I wabahloli edume kakhulu futhi abakutholile

Okuhambayo idonse abantu njalo, kodwa ngaphambi kokuba babe asinantshisekelo kuphela, kodwa futhi kunzima kakhulu. Territory ezingazange afunda, futhi, uhambo, bonke baba umcwaningi. Yiziphi abahambi edume kakhulu futhi ngokukhethekile owavula ngamunye wabo?

Dzheyms Awe-Kuk

Akwaziwa eyiNgisi wayengomunye walaba Abaklami bamabalazwe engcono kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili. Wazalwa ngo enyakatho yeNgilandi, futhi iminyaka manje nantathu yaqala ukusebenza uyise. Kodwa umfana ayikwazanga ukuhweba, ngakho wanquma ukuthatha up ngomkhumbi. Ngalezo zinsuku, bonke isihambi izwe elalaziwa wathumela emazweni akude emikhunjini. James waba nesithakazelo ezindabeni zasolwandle kanye ngokushesha ngakho wathuthuka ngokusebenzisa kwababusi, ngakho wacelwa ukuba abe induna. Wenqaba waya Royal Navy. Kakade ngo-1757 waba umpheki abanamakhono ukulawula umkhumbi. impumelelo yakhe yokuqala ukuthuthukiswa St Lawrence River fairway. Wathola ithalente lakhe Itilosi futhi wamabalazwe. Esikhathini 1760s wafundiswa Newfoundland, lokho wadonsela ukunaka yi-Royal Society futhi Admiralty. Wayefundiswe ukuhamba ePacific, lapho lifika ngasogwini New Zealand. Ngo-1770, wenza lokho sokuqala wazama nezinye izihambi abadumile - wathola izwekazi entsha. ENgilandi e 1771-m Cook wabuya iphayona odumile-Australia. uhambo wakhe wokugcina kwaba bomkhankaso befuna ukudlula oxhumanisa ulwandle i-Atlantic nePacific. Namuhla, ngisho wesikole uyazi isiphetho esidabukisayo Cook, owabulawa abomdabu kukhona amazimu.

Hristofor Kolumb

wabahloli ezidumile abakutholile baye njalo waba nethonya elikhulu ngempela emlandweni, kodwa ambalwa aye idume kakhulu njengoba le ndoda. Columbus waba iqhawe lesizwe eSpain, esiwujuqu ekwandiseni ibalazwe yezwe. Christopher wazalwa ngo 1451. Lo mfana ngokushesha baphumelele, njengoba kwaba ukuphenya ngenkuthalo nokuhlola kahle wafunda. Kakade eneminyaka engu-14 waya olwandle. Esikhathini 1479th, wahlangana uthando lwakhe futhi waqala ukuphila ePortugal, kodwa ngemva ngokufa okudabukisayo unkosikazi wakhe nendodana yakhe waya eSpain. Njengoba base bethole ukwesekwa yenkosi iSpanishi, waqhubeka uhambo ogama njongo kwaba ukuthola indlela Asia. imikhumbi emithathu ngomkhumbi ogwini eSpain kuya entshonalanga. Ngo-October 1492 yesibili befika Bahamas. Njengoba Melika kwatholakala. Christopher bendawo ngephutha wanquma ukubiza amaNdiya, bekholelwa ukuthi kufinyelelwe India. Embikweni wakhe ishintshile umlando: amazwekazi amabili amasha kanye eziqhingini eziningi, sitholwe Columbus, kwakungamadodana isiqondiso eyinhloko travel we bamakoloni emakhulwini eminyaka ambalwa alandelayo.

UVasco da Gama

Isihambi edume kunazo owazalelwa ePortugal, Sines. I babelwazi usuku oluqondile lokuzalwa kwakhe ayaziwa. Kusukela esemncane, wasebenza Navy futhi waduma njengoba ukaputeni uyazethemba futhi enesibindi. Ngo 1495 e basePortugal bafika amandla Korol Manuel, ababefuna ukuthuthukisa ukuhweba neNdiya. Ukuze wenze lokhu, thina kudingeka indlela yasolwandle, zifuna ababezoba okwakukhona ukuya UVasco da Gama. Kwakukhona wabahloli abadumile ngaphezulu noma izihambi, kodwa inkosi ngasizathu simbe wakhetha ke. Ngo 1497, imikhumbi emine Waya eningizimu, balizungeza eCape of Good Hope ngomkhumbi eMozambique. kwadingeka Kukhona ukuyeka ngoba ngenyanga - isigamu iqembu ngaleso sikhathi wayegula ne ephethwe yisifo sezinsini. Ngemva kwekhefu, UVasco da Gama safinyelela Calcutta. ENdiya, kuba ukusungula ukuhweba izibopho izinyanga ezintathu, futhi kamuva ngonyaka wabuyela Portugal, lapho aba khona iqhawe lesizwe. Ukutholakala indlela yasolwandle, ikuvumela ukuba uthole Calcutta ngu ogwini olusempumalanga ye-Afrika, kwaba impumelelo yakhe enkulu.

