Savva Mamontov: Biography, ukuphila siqu, imisebenzi zokuphana, amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Patron kwezobuciko Savva Ivanovich Mamontov wayevela emkhayeni yomthengisi. Wazalwa ngo-October 2, 1841 edolobheni laseSiberia Yalutorovsk. Lapho eneminyaka engu-8 ubudala, yena nabazali bakhe wathutha eMoscow. Uyise ka-Ivan ezingelwa isihe iwayini. Enomkakhe uMariya wayenezinye izingane eziyisikhombisa, kuhlanganise amadodakazi ababili abashone ekuseni. Ivan kuhanjiswe ku Moscow ngemva kokuba yomthengisi inhlangano yokuqala, baqala amabombo zonke isifundazwe umnotho intela. Izinto yomthengisi wakhuphukela entabeni, + ngakho umndeni owahlala khona ngendlela enkulu. Ngo Mamontov ukuthi yaqashiswa ukuba inxuluma Meshchanskaya Street, eyayiqhutshwa soirees kanye amabhola.

ebuntwaneni

Nakuba Mammoth ingeyamakhosi ekilasini umthengisi, oda emkhayeni zazihluke kakhulu bendabuko kuleso imvelo. Kulesi ukuphila komkhaya ithatha obalulekile endaweni izincwadi, ubuciko, imidlalo yaseshashalazini, umculo. Ivan imikhuba imikhuba njengomuntu nkosi English kuka umthengisi. Yiqiniso, indlela yokuphila abaphezulu negalelo elinamandla ozithandayo ithole Savva Mamontov. Biography UMuphi kwakuyoba ezahlukene uma hhayi ukunambitheka emndenini wakubo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imfundo abafana wahlanganyela komfundisi, funda ke ngezinye izilimi futhi ukuziphatha European.

Okokuqala Sawa wafunda esikoleni esivamile. Khona-ke uyise idluliselwe ukuba Institute of Civil Onjiniyela Corps Petersburg. Lokhu sinqumo wemibono. Kusenjalo ukwakhiwa kojantshi yasungulwa eRussia. Engineering umsebenzi ngokuvamile zithandwa kakhulu. Nokho, umfundi kakhulu, walithanda ulimi German. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, ubaba wakhe yamlanda Petersburg ngenxa Igagasi scarlet fever.

intsha

Lapho ngineminyaka engu-19, Savva Mamontov biography ukuthi ukuhlukanisa ematfuba eziningi ezingalindelekile, wangena Metropolitan University, kodwa kamuva sidluliselwe eMoscow, lapho wakhetha Faculty of Law. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu lunye, ugqozi oyinhloko le nsizwa yayingumuntu ethiyetha. Akazange uphuthelwe kwesizini eyodwa elikhulu, ijikelezwe e nezazi eMoscow. Ngu Mamontov ngisho abukeka nje amnestied le Decembrists.

Ivan aqhubeka ngempumelelo esiqhuba ngayo ibhizinisi. Wayenamadodana angamashumi eziningana, kodwa akekho kubo akanandaba ibhizinisi. Amathemba okuphiniwe kuyise Sava. Ngo-1862 wathumela indodana yakhe ukuze Baku, lapho kwakufanele ahambe kwezentengiselwano yobudlelwane le Transcaspian. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa Savva Mamontov, ogama biography wenze esinye amazombe, yena waba inhloko yalawa ehhovisi central eMoscow kwenhlangano.

Ngo-1864, lo somabhizinisi waya Italy. Okokuqala, wayefuna ukwenza impilo yabo, futhi okwesibili, uya sibheke ukuhweba kasilika. Ngenxa yale njongo likhethiwe Lombardy. Sekuyisikhathi eside idume yayo umkhakha kasilika ukwelukwa kanye sericulture. E Milan, Savva Ivanovich Mamontov wahlangana wendawo yaseshashalazini edume "iScala" lapho ukubeka opera wezwe best. Umnini-sitolo wayenesithakazelo kakhulu kuleli hlobo lobuciko, waze waqala ukuthatha izifundo ukucula amateur.

ukuphila Siqu

Young Savva Mamontov, ukuphila lwakhe athuthukiswe kahle kakhulu, wahlangana umkakhe esizayo Elizabeth Sapozhnikova phakathi nohambo lwakhe lokuqala Italian. Ubaba wentombazane uneminyaka engu-umthengisi abavelele kasilika, ngoba umshado kwasicinisa Sava isimo kwezenhlalo yomphakathi nezingokwenyama zomkhaya wakhe.

