Iroquois - amaNdiya aseNyakatho Melika: inombolo bese ububanzi wesizwe

Umlando sabantu bomdabu baseMelika ugcwele izimfihlakalo izimfihlo, kodwa namanje udabuka kakhulu. Lokhu kusebenza ikakhulukazi amaNdiya aseNyakatho Melika, i- emazweni yokhokho esezinesikhathi eside ezizimele iU.S. Federal Government. Indlela abantu abaningi bomdabu North zwekazi American baye bafa ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwamakoloni enobudlova ayaziwa kuze kube yilolu suku. Abanye abacwaningi bathi ngokuthi ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-15, amaNdiya zamanje ze-US ezindaweni kuhlale izigidi ezingu-15, futhi ngo-1900 babengabantu akukho kuka 237 000.

Ikakhulukazi okuphawulekayo yilokho indaba nalabo esibazi ngaphansi kwegama "Iroquois". AmaNdiya alesi sizwe kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo iyisizwe esikhulu eziqinile, kodwa manje okusele kwabo kancane. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Dutch nosizo British ekuqaleni wabavumela emangalisayo aqinise isikhundla yayo ... kodwa uma isidingo Iroquois sinyamalale, baqala ukubhubhisa waphakamisela.

ulwazi oluyisisekelo

Bayibiza amaNdiya aseNyakatho Melika, ngubani manje abahlala ezifundeni enyakatho kanye nase-Canada. Igama elithi "Wide" in the isichazamazwi sezizwe zakwa angomakhelwane kusho "Vipera", okhombisa yasekuqaleni Iroquois abangophakimpi, nezici ezithile zabo cebo futhi enolwazi olujulile amacebo empi. Akumangalisi ukuthi Iroquois babe njalo endaweni ubudlelwane obungebuhle kakhulu ngayo yonke nomakhelwane bayo, lapho obala abathandanga futhi esaba. Okwamanje e-United States nase-Canada iyikhaya abameleli ayizinkulungwane 120 besizwe.

Ekuqaleni isizwe ububanzi elisukela St Lawrence River ukuze Hudson Strait. Ngokuphambene nalokho okukholelwa yiningi, le Iroquois - amaNdiya hhayi kuphela ukuba nenkani kodwa futhi kakhulu kanzima sabasebenzi, njengesigaba banayo ezingeni kahle eliphezulu lakhiwe kwezitshalo, kwakuyisiqalo of nemfuyo.

Cishe, lesi sizwe wayengomunye wabokuqala mbeni baseYurophu ngekhulu le-16. Ngalesi sikhathi, amaNdiya amaningi engxenyeni enkulu yeNyakatho Melika abaye balahlekelwa umsebenzi elangabini njalo izimpi zangaphakathi. Noma kunjalo, ukukhunjulwa kwabo wahlala namanje. Ngokwesibonelo, igama elithi "Canada" livela olimini Laurentian Iroquois.

Iroquois indlela yokuphila

Inhlangano yezenhlalakahle wesizwe - ngesibonelo esiphawulekayo yasekuqaleni tribal matriarchy, kodwa uhlanga namanje iholwa indoda. Umndeni wawuhlala endlini eside basisebenzisa njengeHholo uyisiphephelo izizukulwane eziningana. Kwezinye izimo, lezi zindlu zazisetshenziswa ekuqaleni amashumi eminyaka, kodwa kwenzeka ukuthi Iroquois ababehlala endlini okufanayo iminyaka eyikhulu noma ngaphezulu.

Zithengiswe, kuyimisebenzi eyinhloko ye Iroquois ukuthi lapho beyozingela noma beyodoba. Abameleli beNdikimba isizwe abathintekayo emsebenzini wokukhiqiza izinto eziyizikhumbuzo noma umsebenzi. Ibhekane ukudayisa obhasikidi bendabuko kanye lobuhlalu imigexo mihle kakhulu, futhi ithandwe (ikakhulukazi izivakashi).

Lapho isizwe Iroquois kwaba ngaleso sesinamandla amakhulu, amalungu aso ahlala emizaneni eminingi kunalokho, ezingase ukukhiqiza kufika ku "izindlu eside" 20. Sazama uwafake compact, ukukhetha labo izingcezu ezweni babe engafanele ukulima. Naphezu militancy yayo futhi ngokuvamile ngesihluku, le Iroquois zivame abakhethiwe izindawo emizaneni yawo kakhulu futhi emuhle.

Ezemfundo Confederation

Around 1570 endaweni eduze Lake Ontario uvele kumiswa ezinzile sezizwe zakwa Iroquois, eyaziwa kamuva ngokuthi "Iroquois Union." Nokho, abameleli isizwe ukuthi nemfuneko lokuqala ukuvela lolu hlobo imfundo sekukhona wangekhulu le-12. Ekuqaleni Confederation lalinabashumayeli mayelana eziyisikhombisa sezizwe zakwa Iroquois. Njalo umholi we i isizwe Indian kwadingeka babe namalungelo alinganayo emihlanganweni, kodwa ngesikhathi impi namanje akhethwe "inkosi".

Phakathi nale nkathi, zonke nemizana we Iroquois babesayenza ophoqelelwe bazivikele ekuhlaseleni omakhelwane bayo, ukuvikela emzaneni udonga, amaqembu obukhulu. Ngokuvamile laba babengamadodana izindonga omkhulukazi eyakhiwe izingodo ngensimbi izinqwaba ezimbili, ngezikhathi phakathi kwabo embozwe umhlaba. Umbiko ngumuntu sevangeli isiFulentshi, kukhona kukhulunywa "idolobhakazi" lalezi we Iroquois yezindlu 50 omkhulu eside, ngamunye okuyinto kwaba inqaba yangempela. Iroquois abesifazane beba nabantwana, kwamadoda ayenza ukuzingela nokulwa.

labantu nemizana

Ezigodini ezinkulu ukuthwala abantu kuze kufinyelele abantu abayizinkulungwane ezine. Lwathi luphela kumiswa we Confederation of nesidingo sokuvikela iqedwe ngokuphelele, ngoba ngesikhathi Iroquois wabhubhisa cishe ngokuphelele yonke nomakhelwane bayo. Kulokhu, emzaneni baqala ukuhlala emfishane, ukuze uma kudingeka, ungakwazi ngokushesha wabutha wonke amaqhawe wesizwe. Noma kunjalo, ngekhulu le-17 le Iroquois baphoqeleka ukuba njalo ukushintsha indawo nemizana yayo.

Iqiniso lokuthi ukusetshenziswa nokumosha ka nenhlabathi okuholela Ukuwohloka zabo ngokushesha, futhi ithemba izinkampani empini bengase isithelo kwakungenjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Ubudlelwano ne-Dutch

Emhlabeni ngekhulu le-17 kule ndawo, kukhona abamele eziningi izinkampani yokuhweba Dutch. Ukusungulwa kwe-Isici sokuqala, bababopha ubudlelwane ukuhweba nezinhlanga eziningi, kodwa ikakhulukazi Dutch eduze okuxhunywana ngayo Iroquois. bamakoloni baseYurophu nentshisekelo-beaver noboya. Kodwa bekukhona inkinga eyodwa: yezimayini i-beaver baba ezidwengulayo kangaka ukuthi ngokushesha lezi zilwane cishe wanyamalala kuyo yonke insimu zilawulwe Iroquois.

Khona-Dutch yakhetha amacebo kunalokho alula, kodwa eyinkimbinkimbi: kokuba kakhulu neqhaza ukunwetshwa ensimini Iroquois, okunguyena kwasekuqaleni abazange elawo.

Kusukela 1630 kuya eminyakeni 1700 yalesisizathu ngokomzwelo izimpi njalo, eyaziwa ngokuthi "i-beaver". Kanjani lokhu yafinyelelwa? Kulula. Abameleli beNdikimba Netherlands, naphezu kokuvimbela okungokomthetho, ngobuningi enikeziwe Indian umbimbi nezibhamu zabo, neziqhumane nomthofu.

ukunwetshwa olunegazi

Maphakathi waba kungathi izinkulungwane 25 abantu kwekhulu le-17 esizweni Iroquois. Lena kakhulu ngaphansi kwenani zezizwe ezingomakhelwane. izimpi njalo futhi kubhubhane alethwa bamakoloni European, ngokushesha ngisho ukunciphisa isibalo sabo. Nokho, Federation ngokushesha wathela abameleli bezizwe unqotshwe kuzo, ngakho ukwehla ngakwazi ukubona kancane offset. Izithunywa Zevangeli kusukela France wabhala ukuthi ngekhulu le-18 phakathi "Iroquois" kwakuwubuwula zama sishumayela, sisebenzisa ulimi oluyinhloko besizwe, njengoba ingxenye eyodwa kuphela (kakhulu) amaNdiya wayekwazi lokhu. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi eminyakeni eyikhulu kuphela Iroquois abangu cishe ibhujisiwe, futhi Netherlands ngokusemthethweni wahlala ngokuphelele "ohlanzekile."

Kusukela Iroquois - amaNdiya abangophakimpi kakhulu, mhlawumbe eqaphele ukuthi onjani amandla ngokwalo ithwala isibhamu. Bancamela sisisebenzise "yabashokobezi" isitayela, ukusebenza amayunithi amancane ephathekayo. Izitha ukuthi lawo maqembu "udabula ihlathi kuhle kwenyoka noma impungushe, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo engabonakali futhi inaudible, agwaze ngobugwala emhlane".

Ngo ehlathini, Iroquois wazizwa amacebo enkulu nabanekhono kanye nokusebenzisa izibhamu ezinamandla kwaholela yokuthi ngisho amaqembu amancane besizwe ukufeza oluvelele impumelelo lempi.

Kuzonyuka eside

Ngokushesha Iroquois izinduna ikhanda ekugcineni esehambile "-beaver imfiva", futhi bathumela amasosha ngisho kude amazwe, lapho Iroquois nje emzimbeni alikwazanga iyiphi inzalo. Kodwa babengavumelani abashisekeli yabo Dutch. Ngenxa yalokho sokwanda okwandayo yamazwe Iroquois enwetshiwe kuze kufinyelele emikhawulweni Great Lakes. Kuyinto lezi zizwe ngokuyinhloko obangela iqiniso lokuthi labo izingxenye waqala bakamalalahlengezela ziqhuma izingxabano ngesisekelo zokwanda okukhulu kwenani labantu eqinile. Lesi sakamuva kuphakama ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi amaNdiya kokubaleka wabhubhisa izizwe Iroquois ababaleka ngaso ngokwesaba kunoma iyiphi land khulula kuzo.

Empeleni, ngenkathi izizwe eziningi babhujiswa, kodwa eziningi zazo azizange ukusinda alukho ulwazi nhlobo. Abacwaningi abaningi kusukela phakathi amaNdiya bakholelwa ukuthi ngesikhathi ngasinda Huron kuphela. Sonke lesi sikhathi akazange ayeke ukwakheka Dutch Iroquois imali, izikhali kanye neziqhumane.

NGAPHAKATHI reckoning

Ekhulwini le-17 kule ndawo kwafika British, ngokushesha wathatha isikhundla izimbangi zayo European. Baqala ukwamukela amanye "isu lokungacunuli." AmaNgisi ihlelwe ekunqotshweni okuthiwa phiko, eyayihlanganisa zonke izizwe zakwa asele ngaphambilini yayinqoba i-Iroquois. League msebenzi wawumkhulu supply njalo-beaver noboya. Ngokwabo abangophakimpi Iroquois amaNdiya, ogama isiko ngaleso sikhathi kakhulu okonakele, kwasheshe ku onogada abavamile nabathelisi.