UNikolai Maclay

Famous abahambi Russian futhi bathole okuningi okubalulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, okufanayo Nicholas Mihluho-Maclay, owazalelwa e-1864 esifundazweni Novgorod. Wayengasakwazi ukulimisa ukuqedela Petersburg University, njengoba ngokubamba iqhaza imiboniso umfundi, waxoshwa. Ukuze ukuqhubeka nemfundo Nikolay waya eJalimane, lapho ahlangana khona Haeckel - semvelo okumemile Maclay e ngohambo lwakhe ngokwesayensi. Ngakho izulazula emhlabeni kwavulela kuye. Konke ukuphila kwakhe yayizimisele ukuhamba futhi ucwaningo. Nicholas wahlala kuso eSicily, e-Australia, wafunda New Guinea, kulethe iphrojekthi ye-Russian Umphakathi Geographical, wavakashela e-Indonesia, ePhilippines, Peninsula Malay futhi Oceania. Ngo-1886, usosayensi ebuyela eRussia futhi wasikisela lo mbusi ukuba wathola ikoloni Russian kwezilwandle. Kodwa iphrojekthi nge New Guinea ayizange uyakuthola ukusekelwa yasebukhosini, Maclay wagula kakhulu futhi wafa, ngakho akazange kuphelelise umsebenzi wako ku incwadi ngohambo.

Ferdinand Magellan

wabahloli abaningi abadumile kanye nabahamba wayephila esikhathini Age of Discovery. Magellan iyathinteka. Ngo 1480 wazalwa ePortugal, ezweni Sabroza. Kuthunyelwe ukukhonza esigodlweni (ngaleso sikhathi eneminyaka engu-12 kuphela ubudala), wafunda mayelana udweshu phakathi ezweni ekhaya futhi Spain, zokuhambela zase-East Indies kanye imizila yezohwebo. Ngoba ngenxa yokuthi yena kuqala waba nesithakazelo kolwandle. Ngo 1505-m Fernand hit umkhumbi. ngemva kweminyaka eyisikhombisa ukuthi bamhlohla ezilwandle, nengxenye mikhankaso eNdiya nase-Afrika. Ngo-1513 Magellan waya eMorocco, lapho alimala empini. Kodwa akazange afe unxanela esihamba - wahlela bomkhankaso zamakha. Inkosi senqaba isicelo sakhe, futhi Magellan waya eSpain, lapho amukelwa khona lonkhe lusito labaludzingako. Waqala kanjalo-ke uhambo lwakhe emhlabeni wonke. Fernand wayecabanga ke singaba sifisha kuka indlela kusuka entshonalanga neNdiya. Wanqamula Atlantic, safinyelela Ningizimu Melika futhi wathola strait, kamuva owawuyokwenza ukubizwa ngegama lakhe. Ferdinand Magellan kwaba European lokuqala ababona iPacific. Ngokusho kwakhe, sifike Philippines futhi cishe befinyelela umgomo - the Moluccas, kodwa wabulawa belwa ezizweni ezazakhelene nawo ezazihlala, kwalimala umcibisholo anobuthi. Nokho, uhambo lwakhe ivule ocean entsha eYurophu nase ukuqonda ukuthi iplanethi kungaphezu Ososayensi babecabanga ukuthi ngaphambili.

URoald Amundsen

Norwegian ozalwa ekupheleni kuyiphi inkathi idume abahambi abaningi abadumile. Amundsen wayengowokugcina amatilosi, ababezama ukuthola izwe yokuzamazama. Kusukela esemncane kwamenza ezahlukene nokholo amakhono abo eyamenza wakwazi ukunqoba isigxobo eNingizimu ngokokuhlala. Kusukela komgwaqo ngenxa ngonyaka 1893, lapho lo mfana wayishiya phansi iyunivesithi wathatha itilosi. Ngo-1896 waba co-umshayeli, futhi saya ngonyaka olandelayo Waqhubeka ngohambo lwakhe lokuqala ukuya Antarctic. Lo mkhumbi alahlekelwa ice, iqembu wayegula nge ukhwekhwe, kodwa Amundsen akazange adikibale. Wathatha umyalo ngokwabo, ukwelapha abantu, ukukhumbula imfundo yakhe yezokwelapha, waletha umkhumbi eYurobhu. Ukuba induna ngo-1903, wahamba beyofuna Northwest uMzila eCanada. wabahloli Famous phambi kwakhe wayengakaze ayenze into efana naleyo - ingakapheli iminyaka emibili iqembu enqobe indlela kusukela empumalanga zwekazi American kuya entshonalanga yayo. Amundsen waziwa emhlabeni wonke. Ukulandela uhambo izinyanga ezimbili abe eseqala ukuhamba ewela ekufezeni South plus, futhi manje zakamuva - Ukucinga Nobile, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho ukuthi unyamalele.

uDavid Livingstone

abahambi abaningi abadumile elihlobene ne ababehamba olwandle. UDavid Livingstone waba umcwaningi komhlaba, okungukuthi ezwekazini lase-Afrika. NgoSelkirk abadumile ozalwa ngoMashi 1813. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-20 wanquma ukuba abe isithunywa sevangeli, wahlangana naso uRobert Moffat ngobubi futhi ngifisa ukuwushiya emizaneni Afrika. Ngo-1841 efika ku Kuruman, efundisa bendawo ezolimo, wakhonza njengephayona udokotela futhi bafunde ukufunda. Lapho, wafike wathola ulimi Bechuanas, okwamsiza ukuba udabula Afrika. Livingston wafunda ngokuningiliziwe ngokuphila namasiko abantu bendawo, utlole izincwadi eziningana ngazo waqhubeka uhambo beyofuna imithombo saseNayile, lapho wagula, wafa phansi enomkhuhlane.

Amérigo Vespucci

Abasemkhunjini edume kakhulu emhlabeni yayivame eSpain noma ePortugal. Amérigo Vespucci wazalelwa e-Italy futhi waba ngomunye Florentines edume kunazo zonke. Wafundiswa kahle futhi abaqeqeshiwe njengoba wezimali. Kusukela 1490 wasebenza Seville, ehhovisi yokuthengisa Medici. Uma ucabangela ukuphila kwayo kuye kwahlotshaniswa ukuhamba olwandle, isibonelo, lapho exhasiwe uhambo yaseColumbus yesibili. Christopher bagxilisa kuye umbono ukuzama esandleni sakhe, njengendlela isihambi, futhi 1499th Vespucci waya Suriname. Inhloso cwaningo ebhukuda ogwini. Kube wathola zokuhlala okuthiwa Venezuela - Little Venice. Ngo-1500, wabuyela ekhaya, ngokuletha izigqila 200. Eminyakeni 1501 futhi 1503. Amérigo okuphindaphindiwe uhambo lwakhe, ekhuluma navigation nje kuphela kodwa futhi wamabalazwe. Wathola ethekwini laseRio de Janeiro, okwakunginika igama ngokwalo. Kusukela 1505 wakhonza inkosi yakwa Castile, futhi azisetshenziswa imikhankaso kuphela fitting out uhambo yomunye.

Frensis Dreyk

wabahloli abaningi abadumile nokwatholakala yabo yathela bazuze esintwini. Kodwa phakathi kwabo kukhona nalabo oshiywe izinkumbulo yabo nokubi ngoba amagama abo ahlanganiswa izenzakalo sasivumela enobudlova. Kwakungesona ngaphandle futhi Frensis Dreyk, English YamaProthestani, nge useyili izikebhe nambili. Wathumba abendawo eCaribbean, ukuthengisa kuzo njengezigqila ukuba abaseSpain, ohlaselwayo inkantolo walwa kuhlanganwe namaKatolika. Mhlawumbe akekho ozokwazi ijahe Drake ngenani imikhumbi yangaphandle yayingavunyelwe ukusebenzisa lithunjwa. lohambo lwakhe lixhaswe ngezimali yi-Queen of England. Ngo 1577 waya eNingizimu Melika, ukunqoba komnikazi Spanish. Phakathi nalolo hambo, wathola Tierra del Fuego futhi Strait, esagcina ezibizwa ngegama lakhe. Skirting Argentina, Drake baphanga eliyitheku eValparaiso, lezitsha ezimbili Spanish. Uma they finyelela California, wahlangana aboMdabu obuze izipho ugwayi British nezimpaphe. Drake ewela i-Indian Ocean, futhi wabuyela kubo Plymouth, ekubeni nowokuzalwa lokuqala UK ubelokhu uhambo emhlabeni. Yena wangeniswa House of Commons futhi waklonyeliswa isihloko Mnumzane. Ngo 1595 wafa emkhankasweni wokugcina eCaribbean.

Athanasius Nikitin

Bambalwa abahambi abadumile Russia kuzuza eziphakeme ngendlela efanayo nowokuzalwa ka Tver umhlaba. Athanasius Nikitin baba European wokuqala owavakashela India. Wayeya ngebhasi bamakoloni isiPutukezi kanye wabhala "Journey Beyond ezintathu iziLwandle" - isikhumbuzo esibalulekile etemibhalo zomlando. Impumelelo bomkhankaso enikeziwe umthengisi umsebenzi: Augustine wayazi izilimi eziningana kanye wakwazi ukuxoxisana nabantu. Ohambweni lwakhe, wahambela Baku, wahlala ePheresiya cishe iminyaka emibili wafinyelela India ngomkhumbi. Ngemva kokuvakashela emadolobheni amaningana ezweni exotic, waya Parvat, lapho yahlala khona iminyaka eyisithupha. Uma esifundazweni Raichur, waya e-Russia, kuvuleke indlela ngokusebenzisa eNhlonhlweni ye-Arabhiya kanye eSomalia. Nokho, u-Athanasius Nikitin silubhade ekhaya, njengoba ukugula futhi efa eduze Smolensk, kodwa amanothi akhe liyalondolozwa anikezwa udumo yomthengisi ezweni.