Ivan Elizabeth kakhulu, futhi ukanye evunyiwe injabulo enkulu ukukhethwa sendodana yakhe. Ngemva emcimbini ngesikhathi samaholide, umbhangqwana waya Italy futhi - kulokhu kukankosikazi. unkosikazi Savva Mamontov babenomthwalo umyeni wakhe nezingane ezinhlanu. indodakazi Ukholo Lwabo ivezwe umdwebi Valentin Serov in umdwebo yakhe edumile ethi "Girl nge Peaches".

tycoon indlalifa

Ubaba Savvy Ivan Fedorovich wafa ngo-1869, ngemva kwalokho ebhizinisini lakubo wadlulela indodana yakhe. Alandele wasiza abasizi umzali. Nabo usomabhizinisi esemusha akagcinanga walondoloza, kodwa futhi uphindaphinde ifa sabazali. Ngakho ngo-1872, ekuqaleni kwazo Society of Moscow-Yaroslavl ujantshi wayithi umqondisi omusha - Savva Mamontov. Biography yomthengisi kuye kwahlotshaniswa ezihlukahlukene izindawo zebhizinisi. Kanyekanye ujantshi anakho ehhovisi ukuhweba, okuyinto enikeziwe zokwakha. Mamontov kancane kancane ukujwayela ukuhola kanye nokuphila emphakathini esebenzayo.

isidleke Umkhaya Savva kwaba Abramtsevo izindlu, othengwe kusukela umbhali Sergei Aksakov. Lo mbhangqwana wawunomuzwa wokuthi izingane zabo zikhule kangcono kuleli zwe kude kokuhlupheka nemibandela okungenampilo. Njalo zihlukaniswa uthando exuberant of imisebenzi le magnate benza Abramtzevo Manor echumayo yayo esikoleni siqu, isonto, zokugcina, izingadi, isibhedlela, ibhuloho futhi edamini phezu Isela River.

Bono

Naphezu ezomnotho, umthengisi baqhubeka abe nesithakazelo ubuciko. Wayejwayelene zonke kwamaqembu amakhulu lezihlakaniphi kazwelonke ngesikhathi sakhe. Ngo Abramtsevo ngisho wakha isiyingi abaculi, ihlelwe ngokwakhe ayengeke Savva Mamontov. Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo zokuphila nabanengqondo futhi abavikela yena kuhlangene izindaba lomunye ukuthengiselana ezinkulu amabhizinisi. Mamontov atholwe udumo ebanzi ngemuva ukwakhiwa eseqedile kubalulekile emnothweni ujantshi e IDonetsk amalahle umcengezi. Nokuxhumana zakhiwa zaba 1882. Ngemva kweminyaka eyisishiyagalombili, Savva walithengisela isimo eshisiwe.

ngobuthakathaka Mamontov kwadingeka kubaculi. Wayengumuntu abangane nge Apollinary Vasnetsov, Isaakom Levitanom, Vasiliem Surikovym, Valentin Serov nezinye abadwebi. I umthengisi eyisihlobo umsunguli we igalari ezinkulu eMoscow Pavel Tretyakov.

art abavikela

abavikela Savva Mamontov usizo abaculi ngokokuziphatha nje kuphela kodwa futhi ngokwezimali, uma kunesidingo. Yena wayengumbulali ibhapathizwa kwaze kwaba ngamathalenta * abaningi abasha. Abadwebi izinyanga baphila kwesokudla endlini yakhe. Ngenxa Savva Ivanovich wasukuma wema ngezinyawo izinkanyezi ezifana Vrubel, Vasnetsov, Korovin futhi Serov. Ezinye imidwebo eziye baba zabuna neyaziwayo ke, ababethi ifa Mamontov. Nakuba umthengisi awuzange wahlanganyela ngqo imidwebo lokuqoqa wazinza kanye ukuvela ujwayelene nabantu ezintsha kusukela izwe art.

