Ingabe udoki uyinhlanzi noma isilwane esilisayo? Igama labashika. Isithombe sikaKatran

Ama-shark yizilwane ezidla izinhlanzi, izakhamuzi eziyingozi nezisabekayo zasolwandle, izilwane ezidumile kunazo zonke. Ngakho-ke kuvame ukukholelwa, futhi izigidi zabantu zikholelwa kulolu lwazi ngalezi zidalwa eziyingqayizivele ezivela ku-Hollywood ezijabulisayo. Sizoqonda lokho esikwaziyo mayelana nalezi zidalwa ezimangalisayo ezavela ekuqaleni kakhulu kunabo bonke imiphakathi yezwe futhi zivumelaniswe kahle empilweni yanamuhla. Kuyini shark? Ingabe iyinhlanzi noma isilwane esilisayo?

Fish Fish

Zonke izincwadi zezesayensi ne-encyclopedic zithi u-sharks yizinhlanzi ezinamazinyo, okungukuthi, azikho neze izicubu zethambo emzimbeni wazo, ezibahlukanisa ngokuphawulekayo nabalingani babo banamuhla. Ngaphandle kokungabikho kwezimpahla ze-gill kanye nezici zesakhiwo esikalwe esikalini, i-Ostyak engumgogodla ibonisa ukubaluleka kwenhlangano yezinhlobo, noma kunalokho imvelaphi yakudala: kwaziwa ukuthi eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-400 edlule lezi zinhlanzi sezivele zihamba emanzini omhlaba. Naphezu kwalokhu, oshaka ungenye yezinhlobo eziphambili kakhulu zezinhlanzi zasolwandle ezidliwayo. Sekuyisikhathi eside bejwayele ukushintsha imvelo eguquguqukayo njalo, baphenduke ngokuphelele futhi manje bahlala ngokugcwele nezinhlanzi zanamuhla zamanzi nezinhlanzi zasolwandle, hhayi ukuzinikezela ngamakhono okushesha, agility, noma ukuzingela. Uhlu lwabashayi lubandakanya izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-400, ezihlukeneyo: ezivela elwandle elincane kunazozonke, elingaba ngu-17-20 cm, elingaka-giant - i-whale shark, isampula enkulu yemitha engu-20.

Umehluko obalulekile ovela ezinhlanzi ze-bony yizindlela zokukhiqiza. Ezinye izinhlobo zoshaka ziyi-viviparous, okungukuthi, zibeletha ama-cubs aphilayo. Ezinye zibeka amaqanda avikelwe i-cornea encane. Ngaphandle kwazo zonke izimfihlo zokuphila kwabo zivulekile: zikhona izinhlobo, izimfihlo zokukhiqiza inzalo yazo ezisekugcineni kwezibonakaliso eziyisikhombisa. Ngakho-ke, umbuzo uvame ukuphakama: "Ingabe udoki unenhlanzi noma isilwane esilisayo?"

Izici zombukiso

I-squtilaginous skeleton kanye nokungabikho kwamathambo yizibonakaliso eziyinhloko zobuhlobo balezi zinhlanzi eqenjini lezilwane zenhlangano yokuqala. Kodwa, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, lokhu akuvimbeli ushaka ukuba lungabikho cishe zonke izilwandle zeplanethi, sekuyisikhathi eside liyaziwa ngokuthi i-predator eyingozi kunazo zonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imvelo iye yakhathalela ukuvikela lesi silwane esimangalisayo. Kunzima ukuthola okunye okuvikelayo kunesikhala esibheka kuso. Etholakala ekhanda kuya emsila, kuya kumathinta kufana nokuqedwa kwe-satin, kodwa akufanelekile ukubambelela ngakwesinye isici - kusukela emsila kuya ekhanda: amazinyo abukhali azovop'yutsya esikhumbeni. I-sandpaper ehlanjululwe ngamakhaza uma kuqhathaniswa nalokhu kuvikelwa okuphelele yifani elibuthakathaka.

