"Majdanek" Ukugxila. emakamu okuhlushwa amaNazi

SeMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, kodwa njengoba kuqala, okwaholela ekufeni setha. Nokho, akubona kuphela abulala amasosha, abaphathi, kodwa akukho ngabantu abangenacala nje akaphenduli uhlobo Aryan yokubukeka, ngoba ubumsulwa okuyinto okubizwa alwa umashiqela German Adolf Gitler engumashiqela. Baningi abantu zafa emakamu okuhlushwa ebulawa besahlulelo unonya. Kwelinye lamakamu enkulu ngokuthi "Majdanek" ngakho futhi kuzoxoxwa.

ukuze

ekamu lokuhlushwa "Majdanek" kwaba e Lublin likaPondo Poland. It lethiwa kusukela Turkic elithi "indawo" (Independence). Eqinisweni, ukwakhiwa kwamakamu anjalo owaqala ngokuvukela nokufakwa Hitler owanikeza oda Genrihu Gimmleru, omunye izikhulu eziphezulu ze-Third Reich, ukusungula ukubhekwa Imininingwane phezu ezindaweni empumalanga ayethathe eJalimane.

Ngosuku olufanayo, Julayi 17, 1941, UHimmler waqokwa omunye Amaphoyisa Chiefs - Odilo Globocnik - obhekene ukudala isakhiwo SS kanye emakamu okuhlushwa ePoland matasa kuwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Globocnik icala Germanization olungaphelele Poland. Central ukuba ingxenye esempumalanga yalesi insimu matasa wayebe ekamu lokuhlushwa "Majdanek", esisogwini emaphethelweni Lublin. Ekwakheni isakhiwo owenziwa iziboshwa ngokwabo.

Isinqumo ekwakhiweni

Isinqumo asemthethweni ukusungulwa ekamu wanikezwa Julayi 20, 1941. Ngalo lelo langa, UHimmler ngaphambilini Globocnik yamemezela ngesikhathi ehambele Lublin. Oda uthi kubalulekile ukuba agxumeke amatende, okuzokwenza ukwazi ukwamukela abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu 25-50, okuyinto yena, uyoba matasa ekwakheni izakhiwo zezikhungo SS amaphoyisa aseJalimane. Eqinisweni, ukwakhiwa eyinkimbinkimbi waphathiswa Hans Kammler ababebheka omunye ehamba phambili ukuphathwa isabelomali okuthunyelwe nokwakhiwa SS. Kakade ngo-September, wabapha ukuze uqhubeke ukudalwa ekamu lokuhlushwa, okungase abantu okungenani 5000. Nokho, ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, eduze Kiev, ke lathunjwa inani Amazing iziboshwa zempi, futhi Kammler washintsha iziqondiso zakhe ngaphambilini ekamu 2 ejele - "Majdanek" futhi "Auschwitz", eyenzelwe abantu abayizinkulungwane 50 ngamunye.

amakamu ukwakhiwa

Ekuqaleni, ikamu lokuqala lakhiwa emaphethelweni Lublin, eduze emathuneni. Akuwona wonke umuntu othande lokhu ilungiselelo, kanye nezombuso waqala lokubhikisha, ngemva kwalokho Globocnik idluliselwe kwenye indawo, mayelana 3 km kusuka edolobheni. Ngemva kwalokho, lapha kufika zasekamu lokuhlushwa kuqala.

