I-Unicellular algae: izici zesakhiwo. Abameli bama-allium e-unicellular

Umhlaba ongaphansi kwamanzi wawuheha abantu ngokukhanya kwawo, ubuhle obungakaze kube khona, ukuhlukahluka kanye nezimfihlo ezingaziwa. Izilwane ezimangalisayo, izitshalo ezimangalisa zobukhulu bonke - zonke lezi ziphilayo ezingavamile azishiyi noma ubani ongenandaba. Ngaphandle kwabamele abakhulu bezitshalo ezibonakala iso, kunezinto ezincane kunazo zonke, ezibonakala ngaphansi kwe-microscope, kodwa lokhu akulahlekelwa ukubaluleka nokubaluleka kwayo ku-biomass jikelele yolwandle. Lawa angama-nonicellular algae. Uma sithatha ukukhiqizwa okuphelele kwezinto eziphilayo ezikhiqizwa izitshalo ezingaphansi kwamanzi, ngakho-ke eziningi zazo zikhiqizwa, lezi zidalwa ezincane nezimangalisayo.

I-Algae: isici esivamile

Ngokuvamile, i-algae yi-sub-umbuso wezitshalo eziphansi. Bhekisela kuleli qembu ngesizathu sokuthi umzimba wabo awuhlukaniswanga ngezitho, kodwa uboniswa ngethallus noma thallus eqhubekayo (ngezinye izikhathi). Esikhundleni se-root system, banamadivayisi okunamathiselwe ku-substrate ngendlela yama-rhizoids.

Leli qembu lezinto eziphilayo likhulu kakhulu, lihlukile ngesimo nesakhiwo, indlela yokuphila kanye nezindawo zokuhlala. Izigaba ezilandelayo zalo mndeni zivela:

• Okubomvu;
• Brown;
• Okuhlaza;
• Igolide;
• I-Diatoms;
• I-cryptophytic;
• Okuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka;
• I-Euglenic;
• I-Dinophyte.

Ngayinye yale minyango ingabandakanya ama-algae angama-nonicellular kanye nabameleli abane-multicellular thallus. Futhi kukhona izinhlobo ezilandelayo zezinto eziphilayo:

• I-Colonial;
• I-Filamentary;
• I-Free-floating;
• Kuhlanganisiwe nabanye.

Izimpawu zokuhlelwa zitholakala. Esinye esibaluleke kunazo zonke, sinquma ngendlela esebenzayo - indlela yokunakekelwa kwamandla. Abamele ama-algae aluhlaza aluhlaza wonke ama-autotrophs, iningi le-multicellular ekilasini elifanayo libuye lenze i-photosynthesis. Noma kunjalo, amafomu we-heterotrophic, mixotrophic, ngisho nama-parasitic nawo ahlangana nawo.

Sizofunda ngokuningiliziwe isakhiwo, umsebenzi obalulekile nokukhiqizwa kwabamele abasebenza ngokungafani kwama-algae ahlukene. Sizohlola indima yabo emvelweni nasekuphileni komuntu.

Izici zesakhiwo se-algae e-unicellular

Yiziphi izici ezithile ezivumela lezi zinhlobo ezincane ukuba zikhona? Okokuqala, nakuba benesisodwa kuphela, kodwa wenza yonke imisebenzi ebalulekile yenyama yonke:

• Ukukhula;
• Ukuthuthukiswa;
• Ukudla;
• Ukuphefumula;
• Ukukhiqiza;
• Ukuhamba;
• Ukukhethwa.

Futhi, lesi sakhiwo esingenayo i-unicellular sinomsebenzi wokucasula.

Esakhiweni sangaphakathi, izici ze-unicellular algae ezikwazi ukumangaza umcwaningi onentshisekelo, abanakho. Zonke izakhiwo ezifanayo kanye nama-organelles njengamaseli ezinhlobonhlobo ezithuthukile kakhulu. I-membrane yeseli inekhono lokuthola umswakama ozungezile, ngakho umzimba ungadlula ngaphansi kwamanzi. Lokhu kuvumela ama-algae ukuba asakaze kabanzi kakhulu hhayi olwandle kuphela, olwandle nezinye izidumbu zamanzi, kodwa futhi nasemhlabeni.

