthetho "Uhlu Amazinga" we Russian Federation alikho.

Umlando sokudalwa

Tsar uPetru wambizela liyingxenye ematasa ekudalweni futhi ukuhlelwa kwalo umthetho, ogxile zokweboleka kusukela uhlu izikhulu emibuso Prussian, isiFulentshi, Danish isiSwidi. Peter mathupha ukuchibiyela okusalungiswa ngokhahlo ngemvume kuyo 1721, kodwa ngaphambi kokuthi ngaphambilini ukuletha umthetho iSigele.

Okuqukethwe "Uhlu Amazinga" Tsarist Russia, ngaphandle Senate lase futhi kubonakala Admiralty kanye Military Chamber, lapho eziningi amazwana enziwa ngendlela ukubeka ngokusebenzisa kwababusi kwababusi iholo amaholo, kanye ukwethulwa izikhulu Russian lasendulo ethebuleni futhi ekuqedeni lento kumaphenalti ngenxa yokwenza indawo, okuyinto lalilide kulabo erenki okuhambisanayo isonto. Zonke amaphuzu idatha Nokho, babeyizisulu kwesokunxele ngaphandle ukusihlola emthethweni "Uhlu Amazinga" (umbuso Russian). Ekubhaleni wekugcina yahanjelwa amalunga Umkhandlu Wezigele kanye Bruce Golovkin futhi Dmitriyev-Mamonov futhi Matyushkin - ukhushuliwe jikelele ezinkulu.

"Uhlu Amazinga": kanjani ukukhonza koMbuso Tsarist Russia

Januwari 24, 1722 inkosi ivume dokhumenti. Zonke ezinhlwini manje luhlukaniswe ezintathu izinhlobo ezilandelayo: ongekho empini, ezempi kanye enkantolo. Futhi zihlanganisa amakilasi 14 ezahlukene.

"Uhlu Amazinga" e Russia tsarist kwakuba ingqikithi 263 izikhundla, kodwa ke eminye uyekwa, futhi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, yaphela ngokuphelele.

izikhulu lezinceku

14 grade th (Fendrick, futhi kamuva, ne-1730, kusho uWarrant Officer) wanika indoda ilungelo izikhulu ngofuzo, okuyinto ngisemsebenzini kahulumeni u aluthola ku ukufinyelela ebangeni lesithupha (elisezingeni zekhotho Collegiate) kanye 14 (ie umbhalisi Collegiate) ilungelo ukunikeza kuphela ukuhlonipheka imoto yakhe.

Ukubambezeleka izikhulu Manifesto, eshicilelwe Juni 11, 1845, u aluthola kanye ukukhiqizwa isigaba 8 (okuyinto kwakulingana amabombo ikhomishana). Wazalelwa ngaphambi kukayise ngiyitholile, zingane zaba isigaba ekhethekile. Babizwa ngokuthi izingane zeziphathamandla '. Kulokhu, omunye wabo angase banikwe izikhulu lezinceku ngesicelo sikayise.

Izinguquko esikhathini esizayo ku "Uhlu Amazinga"

Ngo-December 1856, u-Alexander II kunqandwe isimemezelo ilungelo ukuthola izihloko lezinceku izikhulu elisezingeni Colonel (lokhu grade 6), futhi kwahulumeni - ibanga lesi-4.

Njengoba ubona, inguqulo yokuqala, eyayintula "Uhlu Amazinga" eRussia Tsarist lalishintsha ngenxa izinguquko ngoba cishe emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Inani izikhundla zomphakathi kunokuba aye empini isibe igama bezigaba civil, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imisebenzi langempela nabameli babo.

izihloko ezaqedwa

Ngokwesibonelo, igama elithi "zekhotho Collegiate", "kusho uNobhala Collegiate", "State yiKhansela," "Umeluleki Collegiate" ekuqaleni kwakusho isikhundla kudlalwa lebhodi nge bayovotela futhi yokubonisana, unobhala ebhodi kanye umongameli "UMbuso" ebhodini. Usihlalo Court inkantolo wabizwa ngokuthi "umeluleki enkantolo." Ngo 1726, izinkantolo oshiwo ngenhla abangu amiswe, futhi isikhundla igama lisekhona 1917.

"Uhlu Amazinga" e Tsarist Russia wanikeza ithuba abantu abanamakhono, abameleli amakilasi aphansi, ukuze kuthuthukiswe, kuhlanganise ukuthola ukuthinta izicukuthwane kuphela.

