ERussia yasendulo: dolobha. Yini muzi wawuyinhloko-dolobha yase Russia lasendulo?

ERussia yasendulo, okuyinto laliyinhloko-dolobha idolobha elihle kakhulu, waba udumo okusezingeni eliphezulu emhlabeni. Ukuqala isimo sokuqala Eastern lwamaSlav wagabadela Kievan Rus, ngakho ukubizwa ngokuthi inhloko-dolobha yokuqala edolobheni ekhazimulayo Kiev. Nokho, inhloko-dolobha Prince Kyi akuyena kuphela ukuthi obani ababefaka isihloko. Kwakukhona kakhulu kubo futhi izizathu khona kwabo kuzoxoxwa ngakho esihlokweni sethu.

Kancane mayelana nesimo

Ngaphambi kokuba ukhulume ngomunye izihloko Slavic isimo ephakathi, wasinikeza isikhashana isikhala ekhasini. Ancient Russia - imfundo yomphakathi izizwe empumalanga ne eyodwa amandla kwesikhulu ezazikhona kusukela 862 kuya 1240 (amaMongol ahlasele). It libhekene nokuthuthukiswa eliphezulu isiko, ngokuyinhloko lathathwa waseByzantium. Architects, knigopistsy, abahumushi, izazi, kufika steklovary kusukela waseConstantinople nezwe lingelakhe. Kodwa yezandla kwakunamadoda amaningi futhi ujwayelene lwamaSlav (imigexo ukwenza, ekwakheni, zobumba, ubuciko nokuhwebelana, ukhuni, njll), bona baye bazama amakhono abo ngokufunda kulokho okwehlela wonke, kodwa walondoloza bangobani. ERussia ebhaliwe zezindela kwaleso esibekiwe, esinguJesu elaba isikhungo ngokomoya wombuso, zemali kubalwa, kwadingeka awayo imithetho. Futhi, izikhulu omkhulu wayekwenza imishado dynastic, kusiza ukuqinisa idumela Russia, futhi zisekela ubudlelwane angaphandle namanye amazwe athuthukile.

Kungani abanye dolobha?

Uma ulandela version esemthethweni umlando, inhloko-dolobha yokuqala ERussia yasendulo - Yebo, Kiev. Umama amadolobha Russian sekuyinkinga enkulu ngonyaka 882, lapho oku-Dnieper ogwini, lawela Oleg Lesiprofetho nge Igor futhi wabulala Askold futhi Dir ebanjwe ngamandla. Nguye, ngokuvumelana Chronicle, idolobha wabikezela ngokuzuma. Kungani isimo esinamandla kwakudingeka omunye dolobha? ERussia yasendulo, njengoba sazi, njengoba beye babhekana bachuma ngaphansi uVladimir uMbhapathizi Yaroslav Ohlakaniphile, zabhuntsha. Ngokuyinhloko ngenxa wokulwa nemibango. amadodana amaningi nabazukulu, bazalwane nomalume wezikhulu omkhulu sebamukela ifa labo - umuzi ezigodini ezakhelene abezwani, lapho imithetho ngamunye wabo. Ngokushesha kwase ababusi ezingaphezu kuka ezweni, futhi abanye babo babethola awanelisekile ngalokho wanikwa libe yifa labo. Yilokho phakathi kwawo futhi baqala ukulwela indawo engcono elangeni, ngoba isihlalo sobukhosi Kiev, okwakunginika imali eningi kanye nethonya. Kodwa abanye ubukhulu (ifa) babenamandla kunabanye babuthakathaka, Nezikhulu esiphakathi ukuthengiselana futhi ngokuvamile ukuya empini emelene nomunye.

Ngayo igebe phakathi kwabantu principalities wakhula Kiev kancane kancane balahlekelwa inani layo dolobha. Kodwa enkundleni waphuma, nezinye zokuhlala, okwakukhona kuwo umuzi omkhulu imibuso anamandla lasendulo. Lokhu Veliky Novgorod, Chernigov, futhi uVladimir futhi Suzdal, futhi galich, futhi kamuva eMoscow. Ngakho-ke, isimo Eastern lwamaSlav lalingekho inhlokodolobha Rus sidilizwa wayene eziningi kubo, hhayi lutho ngokuthi lo "Gardarika", okusho emadolobheni.

Eyokuqala inhloko-dolobha

Ngakho lokho kubhekwa umuzi omkhulu Rus Lasendulo? Capital at inombolo eyodwa - lena Kiev, idolobha ngokubabazekayo eMfuleni Dnieper, lokuhlala wedolobha kusukela ekhulwini leshumi. Eyasungulwa edume Prince Kiem (noma nje sithuthukiswe kubo), waba umuzi omkhulu Veschego Olega, umlandeli wakhe, Igor nenzalo yakhe uVladimir Monomakh. Ngemva kwalokho, sasibhekwa izihlobo kuphela ezincane main kanye kuphela ngokomthetho ngocansi Grand Duke. Kodwa ngemva kokuhlasela we AmaTatar yaba isifunda, okuyinto ke athumba lokuqala Grand Duchy of Lithuania, kulandele Rzeczpospolita, Muscovy.