I-nucleus enezinto zofuzo ikhona bonke abamele, ngaphandle kwe-algae eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okuyizinto eziphilayo ze-prokaryotic. Futhi esitokisini kukhona izitho zomzimba eziphoqelekile ezijwayelekile:

• I-Mitochondria;
• I-Cytoplasm;
• I-endoplasmic reticulum;
• Idivayisi ye-Golgi;
• Ama-Lysosomes;
• Ama-Ribosomes;
• Isikhungo samaselula.

Isici esikhethekile ukukhona kwamaplastidi aqukethe i-pigment eyodwa noma enye (i-chlorophyll, i-xanthophyll, i-phycoerythrin nabanye). Okunye okuthakazelisayo ukuthi i-unicellular algae ingahamba ngokukhululekile emkholomu wamanzi ngosizo linye noma i-flagella eminingana. Nokho, akuzona zonke izinhlobo zezilwane. Kukhona namafomu afakwe kwi-substrate.

Ukusakaza kanye nezindawo zokuhlala

Ngenxa yobukhulu obuncane kanye nokunye okuphawulekayo kwesakhiwo, ama-unicellular algae akwazi ukusabalalisa wonke umhlaba. Bahlala:

• Imizimba yamanzi amasha;
• Izilwandle nolwandle;
• Izimpande;
• Ubuso bamadwala, izihlahla, amatshe;
• Amapulazi e-Polar agcwele iqhwa neqhwa;
• Ama-aquarium.

Lapho bahlangane khona nje! Ngakho-ke, ama-unicellular algae angenayo, izibonelo ze-blue-green noma i-cyanobacteria - izakhamuzi ze-permafrost ye-Antarctica. Njengoba ihlanganiswe ngezingulube ezihlukene, lezi zakhi eziphilayo zihlobisa ngokumangalisayo i-landscape ye-snow-white. Bopha iqhwa elibomvu, i-lilac, eliluhlaza, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka neluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okwakubonakala luhle kakhulu.

Ama-algae ama-green aicellular, izibonelo zazo ezinganikezwa: i-chlorella, i-trenpolia, i-chlorococcus, i-pleurococcus - ihlala phezu kwemithi, ihlanganisa amagxolo awo nge-bloom eluhlaza. Bazama ukuthola umbala ofanayo wamatshe, amanzi angaphezulu, iziza zomhlaba, amatshe aphansi kanye nezinye izindawo. Bangabaseqembu lamazwe omhlaba noma e-air algae.

Ngokuvamile, abameli be-algae unicellular bayasizungezile yonke indawo, ukuze sibone ukuthi kungenzeka kuphela ngosizo lwe-microscope. Emanzini, emoyeni, ezindaweni ezikhona zemikhiqizo, umhlaba, izitshalo nezilwane zihlala ezibomvu, eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka negolide, kanye ne-cyanobacteria.

Ukuzala kanye nendlela yokuphila

Ngendlela yokuphila ye-algae ethile kufanele ikhulunywe esimweni ngasinye. Omunye uthanda ukungena ngokukhululekile emakholomu amanzi, ekwakheni phytobenthos. Ezinye izinhlobo zifakwe ngaphakathi kwezilwane eziphilayo, zingene ebuhlotsheni be-symbiotic nabo. Abanye bavele bazihlanganise ne-substrate bese bakha amakoloni nezinsimbi.

Kodwa ukukhiqizwa kwe-unicellular algae kuyinkqubo efanayo nabo bonke abamele. Lona ukuhlukaniswa kwemifino evamile ngamabili, i-mitosis. Inqubo yezocansi iyingqayizivele kakhulu futhi kuphela lapho izimo zenkinga zenzeka.

Ukukhiqiza ngokobulili kunciphisa izigaba ezilandelayo.

1. Ukulungiswa. Iseli likhula futhi likhula, liqoqa izakhi.
2. Ama-organoids of movement (flagella) anciphisa.
3. Bese kuqala inqubo yokuphindaphinda kwe-DNA kanye nokwakheka ngesikhathi esisodwa kwesikhumba esinqamulayo.
4. Ama-Centromers adweba izinto eziphathelene nezakhi zofuzo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene.
5. I-constriction ivala, futhi iseli lihlukaniswe ngesigamu.
6. I-Cytokinesis yenzeka kanyekanye nazo zonke lezi zinqubo.