ukunwetshwa ensimini

Ngo-November, Kammler ngaphambilini ukunweba ekamu, ngowokuqala iziboshwa ayizinkulungwane 125, futhi kamuva ngenyanga - kuze kufinyelele 150. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, futhi spaciousness kwakunganele, ngakho kwanqunywa ukuguqula eziyinkimbinkimbi. Manje "Majdanek" obekumele ukubamba kuze kufinyelele ayizinkulungwane 250 iziboshwa yaseSoviet yokuthuthela impi, ogama inombolo sikhulela njalo. Nokho, Kammler izibalo waya nenkinga enkulu. ekamu lokuhlushwa "Majdanek" lwanikezwa ngomunye abantu abayizinkulungwane 20, futhi ngemva kwalokho ukwakhiwa yayo limiswe. Ukudalwa emabhalekisini entsha yahanjelwa iziboshwa yaseSoviet yokuthuthela impi kungathi izinkulungwane ezimbili, zazo neshumi nanhlanu babulawa ngo-November ngokuqondene izimo zokusebenza sethusa futhi yokuhlala. Lokho usaphila abantu abangamakhulu ayisihlanu, ezingaba ngu-30% ayesevele ehlatshwa. Ngo-December, lapho kwakhiwa Ujoyinwe eziyikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu kumaJuda, kodwa ngokushesha nje lapho lokhu ubhubhane lwe-typhus, futhi kamuva ngenyanga yena kwabulala bonke labo ababambe iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwekamu.

isakhiwo ekamu

ikamu Area kwaba amahektha 95. indawo yakhe yonke kuhlukaniswe ezinhlanu, elinye lawo kwaba kuphela abesifazane. Isakhiwo lalinabashumayeli izakhiwo eziningi, phakathi lapho kwakukhona 227 yokubonisana, imboni ukukhiqizwa, 22 emabhalekisini iziboshwa zempi 2 zokuphatha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, "Majdanek" kwaba amagatsha eziyishumi, ngokwesibonelo, "Plaszow", "Trawniki" "Grubeshok" nabanye. ikamu Iziboshwa zazinikezwa bekwi-ukukhiqizwa iyunifomu kanye nezimboni izikhali.

ziboshwa ezase

Lokhu ekamu lokuhlushwa ngo-Poland, ngokusho idatha esemthethweni, waba amatende esikhashana iziboshwa 300,000 impi, ezingaba ngu-40% were Jewish, futhi 35% - nabasePoland. Phakathi kwezinye iziboshwa eziningi isiRashiya, Ukraine futhi Belarusians. Ensimini yaleli ikamu lalihlale ibulawa ngonya abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-80, amakota amathathu bani babengamaJuda. Ngokusho kwabanye, in the "Majdanek" wahlala kwesigamu sesigidi kweziboshwa futhi inani labafayo ifinyelele kubantu 360.000.

Ngesikhathi kusungulwa i-emakamu okuhlushwa ayenakho ukubamba iziboshwa ezingaba ngu-50,000, futhi ngo-1942 umthamo wayo liye landa izikhathi eziyisihlanu. Wayefanele amagatsha eziyishumi futhi ukukhiqizwa siqu. Iziboshwa ubhujiswe, kusukela ngo-Ephreli 1942. "Cannon" ukufa wakhonza igesi "Cyclone B", okuyinto nawo ayewusebenzisa "Auschwitz". Futhi ngo-September 1943, kwathiwa ngu esithandweni sokushisa izidumbu umkhankaso.

"Erntefest"

Mayelana emakamu kwakukhona iqoqo nezitifiketi nokufakazela imibhalo, kodwa alikwazi ukuboniswa ephepheni, indlela ezinesihluku kwaba ukusebenza "Erntefest", aphethwe ekuqaleni kuka November 1943. Lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu elithi izwi German kusho "sokuvuna emkhosini", ngempela kuyahlekisa uma ucabangela lokho okwenzeka. nje kwezinsuku ezimbili 3 kanye 4 amaphoyisa Novemba SS ukuchitha wonke amaJuda we Lublin wesifunda, iziboshwa abasemakamu okuhlushwa "Trawniki", "imiqondo" futhi "Majdanek". Ngokwemithombo ehlukahlukene, ngokuvamile, babulawa kusukela unyaka abantu 40 kuya kwezingu-43.