Cabanga ngedivayisi yezilinganiso. Inhlanzi ngayinye yezinhlanzi ezinamathele emhlanjeni ifakwe umgogodla omncane nephuzu elibhekiswe emuva. Kusenhla kwameva limbozwe ngendwangu yamakholeya aqinile, futhi isisekelo saso sokwandisa senziwa ngesikhumba senhlanzi. Emgodleni walokhu kuvela kukhona imithwalo yegazi namagatsha omzimba. Ubukhulu bezilinganiso phezu komzimba wezinhlanzi kuhluke: okukhulu kunazo zonke ezitholakala ekhanda, ameva emlonyeni weshaka, ashintshiwe ngendlela ethile, ayeke ukuvikela isikhumba futhi aphenduke insimbi eyingozi futhi eyingozi kakhulu yokuhlaselwa - amazinyo amahle.

Isikhali esiyinhloko

Njengesikali esishintshiwe, amazinyo oshaka atholakala ngokuhleleka okuqinile, kumigqa eminingana. Kuzo zonke izidalwa zenyama, amazinyo ayakhula njalo, futhi lapho umugqa owodwa wokuphuza ubhula, ukhona ekujuleni komlomo. Ungabeki amazinyo ukuze ufune ukudla. Akakwazi ukwenza lokhu. Inhloso yabo enkulu ukugcina inyamazane, ukuyidiliza, ukugwinya ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zoshaka zinomqondo ohlukile wamazinyo, okushiwo yizimpawu zendlela yokuphila. Amapulazi adla ama-crustaceans egobolondo eliqinile anezinyosi ezinamazambane ezinobuso obubi, okwazi ukuphuza i-lime ukuvikelwa. Izinhlanzi ezinamahlathi zinamazinyo amade aqinile ukuze athathe iminyango ehambayo, noma ebanzi ngamaphethelo ahloswe, oklanyelwe ukuqeda inyama yesisulu esikhulu. Ku-plankton sharks, akudingeki ukuthi kube khona isidingo samazinyo, amancane kulezi zintlobo, angafinyeleleki ku-3-5 mm.

Esinye isici sezinhlanzi ezihamba ngezinyawo ukungabikho kwezingubo zegill. Indima yabo idlalwe yi-5-7 gill slits ngemuva kwekhanda, inani lawo elinqunywe yizinhlobo zohshaki, futhi ukubonakala kuyinto ehlukile. Kodwa-ke, njengazo zonke izinhlanzi, lezi zilwane ezidliwayo, ukuthola umoya-mpilo emanzini, zivumele ukuba zifinyelele ezigayini. Ukuba khona kwesimiso sokuphefumula, isici se-waterfowl, kunika impendulo ephelele kumbuzo: "Ingabe ushaka unenhlanzi noma isilwane esilisayo?"

Amandla amangazayo: umqondo wokuhogela, idivayisi ye-electroreceptor kanye nesistimu yomugqa olandelayo

Akunakwenzeka ukugcizelela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi uphuze oshaka. Lena enye yezinhlelo eziyisisekelo ezizwakalayo eziyisisekelo. Ukuhlolwa akubonisi nje ukuzwela okukhulu kwezinhlanzi kube yimpepho, kodwa kumangalisa ngempela. Ushaka ungabamba iphunga legazi lihlanjululwe emanzini ngesilinganiso esingu-1: 1,000,000, futhi njalo isebenzisa umuzwa wokuhogela lapho ufuna abalingani abaphangi noma ababeletha ngesikhathi sokubeletha. Ekunqumeni indawo yento, ngaphezu kwe-olfaction kakhulu, ezinye izitho nezinhlelo nazo zibandakanyeka: indlebe, ukufihla ukunambitheka, kanye nomugqa ongasemuva ongaphansi komzimba wezinhlanzi, okwazi ukuzwa ukunyakaza okungenakuqondakala komzimba kanye nokushintshashintsha kancane kwamanqamuzana emanzini , Futhi udlala indima ebalulekile ekuzingeleni, ekukhulumeni nabalingani kanye nokuqondisa.

