U-Elizabeth I-English: izithombe, biography, phakathi nokubusa unina

U-Elizabeth I obusa Britain eminyakeni 1558-1603. Ngenxa inqubomgomo ohlakaniphile basekhaya nabamazwe angaphandle akwenzileyo izwe lakhe amandla emikhulu yaseYurophu. Elizabethan namuhla ubizwa kufanele ngokuthi inkathi yokuchuma England.

Indodakazi unkosikazi wazonda

Ngokuzayo Queen Elizabeth Ngazalwa ngo-September 7, 1533, Greenwich. Yayiyindodakazi kukaHenry VIII kanye nomkakhe u-Anne Boleyn. INkosi yafuna sokumazi indodana indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi. Kungenxa yokuthi lokhu, wahlukanisa nomkakhe lokuqala Ekaterinoy Aragonskoy, akazange wamzalela umfana. Iqiniso elafika ukukhanyisa enye intombazane, ethukuthele egan 'unwabu uHenry, nakuba wafikelwa kungekho inzondo siqu ingane.

Lapho u-Elizabethe eneminyaka emibili ubudala, unina wabulawa. Anne Boleyn wasolwa umbuso. Inkantolo babhekwa kungase kutholakale amaqiniso Kusolakala indlovukazi lokuvukela umbuso kumyeni wakhe. Irascible uHenry, wanquma ngakho ukuqeda umkakhe, uye waba umthwalo, futhi lapho yehlulekile uzozala umfana. Kamuva washada izikhathi ezimbalwa. Njengoba imishado emibili okuqala nilenze, Elizabeth futhi udadewabo omdala uMariya (indodakazi Ekateriny Aragonskoy BakaJehova) babebizwa engumlanjwana.

imfundo amantombazane

Ngisho nalapho ngiseyingane Elizabeth ngaba siqu ikhono lemvelo okungavamile. Yena kahle yingcweti Latin, isiGreki, isi-Italian nesiFulentshi. Nakuba intombazane ngobuchwepheshe wesihlahla, ukuqeqeshwa kwakhe wenza osolwazi engcono eCambridge. Lawa kwakungamadodana abantu ezikhathini zanamuhla - le abasekeli kanye nezitha ngeNkathi Yezinguquko ubuKatolika ithambo. Ngaso nje kulokhu, uHenry VIII ngenxa ukungavumelani wakhe uPapa salibangisa kusungulwa i esontweni esizimele. Elizabeth nje ezahlukene abathanda ifilosofi ngokwanele, kamuva baqhubeka le nqubomgomo.

Wayefundiswe, kanye Edward - ungumfowabo omncane umshado okwalandela kukaHenry. Izingane ziba abangane. Ngo-1547 inkosi yafa. Ngokwentando yakhe, sobukhosi kwakukhona Edward (wayeyonqunywa ngokuthi u-Edward VI). Endabeni kokufa kwakhe ngaphandle izingane kwamandla abo okwakukhona ukuya Mary nenzalo yakhe. Elizabeth waba olandelayo. Kodwa intando kwaba incwadi ebalulekile, yebo ngenxa yokuthi uyise okokuqala ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe wavuma namadodakazi kwakhe okumiswe ngokufanele.

Ngemva kokushona kukayise

Usingamzali Ekaterina Parr kusanda kungcwatshwa uHenry wathumela Elizabeth ukuphila e Hertfordshire, kude London kanye iRoyal Palace. Nokho, wahlala isikhathi eside futhi wafa 1548. Ngokushesha wavuthwa-Edward VI udade wabuyela enhloko-dolobha. Elizabeth sasihlobene kumfowabo. Kodwa ngo-1553 lapho eshona kungalindelekile.

Lokhu kwalandelwa iziyaluyalu, ngenxa esahlanganisa amandla udadewabo omdala Elizabeth Maria. Yena sibonga umkhwekazi wami wayekhona naye Katolika, ukuthi ayikuthandi izicukuthwane England. Ingcindezelo ngokumelene amaProthestani waqala. kwezicebi abaningi nezikhulu eziphakeme waqala ukubheka Elizabeth njengoba indlovukazi esisemthethweni, besiyoba yini nje ukube obumbi zenkolo yaxazululwa.

Ngo-1554 kwaba khona ukuvukela Thomas Wyatt. Yena kusolakala ngilangazelela ukudlula umqhele Elizabeth. Lapho ukuvukela ukuyiveza, intombazane ababegqunywe ngamaNazi kuleli Tower. Kamuva wathunyelwa ekudingisweni emzini Woodstock. UMaria engathandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabantu ngenxa yobuhlobo bawo ukuba iningi amaProthestani. Ngo-1558, yena asebefile ngenxa yalesi sifo, engashiyanga izindlalifa. Elizabeth esihlalweni sobukhosi kuqala.

Inqubomgomo zenkolo

Kwake kwathi ngo-amandla, koroleva Elizaveta ngokushesha ngaphinde ngaqala isinqumo ezindabeni zenkolo ezweni labo. Ngalesi sikhathi yonke iYurophu wahlukaniswa waba ingxenye ngizonda nomunye kwamaProthestani namaKatolika. England, etholakala kulesi siqhingi, ingabe uhlale kude lengxabano wezimpi ezalandela. Zonke wayedinga Kwakungubani umbusi esihlakaniphile esihlalweni sobukhosi, yena angazamukela isixazululo ebucayini futhi izingxenye ezimbili umphakathi ukuba aphile ngokuthula isihlobo. A Elizabeth abahlakaniphile nabafundisi nombono obanzi Ngangiyisihambi indlovukazi ezinjalo.

Ngo-1559, it amukela le "uMthetho Wobunye." Lo mbhalo waqinisekisa ukuzimisela yenkosi YamaProthestani sokulandela inkambo kayise. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amaKatolika ayenqatshelwe yokukhulekela. Lezi ezivuna ezinengqondo bavunyelwe ukuhoxisa lizwe kusukela onqenqemeni kwempi yombango. Yini engenzeka uma nabasekeli beziNguquko namaKatolika emabunzini usabhekene, kungaqondakala enqamula okuqhubekayo ukungqubuzana olunegazi ku Germany wangaleyo nkathi.

ukunwetshwa Maritime

Namuhla biography of Elizabeth Lokuqala ngokuyinhloko elihlobene ne-Golden Age of England - kwenkathi yokukhula okusheshayo umnotho wayo kanye nethonya layo zezombusazwe. Ingxenye ebalulekile yalesi impumelelo kwaba sokuhlanganiswa isimo inhloko-dolobha kwemibuso yaseYurophu yaseLondon enamandla kakhulu zasolwandle. Kwakuphakathi wokubusa U-Elizabeth I-Atlantic Ocean, ikakhulukazi kule Caribbean, uquqaba lwezingelosi pirates ngesiNgisi. Lezi abaphangi babehileleke okushushumbisa nokutholakala kuphangwa imikhumbi yezohwebo. I pirate edume kakhulu kwenkathi kwaba Frensis Dreyk. Elizabeth wasebenzisa "amasevisi" omphakathi ukuqeda izimbangi phezu kolwandle.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amatilosi engumthengisi nezifiki ngemvume isimo wasungula amakoloni zabo eNtshonalanga. Ngo 1587 uvele Jamestown - settlement yokuqala yesiNgisi eNyakatho Melika. U-Elizabeth I, okubusa kwakhe eyathatha amashumi eminyaka, naso sonke lesi sikhathi generously exhasiwe izenzakalo ezinjalo.

Kushayisana Spain

ukunwetshwa Maritime of England nakanjani wamngenisa ezingqubuzana Spain - emazweni banezimfanelo amakoloni enkulu inzuzo eNtshonalanga. -Peruvian igolide emfuleni okuqhubekayo agelezela the igadle kwezwakala nasezimalini Madrid, ukuhlinzeka nangobukhulu umbuso.

Eqinisweni, kusukela ngo-1570 i-navies baseNgilandi Spain esimweni "impi zomgunyathi." Ngokusemthethweni, ayizange yamemezela, kodwa ukushayisana izigcwelegcwele zasolwandle kanye galleons zithwesiwe igolide, kwenzeka njalo isimanga. Amafutha ungeze emlilweni yokuthi Spain kwaba wasemuva main of the Catholic Church, kuyilapho Elizabeth YamaProthestani baqhubeka Inqubomgomo kayise.

Ukubhujiswa kwabantu Armada Spanish

Aqondisa mithi ubengase ukuhlehlisa impi, kodwa akusho chitha ke. Vula zinqobe kwaqala ngo-1585. Waphula aphume zaseNetherlands, lapho umsebenzi izihlubuki wendawo obuzama balahle iziphathimandla Spanish. Elizabeth wasekela ngasese kubo ngokunikeza imali nezinye izinto. Ngemva uchungechunge umnqumela ugwayi katiki yi amanxusa wawo womabili la mazwe, impi phakathi England nase-Spain ngokomthetho.

Korol filipp II ethunyelwe osogwini olusenyakatho British Armada. okuthiwa imikhumbi yaseSpain lempi has imikhumbi 140. Ingxabano yaxazululeka, amabutho namandla kabani yemikhumbi yempi lapho imibuso emibili ukuba abe umbuso wamakoloni ngekusasa. Imikhumbi isiNgisi (ngokusekelwa Dutch) lalinabashumayeli imikhumbi 227, kodwa babengesibo ingasaphathwa-Spanish. Nokho, ingabe inzuzo - maneuverability okusezingeni eliphezulu.

Kwathatha inzuzo yokuniyala yayo ngoxhaxha British - sekushiwo Frensis Dreyk futhi Charlz Govard. Weqembu lemikhumbi bangqubuzana Agasti 8, 1588 ku Gravelinskom impi eduze nogu eFrance ngo-English Channel. I-Spanish Armada wahlulwa. Nakuba imiphumela kokunqotshwa ziyabonakala ngokushesha, isikhathi iye yabonisa ukuthi kuyinqobo of England wenza enkulu amandla asolwandle ezikhathini zanamuhla.

Ngemva Gravelinskogo impi impi waqhubeka iminyaka engu-16. Izimpi kwenzeka ngo Melika. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi empini eside kwaba ukusayinwa emhlabeni eLondon ngo-1604 (ngemva kokufa Elizabeth). Ngokusho kwakhe, Spain ekugcineni ishiywe ukuphazamiseka ezindabeni zesonto eNgilandi, lapho eNgilandi wathembisa ukuyeka ukuhlaselwa phezu amakoloni abakwaHabsburg entshonalanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, e-London singase siyeke asekelayo lezi zihlubuki Dutch owalwela inkululeko ngaphansi inkantolo Madrid. An nemiphumela ongaqondile impi nasekuqiniseni ePhalamende ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe British.

Ubudlelwano ne Russia

Emuva ngo-1551 abathengisi London yasungulwa inkampani eMoscow ezisekelwe. Waba oyinhloko yabo bonke ukuhweba British neRussia. U-Elizabeth I, okubusa kwakhe kwakufanele kuhlale ku ezibiyele Ivana Groznogo, zigcinwe ukuxhumana nenkosi futhi wakwazi ukuthola amalungelo akhethekile abashushumbisi yabo.

AmaNgisi babengeve benesithakazelo ubudlelwane kwezomnotho neRussia. Growing imikhumbi commercial kuzoholela ukudayiswa kanye ukuthengwa kwezimpahla eziningi. BaseYurophu wathenga ku uboya isiRashiya, izinsimbi, nokunye .. EMoscow e 1587 inkampani nelilungelo ukuhweba khulula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yena wasungula amagceke abo siqu, hhayi kuphela e-dolobha kodwa futhi Vologda, Yaroslavl futhi Kholmogory. A umnikelo omkhulu kule mpumelelo zokubonisana kanye commercial wenza Elizabeth I. Indlovukazi England lithole kusukela Russian Tsar ingqikithi izinhlamvu 11 ezinkulu, okuyinto namuhla ukumela izikhumbuzo zomlando esiyingqayizivele.

Elizabeth kanye art

I-Golden Age, okuyinto ehlangene ngenkathi Elizabeth kuyabonakala njengondunankulu isiko ngesiNgisi. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi ebhala umbhali wemidlalo abakhulu izincwadi emhlabeni Shakespeare. The Queen wayenesithakazelo ubuciko, isekela kakhulu abalobi balo. Shakespeare kanye nabanye ozakwabo workshop yokudala babehileleke ukudalwa inethiwekhi London ebhayisikobho. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke lezi 'bekungu-Globe ", elakhiwa ngo-1599.

UMbusi wazama ube ngumbukwane nokuzijabulisa uyatholakala yasakazwa izilaleli kungenzeka. inkampani Royal yasungulwa ngo egcekeni yayo. Ngezinye izikhathi ukusebenza wadlala futhi Elizabeth yena kuqala. Photo of esaphila ekumeni abonisa ngokucacile ukuthi yayingowesifazane obukeka emuhle, sikhule size esihlalweni sobukhosi eneminyaka engu-engu-25. Idatha zangaphandle kuyakuba kwaqeda ikhono lemvelo indlovukazi. Wayengumngane sokwazi izilimi nje kuphela, kodwa futhi umdlalikazi omuhle.

eminyakeni yamuva

Ngisho on the obandulela ukufa kwakhe kakade ubudala u-Elizabeth I-isiZulu aqhubeka ahileleke ezindabeni zomphakathi. On kwesikhathi wokugcina wokubusa kwakhe kufanele aqinise ukuphikisana phakathi kwamakhosi kanye nePhalamende. okubuhlungu nakakhulu kwakungamadodana ezomnotho kanye nenkinga intela. Elizabeth wafuna bavula igadle kwezwakala nasezimalini uma kwenzeka nomkhankaso wempi esizayo. IPhalamende abamelana lalokho.

Mashi 24, 1603 izwe wathola ukuthi bonke abantu bafa Elizabeth othandekayo kuqala. Queen of England ngempela wajabulela indawo takhamiti - ngoba fixed igama Okuhle Queen Bess. U-Elizabeth eWestminster Abbey nge isixuku esikhulu izakhamuzi.

Inkinga ngokulandelana

Zonke yokubusa kuka-Elizabeth kwaba umbuzo acute ikakhulukazi ngokulandelana. Queen angikaze ngishade. Njalo lo wayelodadewabo amanoveli ezimbalwa, kodwa babengesibo i imvelo ngokwethukela. UMbusi akafunanga uzobopha elikasofasilahlane ngenxa yezinto ayezibone sasebuntwaneni ekuphileni komkhaya kuyise, yena, phakathi kwezinye izinto, eyalele ukuba kubulawe unina Elizabeth Yokuqala.

The Queen azange abe komshado, ngisho noma ukuncenga ePhalamende. Amalungu aso avumelana ngendlela esemthethweni waphendukela Elizabeth nezicelo ukushada omunye wezikhulu European. Kubo kwaba into eza kuqala kazwelonke. Esimweni lapho izwe bangahlala ngaphandle owalandela ecacile, ungase uqale yombango noma engapheli esigodlweni amasu okugumbuqela imibuso. I ngabelusi Queen of England wabikezela yaseSpain uPhilip II, archdukes German we Habsburg lwamakhosi, IsiSwidi Umqhele Prince Eric ngisho Russian Tsar Ivan le Kubi.

Kodwa yena angikaze ngishade. Ngenxa yalokho, i-Elizabeth engenabantwana ngaphambi kokuba wafa akhethwe ukuze angene esikhundleni sakhe Yakova Styuarta - indodana waseScotland ngoba iNdlovukazi uMary I. Ngokusho kunina, ufunyenwe umzukulu okukhulu kukaHenry VII - umsunguli Tudor lwamakhosi ukuba elalingelamaFilisti U-Elizabeth I-English.