Esikhathini 17-18 leminyaka, amandla isizwe sabo ngoba lokhu buthaka kakhulu, kodwa noma kunjalo baqhubeka pose lempi esesabekayo esifundeni. UK, usebenzisa ingcebo yolwazi izingobe, wakwazi dlala we Iroquois kanye French. Okokuqala ukwazi ukwenza cishe wonke umsebenzi op uxoshwe sokugcina British izimbangi abahwebi kuyi-Nguqulo Yezwe.

Lokhu Iroquois ngemvume siqu isigwebo sazo sokufa, ngoba ziba ezingadingekile. Babemane aphonswe ezindaweni ngaphambili matasa, kokushiya ukuphila endaweni yawo yangempela kuphela, eduze St Lawrence River. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekhulwini le-18, ahlukana off Owesizwe Mingo, eminye buthaka Iroquois.

Igalelo lokugcina

osomaqhinga British namanje wahlala ngezandla zazo, futhi ngesikhathi impi ibambene ne-United States eyayisanda kumiswa wathonyelwa "Abangane" sakhe sangaphambili futhi ukuthatha uhlangothi lwawo. Kwakuwusuku lokugcina, kodwa iphutha elibi kakhulu kunazo Iroquois. Jikelele Sullivan wazungeza izwe labo ngomlilo inkemba. Izinsalela besizwe esisodwa esinamandla bahlakazeka phezu ukubhuka e-United States nase-Canada. Kuphela khona kanye ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, laba bameleli lokugcina abantu Akasekho bakamalalahlengezela babambeke indlala ubhadane njalo.

Namuhla, i-Iroquois - amaNdiya akuzona abangophakimpi ngakho, kodwa kunalokho "savvy" ezindabeni zomthetho. Babehlale balwele amalungelo abo kuzo zonke izinkantolo, efuna bazisise ukukhwabanisa Federal Government of ezweni labo. Nokho, impumelelo izenzo zabo uhlala kokungabaza enkulu.

Kungani isizwe esinjalo idumela elibi?

Le ncwadi eshiwo ngenhla Fenimor Kuper emelelwa amaNdiya Iroquois njengenhlangano abantu ithatha nonya futhi abonakele, siziqhathanise "Delaware zasebukhosini." Okunjalo ukuhlolwa - kutsatsa luhlangotsi isampula, futhi wachaza nje. Iqiniso lokuthi Delaware iqhaza ekulweni Great Britain ohlangothini-US, futhi Iroquois alwa ohlangothini leBritain. Noma kunjalo, Cooper tye ngezindlela eziningi.

Kuvame eyayiqhutshwa Iroquois ukuzijayeza futhi ukubhujiswa okuphelele kwalelizwe abaphikisi bakhe, kuhlanganise nezinsana. "Yena othanda" maqhawe besizwe futhi bahlushwa ngonya, ngubani zazenza eminyakeni eminingi ngaphambi kokufika abaMhlophe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, idumela yabo embi - sifaneleka kakhulu njengoba Iroquois bebengazi kwanoma iyiphi inkolelo yokungafi nokungakhethi ngenhlonipho kwabaphikisana ezingaba khona.

Perfidy njengendlela yokuphila

Kukhona amacala lapho baphetha zezivumelwano zokuthula nezinhlanga angomakhelwane, bese usika ngokuphelele ngaphansi ebusuku. Ngokuvamile esetshenziselwa ushevu. Esikhathini ukuqonda zezizwe ezingomakhelwane umkhuba onjalo - ukuhlukumeza ezinkulukazi amasiko nokungalungi.

Isazi-mlando Francis Parkman, kuhle ukuba amaNdiya, isimiso, eqoqwe eziningi ubufakazi kwandile, hhayi kuphela nobuzimu isiko (owawungumnyaka ejwayelekile uma kungenjalo cishe yonke nezizwe zamaNdiya ezazisele ngokuvamile), kodwa futhi izimo zabantu "abavamile" ukudla. Akumangalisi ukuthi Iroquois Confederation, uma sikubeka kahle, akasebenzisanga bemthanda omakhelwane.