Kukhona izinkolelo zesayensi ezingavunyelwe mayelana namakhono alaba badlali ukuze abambe iphunga elisakazwe emoyeni, okwaholela abacwaningi ekuziphatheni okungavamile kweshaka omhlophe. Uvame ukuphakamisa imbumbulu yakhe phezu kwamanzi amaningi, njengokungathi uyabetha.

Isayensi ifakaze ukuthi ikhono elihlukile lezingwezi ukuthola isisulu ngokuhamba kwemisipha yokuphefumula neyomzimba eyakhiwe yiyo, emasimini kagesi ngokucindezeleka okungadingekile. Ukuqaphela isikhathi eside ukufuduka kwezinhlobo ezithile zezilwane ezingaphezu kwamadola amade okwanele kuhamba ngendlela eqondayo okwenza kube lula ukukhomba amathuba okuhamba kwawo emkhakheni wamagnetic womhlaba.

Umbono

Ukungafani kwalowo omele imfuyo iphinde igcizelele isakhiwo esikhethekile sehlo, okuhlinzeka kokubili ukuvikelwa ekusebenziseni kwangaphandle kanye nokubonakala okuhle kakhulu. Izici zedivaysi yelungu lombono weshaka lihlanganisa nokuba khona kwekhulu elikhanyayo, elivala iso ngesikhathi sokuhlaselwa isisulu, ngaleyo ndlela livikele ekulimaleni. Ngenxa yobulungiswa, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi akuzona zonke izinhlobo ezinamajwabu amehlo. Laba bantu baqala amehlo lapho behlasela isisulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iso leshaka likhona ungqimba olukhethekile lokubukeka olulandelayo ngemuva kwe-retina, okufaka isandla ekuzweleni kwalesi sitho futhi ngokuphawulekayo kwandisa ubuciko obubonakalayo ngisho nasezimo eziphansi zokukhanya. Namuhla, isimo sokubona ezinye zezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ngokuphindaphinda kudlula umuntu akudingi ubufakazi.

Ukukhiqizwa koshaka

Ngokungafani nezinhlanzi eziningi zezinhlanzi ezikhiqiza izigidi zamaqanda, ukukhiqizwa kohlobo lwawo kushaki kuhloswe ngekhwalithi kunokuningi. Isici sezimpawu zezinhlanzi ezinamandla - ukukhulelwa kwangaphakathi, ukukhiqizwa kwamaqanda okusabalalisa nokuzalwa okuphilayo, kuncishise kakhulu ukufa kwezingane, okuvumela ukuba izinga eliphezulu lokusinda kanye nokuzala okuphansi.

Kuye ngezinhlobo zezilwane, oshaka bangaba yi-oviparous, viviparous ne-ovovivorous. Oviparous cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zazo zonke izinhlobo. Ngemuva kokukhulelwa kwangaphakathi, lo wesifazane ubeka amaqanda agcwele ungqimba we-proteinaceous gelatinous, evikelekile ngegobolondo elinzima, evikela okuqukethwe ekungcoleni amanzi kanye nomonakalo wangaphandle. Izithamo zezakhi eziseqanda likhulu kakhulu, azimeli ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa okugcwele kombungu, okufanele kuphawulwe, kude isikhathi eside. Njengomthetho, inani elincani lamaqanda lifakwa ngesikhathi esifanayo: kusuka ku-1 ukuya ku-12. Okuhlukile kuphela i- shark polar, efaka amaqanda angama-500 kuze kube ngu-8 cm ubude. Ukuthuthukiswa okuncane kombungu kukhishwa ngokuphindwe kabili - shark encane ehlotshisiwe iguqulwa ngokugcwele ukuze iphile futhi ihluke kumuntu omdala kuphela ngobukhulu.