Umphumela wilawa amantombazane amasha, afana namaseli omzali. Baqedela izingxenye zomzimba ezingekho futhi baqale ukuphila okuzimele, ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa. Ngakho-ke, umjikelezo wokuphila womuntu ongenayo i-unicellular uqala ngokuhlukaniswa futhi uphela ngawo.

Izici zesakhiwo se-algae e-green unicellular

Isici esiyinhloko ngumbala ocebile ohlaza, onenqolobane. Kuchazwa ukuthi i-pigment chlorophyll igxila kuma-plastids. Yingakho lezi ziphilayo zikwazi ukwenza uhlelo lwe-photosynthesis, zizakhele izinto eziphilayo ngokuzimela. Lokhu kulezi zindlela eziningi kubasondeza kubameleli bezwe eliphakeme.

Futhi izici zesakhiwo sama-algae aluhlaza aluhlaza yiziphethini ezilandelayo jikelele.

1. Ukugcina izakhi isitashi.
2. I-organoid enjalo, njenge-chloroplast, ifakwe ngendwangu kabili, eyenzeka ezitshalweni eziphakeme.
3. Ukuze kuqhutshwe ukuhamba, kusetshenziswe i-flagellates, ehlanganiswe nezinwele noma izikali. Zingaba kusukela ku-6 ukuya ku-6-8.

Kusobala ukuthi isakhiwo sama-algae aluhlaza okwenziwe aluhlaza sikwenza sibe ekhethekile futhi sondeza abameleli abahlelekile bezilwane zasemhlabeni.

Ubani kulo mnyango? Abameleli abadume kakhulu:

• I-Chlamydomonas;
• I-Wolvox;
• Chlorella;
• Pleurococcus;
• I-Euglena eluhlaza;
• I-Acrosiphonia nabanye.

Ake sicabangele ngokuningiliziwe izinto eziningana ezinjalo.

I-Chlamydomonas

Lo mmele ubhekisela emnyangweni onjenge-algae eluhlaza. I-Chlamydomonas iyinhlangano engaphansi kwamanzi ahlanzekile nezinye izici zesakhiwo. Kubonakala nge-phototaxis enhle (ukunyakaza kuya emthonjeni wokukhanya), ngenxa yobuso bezithombe ezibonakalayo ekugcineni kweseli.

Indima yemvelo ye-chlamydomonas yukuthi umkhiqizi we-oksijeni ekwenzeni i-photosynthesis, umthombo obalulekile wokudla kwemfuyo. Kubuye kube yi-alga ebangela "izimbali" zamanzi. Amangqamuzana akhe akhuliswa kalula ngaphansi kwezimo zokufakelwa, ngakho-ke izakhi zofuzo zikhethe i-chlamydomonad njengento yokucwaninga kwama-laboratory kanye nokuhlolwa.

I-Chlorella

I-chlorella algae ene-single-celled ibuye ibe yomnyango wezohlaza. Umehluko walo omkhulu kuzo zonke ezinye ukuthi uhlala emanzini amasha kuphela , futhi iseli lawo alinayo i-flagella. Ikhono le-photosynthesize lenza kube lula ukusebenzisa i-chlorella njengomthombo womoya-mpilo endaweni (emikhumbi, imicibisholo).

Ngaphakathi kweseli liqukethe isakhiwo esiyingqayizivele sezakhi kanye namavithamini, ngenxa yokuthi le alga iyabaluleka kakhulu njengesizinda sefolishi yezinkomo. Ngisho nomuntu, ukuyidla ukudla kungaba usizo kakhulu, ngoba amaprotheni angu-50% ekubunjweni kwawo aphakeme kunenani lamandla kwezitshalo eziningi. Nokho, njengokudla kwabantu, kwakungakajwayele.

Kodwa i-chlorella isetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo ekuhlanjululeni kwamanzi okuphilayo. Qaphela lokhu kuphila kungenziwa ku-glassware ngamanzi aphelile. Emadongeni i-revolution epholile yombala obomvu ikhiwa. Lona yi-chlorella.