Bono Savva kwasiza ngempela abasha abaculi-Wanderers. Kodwa ngo-1880, isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi elikhulu i-albhamu udedelwe amathuluzi yomthengisi. Mamontov futhi ihlelwe yezobuciko in eMoscow. Kanye noblewoman Maria Tenisheva yena waxhasa lo magazini adumile "World of Art".

Passion umculo kanye yaseshashalazini

Umdwebo wayengeyena isithakazelo kuphela umthengisi. Umculo - lena ngenye art ukuthi iyagula Savva Mamontov. Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo okuthandwa bakhe baziwa recital avamile abaqashiwe ahlelwe endlini yakhe. Lapha kwakuzwakala imisebenzi by Schumann, Beethoven, Mozart, Glinka, Dargomyzhsky, Mussorgsky nezinye bomculo abadumile. Hhayi beshaya izifundo vocal Mamontov ngezinye izikhathi wakhuluma izivakashi. Ubuye abe okuhleliwe ekhaya ukusebenza. Kwelinye ukusebenza wayedlala abasha Konstantin Alexeev, kamuva owaba abaziwa umhlaba wonke umqondisi yaseshashalazini Stanislavsky.

Ngo 1882, troupes oyimfihlo ngokomthetho avunyelwe eRussia. Omunye walabo ngokushesha wathatha ngokunenzuzo amathuba entsha baba Savva Mamontov. Abramtsevo akasenzanga litheku abaculi. UMuphi nentshisekelo opera, ekhathazeka sengqondo uzwela omphakathi Russian lolu hlobo lobuciko, nganquma ukuhlela imikhiqizo opera. Wayefisa umsebenzi ephelele esiteji, okungase umsebenzi abaculi, abaculi, abaculi kanye abadlali hlanganani. Ayikho into efana imikhiqizo yasekhaya okwamanje zihlukaniswa.

Ukukhethwa qembu elisha Savva Mamontov wasiza umqhubi UNikolai Krotkov. Abahleli benquma ukumema abaculi abasha, hhayi izikhulumi ngesikhathi Theatre State. Mamontov yena ukudala ethiyetha engayekanga yiliphi ihhovisi, kodwa njalo emihlanganweni ukuprakthiza wakhuluma abadlali.

inkampani siqu

Ekuqaleni 1885 esakhiweni okungewakho Lianozovo yaseshashalazini kwaba ukusebenza lokuqala Mamontov "Mermaid" qembu wagqoka imisebenzi nge bomculo Aleksandra Dargomyzhskogo. Imihlobiso zadalwa ngaye Isaakom Levitanom futhi Apollinary Vasnetsov. Khona-ke, bona nazo zazisebenza lapha ezinye izinto ( "Faust" futhi "Bafazi Merry ka Windsor"). Akungabazeki ukuthi "izingane yokudala" Savva Mamontov waba ngowokuqala Russian yaseshashalazini abaculi. Kuze kube ngaleso sikhathi, abaculi sina awalwi indawo ngemisebenzi, bakubheka njengobuthakathaka okungafanele izinga labo izikebhe. Kube illustrators niche esibonisa efanayo indawo opera ingemuva: amanxiwa asendulo, izinqaba ephakathi, nemvelo-Italy. Inkampani "Inkosi sesitimela" ushintshe ukuhleleka.

U-Adalberto isikhathi eside, umdlalo we-opera zokuhlola Mamontov kwakungelona impumelelo nezethameli. Ehlaselwe yokungabi nokuhlangenwe nakho abasha abadlali "untried". Nokho, usomabhizinisi, kahle ake phansi izikhali, naphezu amazwi caustic emaphephandabeni kanye nokugxeka abangane ababekholelwa ukuthi magnate sina akufanele bahlanganyele umbhedo ezinjalo. Eyokuqala ephezulu iphrofayela uhambo ethiyetha kwenzeke kuphela 1898 lapho inkampani iwine Mamontovskaya Petersburg.