Rus Lasendulo, inhloko-dolobha okuyinto Kiev ezaziwayo, anakekela nokuthuthukisa amadolobha. Emzini oyinhloko amasonto itshe ezakhiwa (ngemva ukwamukelwa kobuKristu), izindonga, yamisa wesango elisha, ibamba izikole kanye izitaki. ezikhangayo Abaningi inkathi yokuchuma isimo futhi kuyabonakala namuhla inhlokodolobha Ukraine. Lena ngokuyinhloko Golden Gate, St Sophia Cathedral, Assumption noSt kaMichael Golden-oluyingungu Cathedral, zintathu Church, Vydubychi sezindela.

Staraya Ladoga

Kukhona kwelinye idolobha okufanele ukunakwa mlando - Staraya Ladoga. Inhloko-dolobha ye inombolo Russia ezimbili lasendulo uvele phakathi kwekhulu lesishiyagalombili, futhi 862 - 864 eminyakeni wawuyikomkhulu Rurik. Ngokusho zemihla ngemihla, ngemva isikhulu edume ngakhonza Novgorod, idolobha ukuthi esikhathini esizayo banikezwe isihloko "Omkhulu". Namuhla ungabona Cathedral of kweNyuka futhi St George Church, ezakhiwe engxenyeni kwekhulu weshumi nambili yesibili.

Staraya Ladoga namuhla - kuyinto encani, okuyinto ngobudala eminyaka nambili. izifundo bemivubukulo kwakamuva enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba singaphethi ngokuthi settlement eyasungulwa abasuka emazweni aseScandinavia. Kwaba yokupaka, lapho kwalungisa imikhumbi futhi ukwakha imikhumbi entsha,

Rurik isiphetho eNovgorod

Inhloko-dolobha yaseRussia lasendulo Ladoga elahlekile isihloko sakho njengoba Rurik kwesokunxele New Castle, eliqhele amabili ukusuka enkabeni yedolobha lanamuhla. Manje uyasondela ezikhumbuzo esiyingqayizivele ezakhiwo izikhathi kwesikhulu, ngoba engakaze sathinteka amaMongol izindimbane, futhi ngenxa yalokho, akuzange awuphanga futhi ubhujiswe. It Nicholas Dvorischenskogo, Sofia, Cathedral St George sika, St Anthony Monastery, isonto lethu uMsindisi, imibukiso yokuzalwa kukaJesu the Virgin, le Annunciation, uPetru noPawulu, St Paraskeva-ngoLwesihlanu.

Sokuthuthwa kwempahla enqabeni zenzeka esikhathini weRiphabhulikhi Novgorod, lapho zonke izinqumo ezibalulekile ngempilo isimo akulona Chamber yamukelwe. Kukhona 1136 by 1478, futhi insimu yalo prostilalas amakhulu amakhilomitha - kusukela Urals kuya Baltic (noma Viking) kolwandle. It yasungulwa yezandla, olwenziwe ukuhweba ngamandla, wakha izakhiwo itshe, izincwadi ezibhaliwe kanye zemihla.

Namuhla, Novgorod (inhloko-dolobha Rus Basendulo Novgorod Republic) kungenziwa ngokuthi Mecca izivakashi Russia, njengoba ukuziqinisa ngokusebenzisa yeminyaka.

UVladimir-on-Klyazma

Nayo yayiyinhloko-dolobha yombuso Russian lasendulo kubhekwa uVladimir, okuyinto kwakungenxa esikhathini 1243 - 1389 iminyaka. Grad uVladimir Monomakh eyasungulwa ngo 1108, kanye nengxenye ngemva kweminyaka eyikhulu ke adluliselwe sokuhlala kwakhe Andrew Bogolyubskii. Sokuthuthwa kwempahla komnikazi senzeka ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Vsevolod Nest Big, owalalela wonke umhlaba ngaphandle Polotsk futhi Chernigov. Ngalolo inkathi ekhazimula e uVladimir zifane Gate Golden, Uspensky futhi Dmitrievsky amasonto ababhishobhi.

isiphetho

Ngaphansi amagalelo nokors Batu Khan, ngeshwa, mina lashabalala Rus sidilizwa. Inhlokodolobha ke laphelelwa ithonya layo futhi iminyaka eminingi lalibhidlike, yezandla ukhohlwe eziye engaphiwanga e Golden zidlamlilo. Kodwa izwe kancane kancane esalulama ukushaywa kakhulu, isizukulwane esisha sabantu bakhula owaqala okufakiwe ukuba athwale ijoka ebusheni Mongol, bese kwehla ke. Ngakho, iRussia savuka futhi bengena enkathini entsha ubuso entsha.