Euglena the Green

I-alga ene-single-celled i- euglena eluhlaza, ekwahlukana kwe-euglena. Okungajwayelekile, okuhlangene nesimo sokuphela komzimba esiqondile kwenza kube okuhlukile kwabanye. Ibuye ibe neso lesithombe esibucayi ne-flagellum yokunyakaza okusebenzayo. Iqiniso elithakazelisayo ukuthi i-euglena iyi-mixotroph. Kungadliwa ngokweqile, kodwa ezimweni eziningi kuqhuba inqubo ye-photosynthesis.

Kwaphela isikhathi eside kwaba khona impikiswano mayelana nokusebenza kwalesi sakhiwo embusweni othile. Ngesibonakaliso esisodwa yisilwane, kwabanye kuso isitshalo. Lihlala emzimbeni wamanzi ancoliswe izidakamizwa eziphilayo.

Pleurococcus

Lezi zinhlobo eziphilayo eziluhlaza ezihlala emadwaleni, umhlaba, amatshe, izihlahla. Yakha i-blue-green coating on the surface. Xoxa nomndeni u-Hetoforovye algae womnyango wezohlaza.

Kungenxa ye-pleurococcus ukuthi umuntu angakwazi ukuqondisa ehlathini, ngoba lihlala kuphela kusukela ohlangothini olusenyakatho lwemithi.

Izidakamizwa

I-alga ene-single-celled yi-diatome nazo zonke izinhlobo zayo ezihambisanayo. Konke ndawonye benza ama-diatoms, ahluke kwisici esisodwa esithakazelisayo. Ngenhla, iseli labo limbozwe igobolondo elihle elihle, lapho iphethini lemvelo lensimbi ye-silicon ne-oxide yayo isetshenziswa. Ngezinye izikhathi lezi zindlela ziyamangalisa kakhulu kangangokuthi kubonakala sengathi uhlobo oluthile lwesakhiwo sokwakha noma umdwebo onzima womculi.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abameleli abafayo bezinhlayiya bakha ama-deposit precious amatshe asetshenziswa abantu. Ama-Xanthophyll ahlala esitokisini, ngakho umbala walezi algae ungolide. Ziyisidlo esiwusizo sezilwane zasolwandle, ngoba zakha ingxenye ebalulekile yeplankton.

I-algae ebomvu

Lezi yizinhlobo ezinjalo, umbala wazo ohluka obala obomvu kuya ku-orange and maroon. Esakhiweni samaseli, ezinye izingulube ezivimbela i-chlorophyll zikhona. Sinesithakazelo kuma- red algae, amafomu we-unicellular.

Leli klasi lihlanganisa ekilasini lama-bangs algae, okuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-100. Kulezi, ingxenye enkulu ayi-unicellular. Umehluko oyinhloko yiyona eyinhloko ye-carotenes kanye ne-xanthophylls, i-phycobilins ngaphezu kwe-chlorophyll. Lokhu kuchaza umbala wabameleli bomnyango. Omunye angakwazi ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo eziningana zezinto eziphilayo kakhulu phakathi kwama-red algae angama-red:

• I-Porphyridium.
• I-Chrootec.
• I-Geotrichum.
• Asteroceitis.

Izindawo zokuhlala eziyinhloko yilawa manzi olwandle nolwandle olwandle. Ezindaweni ezishisayo akuvamile kakhulu.

I-Porphyridium

Wonke umuntu angaqaphela lapho i-single-cell algae yalezi zinhlobo zihlala khona. Bakha amafilimu abomvu wegazi emhlabathini, izindonga, nezinye izindawo ezimanzi. I-Singly ikhona kakade, ngokuvamile iqoqwe emakoloni, ihaqwe yi-mucus.

Zisetshenziswa ngumuntu ukutadisha izinqubo ezifana ne-photosynthesis kuma-unicellular kanye nokwakhiwa kwama-molecular i-polysaccharide ngaphakathi kwezinto eziphilayo.

I-Chrootec

Leli algae futhi aliyona i-unicellular futhi iyingxenye yomnyango obomvu, isigaba se-bang. Isici saso esiyingqayizivele sakhiwa "umlenze" we-mucous wokunamathisela kwi-substrate. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi lo "mlenze" ungadlula ubukhulu bomzimba ngokwayo cishe izikhathi ezingu-50. I-Slime ikhiqizwa iseli ngokwayo ekusebenzeni komsebenzi obalulekile.

Lesi sitho sihlala emhlabathini, futhi sakha isembatho esibomvu esibonakalayo, esicindezelayo ekuthinteni.