Ngaphezu kwalezi ezikhumbuzo e Sergiev Posad futhi Yaroslavl, isikhumbuzo eliyingqayizivele Savva Mamontov - abaculi, Yaduma ngu opera yakhe. Lezi zihlanganisa inkanyezi Chaliapin yesehlakalo bomculo Rachmaninoff, Rimsky-Korsakov futhi Mussorgsky.

amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo

Ukusekelwa Mamontov wawunganikezwanga art eyodwa kuphela. Kwaphela isikhathi eside yena waba ongusihlalo e Delvigovskom ujantshi esikoleni eMoscow. Savva ngokwezimali ukwakhiwa izikole, kufaka ekhatsi tifundza enyakatho. Bona Kwamiswa Kostroma ekolishi ezimbonini. Petersburg, ihlelwe edition tycoon ihlukanisa nemibono ye iphephandaba "Russian." It yavalwa ngo-1902, ngemva kwabonakala Skit ukwenza fun asebukhosini.

-Charity nesithakazelo enyakatho esuka Mammoth eze ukwakhiwa ujantshi Arkhangelsk. Le projekthi libhekene liyinkimbinkimbi ngendlela ethile futhi nobunzima. Kusukela ekuqaleni, akazange athembisa Amaholo esheshayo futhi iyabonakala. Savva wathatha ukwakhiwa kuphela ngoba nje ezizwa ebophekile zezakhamizi kanye nokuqaphela ukuthi umugqa omusha ukuphuthumisa ukuthuthukiswa koMnotho enyakatho.

Indlela eya Arkhangelsk laqedwa ngo-1897. It kwakubaluleke kakhulu kokubili isifunda esisenyakatho, futhi lonke leli zwe. Naphezu Ububanzi bemisebenzi yayo, Savva akafunanga ukuqashelwa emphakathini. Wayengahlezi ngifuna ezingeni futhi imiklomelo, akudingeki izixhumanisi nge adingekayo. Noma kunjalo, tycoon kwadingeka okusezingeni eliphezulu nabanye kanye abashisekeli. Omunye ukubakhulekela kwakubhekwa njengokuvukela uNgqongqoshe Wezezimali Sergei Witte. Ngemva ukwakhiwa kwalesi sesitimela Arkhangelsk ukwenze esemthethweni yokunikeza Mammoth Order of St uVladimir degree lesine.

Ukuqothuka futhi eminyakeni yokugcina

Ngo-1890 Savva Morozov wasiphakamisa project omkhulu wayo ebhizinisi. Wawunamabhodi kudalwa izinhlangano zezokuthutha kanye namabhizinisi ezimbonini. Ngenxa yalesi tycoon ngathenga sesimanje yisikhathi futhi izitshalo ngenkani. Ukulungisa Izindleko kwezindleko eside. Savva Mamontov umndeni kancane kancane balahlekelwa imali more and more. Ngo 1898, ukuthola bona esimweni esinzima, usomabhizinisi wanquma kuthengiselana okuyingozi yemali amasheya Yaroslavl ujantshi. Ngenxa yalokho kokudayiswa izibambiso Mamontov ekugcineni waya ukuphelelwa yimali.

Ukuzama ukubalekela kusukela ukusaphazwa kwemali, UMuphi wathola isimo yokunivumela ukwakha ujantshi kusukela Petersburg ukuze Vyatka. Nokho, lokhu esebenzisa isihluku isimo kuphela. Ngo-1899, ngesikhathi Mammoth waphelelwa yimali, wayengasakwazi ukhokhe nge abakweletwayo amaningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo emelelwa Ministry of Finance kumiswa audit, umgwaqo.

Udaba lethulwa ezithebeni zenkantolo. Savva izinyanga eziningana ngisejele, yena waba emthethweni impahla. Usomabhizinisi usolwa ngokukhwabanisa. Ngesikhathi kuqulwa icala, wavikela omele ezivelele nokumela kazwelonke Fedor Plevako. Mamontov utholwe, wadedelwa ngaphansi ihlombe omphakathi. Nokho, akukho dolobha wayeshiye kakade. Life ibhalansi Savva welula zokuphila emphakathini. Ngemva kokuthethwa kwecala, wathuthela emzini omncane eduze kweSango Butyrskaya. Mamontov okuxhunywana kuphela kumbuthano elincane labangane ubudala, phakathi ababengabafelokazi owaziwa kulo lonke abaculi ezweni kanye abadlali. Maecenas wafa-Ephreli 6, 1918 eneminyaka engu-eminyakeni 76. Wembelwa edolobhaneni Abramtsevo.