Isici esikhethekile sokutshala amaqanda ukuthi, ukuhlwitha amaqanda okukhulelwa, intsha ihlala e-oviduct yomama isikhathi esithile, izalwe isithuthukile futhi ijwayele ukuhlala ngokuzimela. Ulwazi ngesikhathi sokubeletha kwezinzalo ezinhlobonhlobo ze-ovovivorous kudinga ukucaciswa. Ngokweminye imibiko, le nkathi ibanga kusukela ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kuya eminyakeni emibili, njenge-shark ebhaliwe, okuyinto irekhodi phakathi kwawo wonke ama-vertebrates.

Kufika kumibungu engama-30-80 ingaqala ngesikhathi esisodwa esibelethweni sabantu abaphila kahle. Kungakhathaliseki uhlobo lwe-shark nendlela yokukhiqiza, wonke umuntu uhlukaniswa nokukhiqizwa kwengane encane kodwa ekwazi ukuphila okuzimele.

I-Plankton Sharks

Eziningi zalezi zinhlanzi zisatshalaliswa olwandle nolwandle, zihlala ngobuningi bamanzi kusukela ebusweni kuze kufike ku-2 km, futhi zihlukaniswa njengezilwane ezimbi zangempela. Kodwa kulo mndeni kukhona okungafani: i-giant, enkulu, i-whale kanye nezinye izinhlobo zoshaka yi-filterers, ukudla nge-plankton, izinhlanzi ezincane kanye ne-squid.

Amakhulu amawhale nezinhlanzi ezinkulu, afinyelela ubude bamamitha angu-20 no-15, ngokulandelana. Ukuba yizinhlanzi ze-plankton, zihamba kancane kancane, zivula umlomo, maphakathi ne-accumankton accumulator, ukushayela amanzi ngokusebenzisa iminyango ye-gill enezikhala ezikhethekile-amapuleti, ukuhlunga amanzi amaningi futhi ukukhipha kuzo zonke iziphilayo eziphilayo ezinkulu kune-2 mm.

Kuqondene nokukhiqizwa kwezinhlobo ze-plankton ezincane kakhulu ezaziwa. Ngakho-ke, akukaziwa ngokuphelele kodwa impilo yeshaka enkulu. I-Whale - i-oviparous. Amaqanda abekwe yiwo afinyelela ubukhulu obukhulu kakhulu: ubude bungaba ngu-0.7 m, ububanzi - 0.4 m. Naphezu kobukhulu obukhulu, i-plankton-fish shark, isithombe esinikezwe kule ngqungquthela, akuyona neze enobudlova futhi iyashesha kakhulu.

Izwe lama-sharks liyamangalisa futhi lihlukile. Ezinye zazo zihola indlela engezansi yokuphila futhi zidla ama-crustaceans nezinambuzane ezingezansi, njengama-felines amancane, angaphezu kwe-1 imitha ubude. Into yokudoba yi-prickly shark-katran, isithombe esinikezwa nayo kulesi sihloko.

I-Katran yezohwebo

I-Katran, isakazwa kabanzi, yiyona kuphela ephilayo ehlala eLwandle Olumnyama. Le shark yolwandle iyabanda kakhulu futhi ayithandi amanzi afudumele. Mhlawumbe lokhu kuchaza ukuthi i-Black Sea Katran ayifinyelele imitha eyi-1 ubude, nakuba eNorth Sea ubukhulu bezinhlanzi ziyi-1.5-2 m. Ushaka oluthile alukwazi ukuphakama emanzini futhi angasondeli ogwini. Bahlala ekujuleni okwanele, behluleka baba ama-jambs amakhulu. Ama-cathars adla ama-invertebrates ngezansi nezinhlanzi ezingezansi - ukugcoba, ukushayela, ukuzingela ngempumelelo ama-anchovies anchovy.

Kuyamangalisa ukuthi uKatran uyinhlanzi edla amaqanda, okukhulelwa kwakhe kuqhubeka ngokumangalisayo kuze kube seminyaka emibili. Ama-Shark azalwe ngokuphelele ukulungele impilo yomuntu omdala. Ukungatholakali kubantu, bevikelekile futhi beqaphele, bakhula emphakathini omdala ngaphandle kwenkinga enkulu. Lawa sharki olwandle aphephile kubantu. Abalokothi bangasondeza ekugeza. Uhlelo olumangalisayo lomqondo ophuthumayo kakhulu wephunga kanye nomqondo wokushintshashintsha kwemvamisa kancane kusiza katran ukuba igweme ukuhlangana nabantu. Imfuyo yale nhlanzi isondela ogwini ngasekupheleni kwekwindla. Khona-ke isikhathi sokudoba siqala. Igama lesibili labashaki - eliyinkimbinkimbi - linikezwa ama-katrans hhayi ngeze. Le nhlanzi ingaletha inkathazo enkulu uma isuswa ku-trawl. Ayinayo izikali eziqinile kuphela, kodwa futhi izimpande ezibukhali phambi kwezingongolo zomzimba, ezingaphansi zazo eziyizinhlayiya ezinobuthi. Lapho uxhumane nabo, ungathola ingxenye yobuthi, nakuba engabhubhi, kodwa ukuletha ukuphazamiseka okuthile. I-Atlantic Ocean yikhulu kunazo zonke ekuthathweni kwe-catrat: ngezinye izikhathi kungenzeka ukuthi ubambe izinhlanzi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-20 ukuze zishaye.

I-sharck prickly ayiyona nje inhlanzi enhle kakhulu, iyethenda futhi iyasebenza ngempela. Ezingweni ezihlakaniphile zompheki omuhle, inyama katrana iphenduka izidlo ezinhle kakhulu, izitsha eziwusizo nesiphundu. Umthetho obaluleke kakhulu ekulungiseleleni inyama yowashiki ukukhipha igazi ngokusemthethweni ngokushesha ngemuva kokuba inhlanzi ibanjwe. Iqukethe i-ammonia enkulu. Uma ungaqedi igazi, umkhiqizo uzokonakala ungenathemba. Inzuzo yezitsha ezinjalo yiqiniso lokuthi inyama yabo ayinawo amathambo, ngoba le nhlanzi iyinhliziyo.

Izikhumba zama-cathars nazo zibalulekile. Izakhiwo ezikhukhulayo zezikhumba zazihlala zisetshenziselwa izimboni zezimboni eziningi: kubakhazi, abakhiqizi bezinkampani kanye nabahlanganyeli emikhawulweni.

I-Tiger Shark

Ukuqinisekisa ngokugcwele idumela lokuduma kwezilwandle ezinogwadule, i-tiger shark, evumela ukuba kube mhlophe ngenani lokuhlaselwa okuqoshiwe kubantu, lidlula kakhulu emaphesenti wokufa ngemva kokuhlangana nayo. Igama loshaka lithatha izici zalo zangaphandle. I-tiger shark (noma i-Tiger shark) ibizwa kanjalo ngenxa yezingxube ezibomvu ezihamba emgodini ongobuhlaza, obunamabala obuhlaza noma obuhlaza okomzimba, okugcina ekugqibeleni. Ekhetha amanzi angcolile, laba oshaka abavame ukuwela ngaphansi kwamamitha angu-300, amanzi abandayo awabakhondi nhlobo. Ubukhulu bezinhlanzi ezivelele - amamitha angu-7-8 ubude nesisindo se-ton - zibeke emgqeni wezinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu. Ukuma komzimba okwehliswayo ngekhanda elikhulu, imfucumfucu emihle kanye nezinhlaka eziyi-5, futhi umlomo omkhulu onamahlombe onamazinyo angama-280-300 aqoshiwe, kanye ne-lobe ephakeme kahle ye-caudal fin-yilokho okungekho okuphelele kwezinhlanzi.

Ama-tiger asemanzini ahlanganiswa nezindawo abazithandayo, abathandi ukushiya imingcele yabo. Ukuba izidumbu ezizimele, ngezinye izikhathi ama-tiger sharks abe ngamaqembu uma kukhona ukudla okwanele. Kodwa ngokuvamile ngokuvamile bajikeleza indawo yabo ngomunye.

