Izigwebo ku-logic. Kuyini ukwahlulelwa, izinhlobo zokwahlulela

Isigwebo yindlela yokucabanga eqinisekisa noma ephika noma yini mayelana nokukhona kwezinto, ukuxhumana phakathi kwazo nezinto zabo, kanye nobuhlobo phakathi kwezinto.

Izibonelo zezahlulelo: "I-Volga igeleza kuLwandle lwaseCaspian", "A. U-Pushkin wabhala inkondlo ethi "The Bronze Horseman", "I-Ussuri Tiger ibhalwe ohlwini lwe-Red Book", njll.

Isakhiwo sezinqumo

Isigwebo sihlanganisa izici ezilandelayo: isihloko, isibikezelo, isibopho kanye ne-quantifier.

1. Isihloko (i-Latin subjektum - "ngaphansi kwesisekelo") yilokho okushiwo kuloluhlulelo, isihloko salo ("S").
2. I-predicate (isiLatini praedicatum - "ekhulunywe") iyisibonakaliso sesici sendaba, okushiwoyo mayelana nesigwebo sokwahlulela ("R").
3. Iqembu liyisimo sengqondo, phakathi kwesihloko ("S") kanye nesiprofetho ("P"). Inquma ukungena / ukungabikho kwenhloko yimuphi umkhiqizo ovezwe kulesi sibikezelo. Kungabe kokubili kungabonakaliswa futhi kuboniswe "idash" yesignesha noma amagama "yi" ("akusikho"), "kukhona", ",", "essence", njll.
4. I-quantifier (i-quantifier word) inquma ububanzi bomqondo lapho isihloko sesahlulelo sichaza khona. Kungaphambi kwesifundo, kepha kungase kungabi khona esahlulelweni. Ichazwa ngamagama afana nokuthi "konke", "amaningi", "amanye", "akekho", "akekho", njll.

Izigwebo zeqiniso nezamanga

Isigwebo siyiqiniso uma kwenzeka ukuba khona kwezimfanelo, izakhiwo nobuhlobo bezinto eziqinisekisiwe / ukuphikiswa ekwahluleleni kuyiqiniso. Isibonelo: "Zonke izinhlanzi ziyizinyoni", "9 ngaphezulu kuka-2", njll.

Uma isitatimende esikulesi sahlulelo singelona iqiniso, sibhekene nesahlulelo samanga: "Ilanga libheke emhlabeni wonke," "Ikhilogremu yensimbi inzima kunekhilogram yoboya bekotini," njll. Isahlulelo esifanele sakha isisekelo seziphetho ezifanele.

Kodwa-ke, ngaphezu kwelogi elinamanani amabili, lapho isahlulelo singase sibe yiqiniso noma singamanga, kunemigomo eminingi ye-multidimensional. Ngokwezimo zalo, isahlulelo singabuye singaqiniseki. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngezahlulelo zabantu ngabanye: "Kusasa ngeke kube khona / akukho mpi yolwandle" (Aristotle, "Ekuchazeni"). Uma sicabanga ukuthi lokhu kuyisiphakamiso sangempela, khona-ke ukulwa kolwandle kusasa kungenzeki. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi kwenzeke. Noma ngokuphambene nalokhu: ukuphikisa ukuthi lesi sahluko singamanga okwamanje, ngaleyo ndlela senza ukuthi kunesidingo sokungabi khona kwempi yosuku olusasa .

Izigwebo ngohlobo lwamazwi

Njengoba kuyaziwa, ngokusho kohlobo lwamazwi, izinhlobo ezintathu zemisho zihlukaniswa : ukulandisa, ukugqugquzela nokubuza imibuzo. Isibonelo, umusho othi "Ngiyakhumbula umzuzu omuhle" ubhekisela kuhlobo lokulandisa. Kunconywa ukuphakamisa ukuthi isahlulelo esinjalo sizoba nokulandisa. Iqukethe imininingwane ethile, kubika ngomcimbi othize.

Kanti, isigwebo sokubuza imibuzo sinombuzo obonisa impendulo: "Ikusasa lilungiseleleni mina?" Ngaphezu kwalokho, akusho lutho futhi aluphiki lutho. Ngakho-ke, isitatimende sokuthi leso sahlulelo siyi-interrogative siyiphutha. Imisho yokubuza imibuzo ayihambisani nesahlulelo, ngoba umbuzo awukwazi ukuhlukaniswa ngokwemigomo yeqiniso / ukwethembeka.

Uhlobo lwemisho olukhuthazayo luyakha uma kunesisusa esithile sokusebenza, isicelo noma ukuvinjelwa: "Vuka, umprofethi, ubone futhi uzwe." Ngokuqondene nezokwahlulelwa, ngokusho kwabanye abacwaningi, azikho ezinkambisweni zalolu hlobo. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi lezi zihlulelo ezihlukahlukene.

Ikhwalithi yokwahlulela

Kusukela ekubukeni kwekhwalithi, izahlulelo zingaba yiqiniso (S yiP) noma ayibi (S ayiyona P). Endabeni yesiphakamiso sokuqinisekisa, isaziso sinikezwa impahla ethile (-a) kulokhu okukhulunywe ngakho. Isibonelo: "ULeonardo da Vinci ungumdwebi wase-Italy, umdwebi, umdwebi, ososayensi, ososayensi wemvelo, umsunguli nomlobi, ummeli omkhulu we-Renaissance art."

Ekwahluleleni okungalungile, ngokuphambene nalokho, impahla yalesi sihloko isuswa: "Inkolelo yesigatshana sama-25 sikaJames Vaikeri ayikho isiqiniseko sokuhlola."