Kwakuyisikhathi ukubulala enyantisayo mass. Iziboshwa baphoqeleka ukuba umbe imisele yabo, etholakala eduze ekamu. Omunye emgodini obuphelele enjalo safinyelela amamitha 100, ububanzi 6 kanye 3 amamitha ukujula. Ekuseni ngo-November 3 amaJuda 'Majdanek "futhi onke amakamu aseduze saholela kulezi zenzo imisele. Iziboshwa ayehlukaniswe amaqembu, bayalwa ukuba balale mayelana ngaseziseleni ukuze isiboshwa okwalandela yokubeka ikhanda ngemuva kulowo odlule. Engaba yikhulu abameleli SS German wabulala nabo bonke abaJuda wadutshulwa ekhanda, edlula imigqa. Zonke emakamu okuhlushwa amaNazi zazisetshenziselwa izinyathelo ezinzima kakhulu kwezinye iziboshwa ezazikanye, kodwa lezi nokubulawa zazimane okunonya. Ngakho izidumbu ngokwabo e ababegqoke amajazi, enye ngemva kwenye. Amabutho ama-SS ukubhuqwa okuphindaphindiwe nje lonke umgodi wawungenalutho. Phakathi nokudutshulwa umculo wayedlala ukuvimbanisa kwezibhamu. Lapho bonke ngaseziseleni bagcwala izidumbu, embozwe ungqimba ezondile emhlabeni, bese sebefile.

lokubulala

Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ekamu lokuhlushwa "Majdanek" wayedabuka kufanele ubambe POWs Soviet kuphela. Nakuba ubufakazi obubhalwe kule nguqulo asipheli. ukubulawa kwabantu ngobuningi waqala lapha ngemva konyaka ukwakhiwa, futhi ngo-1943 kule ndawo isibe olusemthethweni ekamu ukufa. Lapha, ngaphandle ukusebenza "Erntefest", ikakhulu asebenzisa isisi esikhalisa emakamelweni. Ushevu lokuqala asetshenziswa i-carbon monoxide, futhi kamuva "Zyklon B".

ikamu Ukukhulula

Ngo-1944, amasosha aseSoviet bakwazi ikhulule 'Majdanek ". Ukunaka, izithombe zazo waphinda khombisa callousness we Waffen SS, ngokushesha yalahlwa amaJalimane, okuyinto, nakuba beye bazama ukufihla ubufakazi lokubulala inqwaba yabantu, asikwazanga afeze. AmaJalimane kukhona lapho on campus, wayezama ukubhidliza esithandweni sokushisa izidumbu, kwaba yesehlakalo lokubulala izinkulungwane zabantu, kodwa abanayo isikhathi ukwenza njengoba kwakumelwe ngokushesha sihambe kule ndawo. Ehlobo lika ngonyaka ofanayo amabutho yaseSoviet Union bakwazi ukukhulula indawo nezinye emakamu okufa eminingana, njengethi "Treblinka", "Sobibor" futhi "Belzec" eyayibonakala yahlakazeka ngo-1943.

isiphetho

Enkabeni yalo, i-emakamu amaNazi zihlukile akukho. Konke Kunalokho kudivayisi ukuze wokubhekela izidingo zomuntu kanye umqondo wokuthi bonke abantu bayalingana. Kukhona alikwazi ukuba 'kodwa ". kungenziwa Okungenani nganoma yisiphi inkinga bese zibhekwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kodwa kuqothulwe izinkulungwane zabantu ayikwazi walungisiswa lutho, ngisho yokuthi kwaba khona impi. ekamu lokuhlushwa - into ukuthi zazingekho ngoba nje-ke kwakudingekile ukuze-Third Reich, Hitler akusiwona umuntu ofanayo wagijima waya egumbini elinegesi nokulapho, lapho iqhaza empini amasosha isigelekeqe esinonya. Nokho, akubona bonke othanda lesi simo, abanye ngokumelene nalo, kodwa yayingekho enye indlela, kwadingeka ukuba unonya kubo hhayi imbuka yicala. I ngenhlonipho iningi lazo ngisho wazama ukusiza iziboshwa, kodwa ukulungisiswa ababuthakathaka kakhulu ngezenzo zabo. Nokho, mayelana ilungu esiphakeme e-SS, futhi ngeke sikwazi ukusho ukuthi, ngoba wathumela ngabomu ukufa kwamashumi ezinkulungwane kwabantu abangenacala, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona abesifazane nezingane.