Lapho ukuqedwa serfdom eRussia

Isikhathi lapho ukuqedwa serfdom, kabanzi uthathwa njengesikhathi senguquko emlandweni Russian. Naphezu izinguquko kancane kancane kwenziwe, ziye zaba negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni isimo. Lolu suku akusilo ize unikezwa value. Noma ubani ubheka yena indoda ethile efundile futhi ukufunda nokubhala, kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi ngonyaka ukuqedwa serfdom eRussia. Phela, uma hhayi Manifesto esisayinwe 19 Februwari 1861 Mr futhi ezinoshwele abalimi, namuhla esingakubiza kusafanele iphile impilo isimo sasihluke ngokuphelele.

Serfdom eRussia lezwakala ethile engavamile ubugqila, sisebenza kuphela izakhamuzi. Lolu hlelo izinduna bama beqinile lapho zwe belwela ukuba abe i-capitalism, futhi kakhulu ehlile ukuthuthukiswa yayo. Kwaba sobala ikakhulukazi ngemva 1856 lalahleka iMpi YaseCrimea. Ngokwezazi-mlando eziningi, ukunqotshwa imiphumela kwakungafanele eyinhlekelele. Kodwa ngokusobala wawubonisa backwardness lobuchwepheshe, ukwehluleka kwezomnotho wombuso futhi kwenkululeko izinkinga sezombusazwe ukuthi kusondele iphenduke revolution abalimi.

Ubani ezaqedwa serfdom? Ngokwemvelo, lokhu kusho Manifesto sasayinwa Tsar Alexander II, owabusa ngaleso sikhathi. Kodwa washesha ngawo sinqumo senziwe, uthi Ngaphakathi lezi zinyathelo. Alexander yena wavuma ukuthi ukuzindela esabisa ngokuthi "abalimi ngabe zikhulule ngokwabo."

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umbuzo sidzingo setingucuko kwezolimo wavuswa ngokuphindaphindiwe ekuqaleni 1800s. Ikakhulukazi bephikelela sakhuluma ngalesi kwezakhi ovulekile-nomqondo yezikhulu. Nokho, indlela abantu abasabela ngayo lezi izikhalazo kwakumane okudliwa "ekutadisheni umbuzo ongumlimi", ehlanganisa ukuthi akathandi ukuba ahlukane ne tsarist izisekelo umkhuba. Kodwa ukuxhashazwa okwandile anda kwaholela ekubeni ukunganeliseki abalimi kanye nezigameko eziningi ka kokuhlubuka kubanikazi bamazwe. Kulesi umkhakha ekuthuthukiseni abayifuna abasebenzi emizini. Ingabe kwakudingeka kanye emakethe ngoba emphahleni, kanye okwandile ukulimela ukuziphilisa ingathiyeki nokwanda kwalo. Ekuqiniseni olukhulu inhliziyo zomphakathi nomthelela imibono wamavukelambuso-yeningi NG Chernyshevsky futhi NA imisebenzi Dobrolyubova imiphakathi eyimfihlo.

I kwenkosi nabeluleki + bayo, uma ukuqedwa serfdom, bakhombise kunganeliseki ikhono lokubona izinto kusengaphambili zezombusazwe, nokuphatha ukuthola isisombululo ebucayini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abalimi base benikwe inkululeko ethé siqu futhi amalungelo abantu, ngisho noma liphuliwe. Usongo lwezigebengu revolution imisiwe isikhathi esibalulekile isikhathi. Russia seliphinde baqashelwa international njengezwe okuqhubekayo nge umthetho ezinengqondo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, u-Alexander II zaphumelela ukufaka ngesinyelela izinguquko kwasekuqaleni ukuba sicabangele izithakazelo kulendawo ngibenze inzuzo isimo.

Ngokuphambene nombono we izikhulu abafundile, bacubungula isipiliyoni European ngokuziqhathanisa ngokoqobo Russian futhi inikeza eminingi yezinguquko esizayo, abalimi base benikwe inkululeko ethé siqu ngaphandle ezweni. Iziza ukuthi baphiwa lisetshenziswa, ahlale impahla abanikazi bamazwe kuze buyiselo yabo ngokugcwele. Phakathi nale nkathi, umfuyi "sibophekile okwesikhashana" futhi waphoqeleka ukuba nizifeze zonke inkonzo odlule. Ngenxa yalokho, inkululeko iba izwi elihle, futhi isikhundla ukuthi "izakhamuzi zasemakhaya" kwaba namanje kunzima kakhulu. Eqinisweni, lapho ukuqedwa serfdom, uhlobo ukuncika umninindlu esikhundleni ezinye, kwezinye izimo umthwalo nakakhulu.

Ngokushesha, isimo saqala ukukhokhela "abanikazi" ukugcina iziqephu ezintsha zezindawo izindleko ezisemqoka eqinisweni, ukuhlinzeka credit ngo 6% ngonyaka iminyaka 49. Ngenxa yalokhu "izenzo ezinhle 'emhlabeni, ukubaluleka kwangempela okwakunzima cishe izigidi ezingu-500. Ruble, yengcebo wathola mayelana no 3 billion.

izimo kabusha akazange aneliseke, bese abalimi engumthengisi kakhulu. Ngemva ubunikazi iziza kungukuthi wadlulela umlimi ngamunye ngokukhethekile futhi umphakathi, okwasisiza ukuba uxazulule izinkinga eziningi zemali, kodwa ngenxa engumthengisi iba isithiyo. Ngokwesibonelo, izintela kanye wokuhlengwa izinkokhelo abalimi eyenziwa emhlabeni. Ngenxa yalokho, kwadingeka bakhokhele labo amalungu omphakathi, ngubani bona abangakwazi ukukwenza ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene.

Lezi kanye neminye imininingwane eminingi uholé yokuthi lonke elaseRussia, kusukela ngoMashi 1861, lapho ukuqedwa serfdom, waqala ziqhuma ongumlimi yokuvukela. Isibalo izifundazwe kwalinganiselwa ezinkulungwaneni, kodwa abalulekile kakhulu kwaba mayelana 160. Nokho, ukwesaba kulabo kulindeleke "Pugachev entsha" asizange sigcwaliseke, futhi ekwindla ka ngonyaka ofanayo, injabulo ubohle.

Ukwenza isinqumo ukuqedwa serfdom iye yaba nendima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni le-capitalism kanye umkhakha eRussia. Ngenxa yalesi kabusha kwalandelwa abanye, kuhlanganise namajaji, ngokwezinga elikhulu owadubula ukunemba eziphikisanayo. Nokho, ngokweqile izinguquko ebucayini nemvelo kanye underestimation ecacile ithonya Yabantu Freedom imibono kubange ibhomu owabulala 1 Mashi, 1881 u-Alexander II, ngubani futhi lihlale linemibhikisho eyashintsha ezweni ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili.