Kwangaphandle kanye Politika yangaphakathi Ekateriny 2. Izici Catherine Inqubomgomo yasekhaya 2

Kusukela ebuntwaneni, ezimele nokukhathalela yonke into eziyibonayo uCatherine II wakwazi ukufeza revolution yangempela eRussia. Kusukela 1744 lalibizwa iNdlovukazi Elizabeth Petersburg. Lapho, Catherine wathatha-Orthodox futhi waba umakoti Prince uPetru Fedorovich.

Ukulwela ukukhipha sobukhosi

Ikusasa Empress wazama ngazo zonke izindlela ukuze sithandwe umyeni wakhe, unina kanye nabantu. Catherine wachitha isikhathi esiningi etadisha amabhuku ku ezomnotho, nomthetho, umlando, okuyinto yaba nethonya sinesimo sengqondo yayo. Lapho uPetru III ethathe ubukhosi, ubuhlobo bakhe nomkakhe kwakukhula kuze kube kokungahoshelani. Ngalesi sikhathi, Catherine baqala ukulungiselela ngesakhiwo. Eceleni kwakhe, babe izinkozi, KG Razumovsky. NI Panin nabanye. Ngo-June 1762, lapho umbusi wayengekho Petersburg, Catherine langena emabhalekisini Izmailovsky Regiment ezamenyezelwa umbusi autocratic. Ngemva eziningi izicelo izinkulumo zakhe ngokubhala umyeni asiyeke. Langaphakathi, yangaphandle Politika Ekateriny II yaqala ukuthuthuka kwayo.

Izici ebhodini

UCatherine II wakwazi nokuzigcina nginabantu abanamakhono ezehlukile. Yena isekela kakhulu imibono ezithakazelisayo ukuthi kungaba nenzuzo ukusebenzisa izinjongo zabo. Nge izifundo Empress baziphathe ngendlela engacunuli futhi ngobuhlakani, kwadingeka isipho ukulalela interlocutor. Kodwa uCatherine II bathandile amandla bangahamba kunoma kakhulu, nje ukugcina kwakhe.

Empress asekelwe iSonto Lobu-Orthodox, kodwa akazange asale ukusetshenziswa ukungena kwenkolo kwezombangazwe. It uye wavumela ukwakha kunamaProthestani namaKatolika amasonto ngisho amathempeli. Kodwa namanje sona aphuma yenkolelo kwenye inkolo.

Domestic Catherine 2 (dlala)

Empress wakhetha postulates ezintathu, okuyinto esekelwe imisebenzi yayo: ukulandelana, kancane kancane futhi ezimali womaya yomphakathi. Catherine lip kwaba umsekeli ukuqedwa serfdom, kodwa kwaholela izikhulu ukusekela inqubomgomo. Ubeka inani labantu esifundzeni ngasinye (izakhamizi akufanele bube ngaphezu kuka-400 eziyinkulungwane), kanye County (kufika ku 30,000). Mayelana ukwehlukana emadolobheni amaningi kwakhiwa. Endabeni ngayinye isikhungo yesifundazwe eziningi zikahulumeni lalihlelekile. Lezi, njengoba isikhungo yesifundazwe main - Ukuphathwa - kanye nalo mbusi ophethe, Criminal kanye Civil Chamber, Financial Management Authority (eNdlini Treasury). Kukhona futhi sezisunguliwe: INkantolo Ephakeme wesifundazwe, iMantshi wesifundazwe kanye nodlame Upper. Badlala indima enkantolo amakilasi ahlukene kanye lalinabashumayeli chairmen futhi abahloli. umzimba yadalelwa isinqumo elinokuthula izingxabano, ngokuthi inkantolo ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza. Iphinde ilalela amacala obugebengu uhlanya. Izinselelo amadivayisi izikole, izindawo zokukhosela namaziko almshouses wahlanganyela Order of zomphakathi esiza abantulayo.

yezinguquko kwezombangazwe in the izifunda

Inner Inqubomgomo Catherine 2 abathintekayo edolobheni. Nalapha futhi, eziningi amabhodi. Ngakho ephansi enkantolo yesifunda obhekene imisebenzi amaphoyisa kanye nokuphatha. Enkantolo County wayengaphansi INkantolo Ephakeme wesifundazwe nabakhulu kubhekwe kunjalo. Indawo lapho izakhamuzi bahlulelwa, kwaba imantshi yedolobha. Ukuze ukuxazulula izinkinga abalimi wadala ukubhuqwa Lower.

Control yokukhipha lesifanele yomthetho sabelwe umshushisi yesifundazwe kanye Abangena Indlu Ngendlu ezimbili. Zikahulumeni-Jikelele balandela umsebenzi izifundazwe ezimbalwa futhi angasebenza ngqo iNdlovukazi. Domestic Politika Ekateriny 2, izigodi ithebula echazwe ezincwadini eziningi emlandweni.

kabusha zokwahlulela

Ngo 1775, yafakazela uhlelo olusha ukuxazulula izingxabano. Ekilasini ngalinye lokusombulula imiraro kwegunya layo zokwahlulela. Zonke izinkantolo, ngaphandle kusondele Lower abangu akhethwe. Wesifundazwe High bahlola izimo bomhlaba kanye ongumlimi ukuxabana (uma umfuyi Sasinjani isimo) oluthatha ubudlova yasenhla nemithombo yasenzansi. Izingxabano assorted serfs zomninindawo. Kepha abefundisi, babekwazi kuphela ukwahlulela ababhishobhi ku consistories yesifundazwe. Umkhandlu Wezigele kwaba eliphakeme kwezokwahlulela.

kabusha kaMasipala

Empress wafuna ukumisa izinhlangano zendawo ekilasini ngalinye nge amalungelo ukuzibusa. Ngo 1766 uCatherine II iphrezethe Manifesto ku ukwakheka Commission ukubhekana nezindaba zendawo. Ngaphansi kokuqondisa Usihlalo izicukuthwane namaphini ikhanda akhethwe edolobheni senzeka amakhetho kwamaphini, kanye ukudluliswa abathweswe wona. Ngenxa yalokho, kubalulwa izenzo eziningana zomthetho, okuyinto fixed imithetho kahulumeni wasekhaya. Izikhulu yanikezwa ilungelo lokuzikhethela ilungelo ukhetha wesifunda futhi kasihlalo yesifundazwe, unobhala, County ijaji bahloli kanye nabanye abaphathi. ukuphathwa Urban kuthatha imicabango ezimbili: Jikelele kanye Shestiglasnaya. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka unelungelo lokwenza oda kule ndawo. Kwakuthinta walo yiyo iMeya. Ukucabanga jikelele kwenzekani kwaba sezingeni elidingekayo. Shestiglasnaya uya nsuku zonke. Nanguya isigungu futhi lalinabashumayeli abameleli eziyisithupha ekilasini ngalinye kanye dolobha. Kube namanje City Council, okuhlangabezana njalo eminyakeni emithathu. Lokhu umzimba unelungelo wokuqoka Shestiglasnuyu umcabango.

Domestic Politika Ekateriny 2 ingakhokhwa ukunakekela amaphoyisa. Ngo-1782, yena wadala isimemezelo ngalo ezilungisiwe isakhiwo abomthetho, isiqondiso imisebenzi yabo, kanye uhlelo ukujezisa.

ukuphila kwamadoda asebukhosini

Domestic Politika Ekateriny 2 inombolo kwemibhalo waqinisekisa ngokomthetho isikhundla evumayo alesi sigaba. Yenza umuntu ohlonishwayo noma asuse kwaba kuphela impahla yakhe kungenzeka emva uliphathise elibucayi. Isinqumo ngempela uhambisane iNdlovukazi. Wohlanga olukhulu ayikwazanga ngaphansi isijeziso ngokomzimba. Ngaphezu anawo isiphetho abalimi kanye izindaba izindlu, izindlu omele ngokukhululekile phesheya, ukuthumela izikhalazo zabo ngqo Governor-Jikelele. Kwangaphandle kanye Politika yangaphakathi Ekateriny 2 esekelwe izimfuno zesigaba.

abameleli kancane abampofu ukuthi kuphulwe umthetho amalungelo. Ngakho, iqhaza yesifunda yesifundazwe yezikhulu ayengakwenza umuntu nge impahla nezimfuneko ezithile. Lokho futhi lavunyelwa isikhundla, kulesi simo, imali eyengeziwe akufanele kube ngaphansi kuka- $ 100 ngonyaka.

kabusha kwezomnotho

Ngo 1775, yena waba ukufunda Manifesto, lapho bonke bavunyelwa ukuba "ngokuzithandela avale zonke izinhlobo Izigayo kanye nokuwakhiqiza zonke izinhlobo yezandla ngaphandle kokuthi kakade imvume" kokubili bendawo namagunya aphakeme. Mfu ngaphandle icala ukuthi uhlobo lwebhizinisi uhulumeni waqhubeka kwaze 1861, kanye nezinkampani ukukhonza ibutho. Imicimbi yangaphambilini ziye zaba nomthelela ekukhuleni komnotho we ekilasini umthengisi. Lesi sigaba wathatha ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ukuthuthukiswa ukukhiqiza entsha namabhizinisi. Ngenxa yesenzo abathengisi waqala ukuthuthukisa umkhakha nelineni, zishintshe kamuva esigabeni yendwangu. UCatherine II ngo 1775, wasungula inhlangano ezintathu yomthengisi, eyayibonakala bahlukana enhloko-dolobha ekhona. Nge ngamunye ngokuhlanganisa imali wathwebula 1% yenhloko-dolobha, okumenyezelwe futhi kungukuthi ihlolwe. Ngo 1785 senziwa isitifiketi zomphakathi, wawuthi abathengisi Unelungelo iqhaza kuhulumeni wasekhaya kanye enkantolo, base emthwalweni kuhlawuliswa ngekushaywa. kwakudingeka ukwandisa ubungako inhlokodolobha limenyezelwe Ilungelo ezihlobene kuphela zezentengiselwano lokuqala nelesibili, futhi ukubuya.

Domestic Politika Ekateriny II osebenza ku izakhamuzi zasemakhaya. Babevunyelwe aqhube ibhizinisi yabo futhi adayise imikhiqizo okuholela. Abalimi ethengiswe igceke lesonto, kodwa ayelinganiselwe ukuqaliswa Imisebenzi eminingi okudayisa. Ezicukuthwaneni bangawuhlela Fairs, futhi adayise umkhiqizo, kodwa akudingeki ilungelo ukwakha izimboni emizini. Lesi sigaba bénza konke okusemandleni abo ukuze ibenze futhi ngiyothatha abathengisi Amatjhila distillery umkhakha. Futhi kancane kancane kuphumelele, emuva lé ngawo ekuqaleni XIX leminyaka 74 wohlanga olukhulu owawunalo kulahlwa izimboni zayo, abathengisi kanye nambili kuphela zazifakwa amabhizinisi.

UCatherine II wavula Assignation Bank, obadalwa ukusebenza ngempumelelo abavelele emphakathini. isikhungo lwezezimali amukela imali, kwekhabhoni olwenziwa ekhiqizwa ezimali izikweletu. Umphumela waba Fusion zokulwa kanye esiliva ruble Assignation.

Reform Wezemfundo, Amasiko kanye nesayensi

Izici 2 izinqubomgomo Catherine yasekhaya kulezi zindawo zimi kanje:

1. Simelele uthisha Empress II Betskoi athuthukile "Jikelele yezefundo ngoba imfundo yabantu abasha zabo bobubili ubulili." Society of Noble Ladies avuleka ngesisekelo yalo (Smolny Institute), zamabhizinisi ekolishi futhi esikoleni ngesikhathi Academy of Arts. Ngo-1782, i-Commission on ukusungulwa izikole kwamiswa kabusha esikoleni. uhlelo wakhe yasungulwa Austrian uthisha FI Jankovic. Ngokuhamba yezinguquko emzini wonke umuntu ukuvula ezikoleni zikahulumeni - ezinkulu nezincane. Institutions igcinwe nguhulumende. Medical College, Mining School nezinye izikole avuleka ngaphansi uCatherine II.
2. Kuphumelele yangaphakathi Politika Ekateriny 2 neminyaka 1762-1796 emenza ukuthuthukiswa yesayensi. Ngo-1765, kwaba khona inhlangano eFree Economic Society, esasiklanyelwe ukuba bandise ulwazi lwesifundo wezwe. Esikhathini kusuka 1768 kuya 1774, ososayensi we-Academy of Sciences nengxenye mikhankaso ezinhlanu. Ngokusebenzisa imikhankaso efana kwanezelwa ulwazi hhayi kuphela e-geography kodwa futhi biology nezinye izinhlobo zesayensi yemvelo. In the 80s, Russian Academy yakhelwa ekutadisheni izincwadi nolimi. Phakathi nokubusa uCatherine II, izincwadi ezingaphezu yashicilelwa kunazo zonke izilwane XVIII leminyaka. Petersburg, wavula kuqala uMbuso Public Library. uyakuthanda ukufunda izincwadi cishe kuyo yonke ekilasini. Ngalesi sikhathi, imfundo isibe baziswa.
3. Domestic Politika Ekateriny 2 akuyona basindiswa, futhi ukubonakala umphakathi eliphezulu. Active ukuphila yezenhlalakahle emibuthanweni eliphezulu kakhulu manene namanenekazi ubophekile ukulandela imfashini. Ngo 1779, ephephabhukwini "Fashion indzaba nyangazonke, noma Library izintokazi yangasese" yashicilelwa izibonelo izimpahla ezintsha kungenasidingo. Isinqumo 1782 ngaphambilini izicukuthwane ukugqoka zokubhukuda ukufanisa imibala liwuphawu sifundazwe. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, kule ukuze ungeze izidingo - isitayela umfaniswano ezithile.

inqubomgomo angaphandle

UCatherine II akazange bayakhohlwa ngcono ubudlelwane nezinye izifundazwe. Empress yibona abathole imiphumela elandelayo:

1. Ngenxa ekuhlaleni Kuban esifundeni, eCrimea, izifundazwe Lithuanian, entshonalanga Russia, Duchy of Courland imingcele isimo kwelulwe kakhulu.

2. indatshana kaGeorge sasayinwa, okuyinto esasibonisa indima le protectorate Russian phezu Georgia (Kartli-Kakheti).

3. Kube impi yokulawula indawo Sweden. Kodwa ngemva basayine ukuthula sivumelwano imingcele azishintshile.

4. Kutfutfukiswa Alaska kanye Aleutian esijwayelekile Islands.

5. Ngenxa empini Russian-Turkish lahlukaniswa njengengxenye yensimu yase-Poland phakathi Austria, Prussia neRussia.

6. Iphrojekthi ngesiGreki. Inhloso ye-imfundiso Kwakunjalo ekubuyiselweni yoMbuso WaseByzantium, igxile eConstantinople. Njengoba isisu inhloko yezwe kwadingeka ukuba umzukulu uCatherine II, Prince uConstantine.

7. Ekupheleni 80 waqala empini Russian-Turkish futhi emzabalazweni kanye Sweden. EYISIBOSHWA 1792 Iasi ukuthula kuvikelwe ithonya Empire Russian eCaucasus futhi eBessarabia, futhi waqinisekisa nokudliwa eCrimea.

Catherine 2. Imiphumela inqubomgomo angaphandle kanye ezifuywayo

Omkhulu Empress Russian washiya uphawu ongenakucimeka wokulingwa emlandweni Russia. Ngemva lokushintsha isihlalo sobukhosi komyeni wakhe, wayenomuzwa aphethwe eziningana izenzakalo, eziningi zazo eziye kakhulu ngcono izimpilo zabantu. Efingqa Imiphumela ezombusazwe sangaphakathi Catherine 2, kufanele kuphawulwe isimo esithile yezikhulu futhi okuthandayo enkantolo. Empress asekelwe kakhulu lesi sigaba nabathandekayo babo abaseduze.

Domestic Politika Ekateriny 2, chaza kafushane uma it has izici ezilandelayo main. Ngenxa yezenzo juqu iNdlovukazi, ensimini ka umbuso Russian lenyuka kakhulu. Labantu ezweni kwaba kutfola imfundo. Kubonakala sengathi isikole lokuqala abalimi. imibuzo mayelana zokuphathwa kwezifunda kanye izifundazwe sezixazululiwe. UMbusikazi wasiza Russia ngomunye uthi emikhulu yaseYurophu.