Ukwahlukana ezinhlwini

Amazinga zahlukaniswa ekomkhulu iphoyisa, isikhulu esiyinhloko (kufika ku-grade 9, ie elisezingeni kumeluleki titular / induna okufakayo) futhi ojenene. Thina ukugqamisa kwababusi lokuqala izigaba ezimbili (ojenene phezulu). Labo okwakulindeleke ukuba sikhalo salo: I-izikhulu eziphezulu - "Dumisani lakho", Ofitserova based kwakufanele abizwe - "yeNkantolo," ojenene - "Mhlonishwa", futhi abameleli lokuqala izigaba ezimbili - "Mhlonishwa."

Ngokuzimela emi ezinhlwini Ibanga lesi-5 (State iKhansela / induna), hhayi ohlwini phakathi futhi ojenene noma izikhulu, labo okwakulindeleke ukuba isikhalazo okulandelayo - ". YeNkantolo"

Lifaka, nakuba ngokuqondile wawushilo, wawunikezwe amadoda. Unkosikazi ukwenza ngokuvumelana kubayeni babo isikhundla babethi amantombazane abangashadile kubhekwa amamaki eziningana aphansi ukwedlula oyise. Futhi yethula umthetho owawuthi ukufunwa izindawo kanye neticu ngenhla esigabeni sakhe phakathi imibuthano esisemthethweni nemikhosi zomphakathi wathembela esihle, okuyinto zazilingana iholo izinyanga ezimbili 'lomuntu, zazo 2/3 of imali eyayidingeka ukuze uthole impimpi. Isijeziso efanayo ibekwa isabelo lomuntu zesigaba aphansi kusayithi lakho. Livery, nezisebenzi, yokuphila - konke kufanele kube ngokuhambisana isikhundla matasa kuwo.

Oluthandwayo kwezikhulu zempi uPetru mina

Peter mina, egcizelela kulo ngokuncamelayo impi empini, akafunanga asibekela abantu emisebenzini yomphakathi, izikhulu efanele ekilasini lokuqala. Kodwa, athonywe Osterman, akhiwa zamanxusa udumo isikhundla Shansela (inhloko isevisi zamanxusa) kuso.

Rank of azitshelwa iKhansela ekilasini ngase ngibekwa kamuva kuphela. Peter ntandokazi wavezwa yokuthi uma ibutho olingana ekilasini le-14 izuzwe izikhulu ngofuzo kwahulumeni - kuphela isihloko Collegiate wesakhiwo (Libanga 8, ikhanda iphoyisa isikhundla). Kusukela 1856 kwaba ukuthola isikhundla jikelele sika kwesondlo kulesikhungo, okungukuthi ukuba abe langempela ikhansela isimo.

Indlela kulesi sici futhi isikhundla ngempela ongaphakeme (hhayi ngisho jikelele sika), eyayintula umengameli ebhodini, "UMbuso", okungukuthi, ukukhonza ngenxa imiqondo European.

Ngemva kwalokho Izikhonzi uzilungiselele ezinhlwini umeluleki imfihlo futhi langempela umeluleki imfihlo.

Umthelela emphakathini kanye izikhulu

Ngokwethulwa mthetho lasendulo lifaka (yizikhonzi, izicukuthwane) awazange ngokusemthethweni amiswe, kodwa kusukela wayeka lapho babelibangise khona. "Uhlu Amazinga" yaba nethonya elikhulu on isiphetho zomlando yezikhulu, kanye schedule olusemthethweni. impumelelo yomuntu siqu kuphela kwaba umlamuli ematheni kwetinsita. Breed, igama elithi "hlonipha zoyise" ilahlekelwe yonke incazelo kule ndaba. Lena ukubaluleka ezinkulu zomlando kwale dokhumenti ngokuthi "Uhlu Amazinga" e Tsarist Russia.

Ngu inkantolo futhi kwahulumeni iye ahlukaniswe lempi. Ukuthola of the umklomelo nkosi kwamadoda asebukhosini, ukufeza okuthile ekuphileni wavunyelwa ngokomthetho. Lokhu kuye kwathinta yonke yezikhulu ku yeningi, kokuhlanganiswa bakhonze ubuntu bakhe, kanye division of the ekilasini ku amaqembu amasha - Personal lawela.

aphansi ekilasini esiphezulu ibutho (14 ekilasini, Fendrick, futhi kamuva, ne 1730 - Ensign) ngokushesha anikezwe ilungelo ukuthola izikhulu lazo zonke izizukulwane ezaziyolandela. Kamuva, i-Manifesto e 1845, yaqala ukunikela kuphela grade 8, futhi umphakathi - 5.