Isici sokulinganisela

Izigwegwe ku-logic zingaba nomlingiswa jikelele (ohlobene nazo zonke izifundo zaleli klasi), eziyimfihlo (kwezinye zazo) futhi ezingashadile (uma kuziwa entweni ekhona esimweni esisodwa). Isibonelo, kungacatshangwa ukuthi isahlulelo esinjenge- "Ebusuku, wonke amakati esibabule" azobhekisela ezinhlotsheni ezivamile, njengoba kuthinta bonke abameleli be-feline (ngaphansi kwesahlulelo). Isitatimende esithi "Ezinye izinyoka aziyingozi" yisibonelo sesahlulelo esithile. Futhi, isitatimende esithi "I-Dnieper Enhle endaweni yesimo sezulu esithulile" iyodwa, ngoba umbuzo womfula owodwa, okhona ngefomu elilodwa.

Izinqumo ezilula futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi

Kuye ngesakhiwo, isahlulelo singaba uhlobo olulula noma luyinkimbinkimbi. Isakhiwo sesiphakamiso esilula sihlanganisa imibono emibili ehlobene (SP): "Le ncwadi ingumthombo wolwazi". Kukhona izahlulelo ngomqondo owodwa - uma lesibili sibonisa ukuthi: "Kwakukhanya" (P).

Ifomu eliyinkimbinkimbi lakhiwa ngokuhlanganisa izigwebo eziningana ezilula.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezigwebo ezilula

Izahlulelo ezilula ku-logic zingaba yilezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo: ukunikeza, izahlulelo nobuhlobo, zikhona, ziyi-modal.

Ukunikeza (izahlulelo-izakhiwo) kuhloswe ekuqinisekiseni / ukuphika ukuthi kukhona khona izimfanelo ezithile (izimfanelo), izinhlobo zomsebenzi. Lezi zigwebo zinefomu elithile futhi aziphenduli: "Uhlelo lwezinzwa zezilwane ezincelisayo lubandakanya ubuchopho, intambo yomgogodla kanye nezinyathelo ezihambayo zezinzwa."

Ekwahlulelweni nobuhlobo, ubudlelwane obunye phakathi kwezinto bucatshangelwa. Bangakwazi ukuba nomongo wesikhala-sesikhathi, umphumela wokubangela, njll. Isibonelo: "Umngane omdala ungcono kunamasha amabili", "I-Hydrogen ilula kune-carbon dioxide izikhathi ezingu-22".

Isahlulelo esivelele sisho isitatimende sokuba khona / ukungabi khona kwezinto (kokubili okubonakalayo nokuhle): "Akekho umprofethi ezweni lakubo", "Inyanga ingumngane womhlaba".

Isahlulelo se-modal yindlela yokufakazela ukuthi kukhona opharetha abathile (okudingekayo, okuhle / okubi, okufakazelwe, owaziwayo / ongaziwa, owenqatshelwe, okholwayo, njll). Isibonelo:

• "ERussia, ukuguqulwa kwezemfundo kuyadingeka" (i-aletic modality yithuba, isidingo sento ethile).
• "Wonke umuntu unelungelo lokuziphendulela" (isimiso se-deontic - imikhuba yokuziphatha yokuziphatha komphakathi).
• "Isimo sengqondo sokungabi nalutho sokuveza impahla siholela ekulahlekelweni kwayo" (ukuziphatha ngendlela ehambisana ne-axiological - ngokuphathelene nezinto ezibonakalayo nezingokomoya).
• "Sikholelwa ekungabonweni kwakho" (ukuziphatha kombhikisho - izinga lokuthembeka kolwazi).

Izigwebo eziyinkimbinkimbi nezinhlobo zokuxhumana okunengqondo

Njengoba sekushiwo kakade, izahlulelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zinezinhlobo ezimbalwa ezilula. Njengoba izixhumanisi ezinengqondo phakathi kwazo ziyizinqubo ezifana nalezi:

• Ukuhlanganiswa (izahlulelo ze-ʌ b - zokuxhuma). Izigwegwe-ezihlangene zineqembu "futhi": "Ukusetshenziswa kwamalungelo nenkululeko yomuntu kanye nesakhamuzi akufanele kuphambene namalungelo nenkululeko yabanye."
• Disjunction (avb - izahlulelo zokuhlukana). Njengezici ezihlanganisiwe, imisho-disjuncts isetshenziselwa, njengesixhawu - inyunyana "noma". Isibonelo: "Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokukhulisa noma ukunciphisa inani lemangalo."
• Okushiwo (a → b - isinqumo sokwahlulela). Uma isakhiwo sesiphakamiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sihlukanisa phakathi kwesimiso nomphumela, khona-ke kungacatshangwa ukuthi leso sahlulelo siphelele. Njengesiyingi kule fomu, izinyunyana ezifana "uma ... lokho" zisetshenzisiwe. Isibonelo: "Uma udlulisa umshini kagesi ngomqhubi, umqhubi uyashisa," "Uma ufuna ukujabula, yiba naye."
• Ukulingana (a ≡ b - izahlulelo zobunikazi). Kuyenzeka uma amanani we-a ne-b efana (noma bobabili beqiniso noma bobabili bangamanga): "Umuntu wadalwa ngenjabulo, njengenyoni yezindiza".
• Ukungaboni kahle (okukhona, ā - ukuguqulwa kwesahlulelo). Kuzo zonke iziqalo zokuqala ukuqinisekiswa okuhlanganisiwe, okuphika ukuqinisekiswa kwangempela, kufakwa ohlwini. Yenziwa nge-ligament "hhayi". Ngakho-ke, uma isitatimende sokuqala sibonakala kanje: "Inkunzi iyaphenduka ekukhanyeni okubomvu" (a) - khona-ke ukuhlukunyezwa kuzozwakala sengathi: "Inkunzi ayiphenduli ekukhanyeni okubomvu" (¬a).