Amagundane alawa mazilwane ezidalwa yizilwane ezincelisayo, amahlengethwa, izinhlanzi, izinhlanzi zamanzi kanye nabamele abancane bezinhlobo zazo. Ziyi-omnivorous kakhulu ukuthi okuqukethwe kwezidumbu zabo, okumele kubekwe izinto ezikude nokudla okuphilayo, kuyamangaza abacwaningi. Ngenxa yama-omnivor amaningi, ama-tiger sharks aye abizwa ngokuthi "ama-sea scavengers". Kodwa okungaphezu kwalokho okwenziwe ngabo yilokho ikhono emlonyeni ukuguqula isisu ngaphakathi kwamanzi, kukuvumela ukuba ulahle izinto ezingenasici, ezifana namathini, izikhwama, udoti ohlukahlukene.

Le shark eyingozi ibhekisela ezilwaneni eziphilayo zeqanda, zizalise inzalo yazo izinyanga ezingu-14-16 futhi zibeletha ngetayitela kuya ko-shark angu-80, kuze kube yingxenye yesigamu semitha.

Shark Omkhulu Omkhulu

Ithatha ezinkulu umhlaseli abe nolaka - Ushaka Omhlophe noma karharodon, eside futhi ngokuqinile nokubamba igunya esidabukisayo inani ukuhlaselwa abantu, itholakala amanzi ebusweni balo lonke ulwandle Zomhlaba, ngaphandle kwe-Arctic, zikhetha sezulu onomoya futhi efudumele. Ngo emanzini abandayo akutholakali, futhi akahlali amanzi zifakwe usawoti noma brackish. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-Sea aliveli karharodon. Cishe ukuhlangana oshaka esikhulu esimhlophe ogwini California eduze esiqhingini Mexican of Guadeloupe, e ngamazwe aseMedithera nase-Adriatic Sea, ngasogwini eNew Zealand, lapho angabawa ukubhukuda ngemihlambi encane. Izilwandle, lapho okwedlula zitholakala sea izingonyama noma izimvu zamanzi, wayemthanda ngokukhethekile kulezi eziyingozi. Nokho, kwase kuyisikhathi eside okukholakala ukuthi khona njalo elisogwini oshaka abamhlophe, kwaba ukuthi izinhlanzi uthuthe evela ogwini California kuya zindawo Afrika, uya ngonyaka engaphezu kwengu-20 eziyinkulungwane km.

Njengoba iningi umhlaseli ezinkulu yesimanje (ezinye zezinhlobo ukufinyelela ubude ngamamitha angaphezu kuka-10 nge isisindo emzimbeni amathani afinyelela ku 3.5), ushaka omhlophe akusho umhlatshelo yimuphi amathuba yokuphunyuka. igama layo ukuze lolu hlobo umbala liyadingeka izingxenye besisu - ukukhanya noma ukuvala-mhlophe. I amaphiko ingxenye ngemibala mnyama: grey, umbala ogqamile. Njengazo zonke izinhlobo ze-oshaka, ushaka omhlophe kungekho bubble air, echaza ukuhamba njalo zezinhlanzi.

Ukuze ukudla sihlobana olubandlululayo ezingaphezu kuka udade yayo ngwe yaseBengal. ushaka Small odla izinhlanzi naphakathi, ezincelisayo. Khula karharodony ekuzingeleni zamanzi, amahlengethwa, inhlanzi enkulu namalungu ezincane kwezinhlobo. I abadala ungadluli umkhomo abasha noma ogulayo, ngokuvamile ngesikhathi bafeza kuhlasela uhamba oluvelele Tactical, okufakazela khona amakhono zabo zomqondo kuphela. Lo shaka esiyingozi kudala wabonisa ukuthi kakhulu onzima ezingumphumela womkhiqizo.

Kancane kuyinto eyaziwayo mayelana nokuzala. Njengezinye izinhlobo eziningi kuba ovoviviparous nge sokukhulelwa lezinyanga 11, ngemva kwalokho kukhona 1-2 amawundlu ngiyijwayele impilo ezimele. Namuhla, inani labantu oshaka abamhlophe lincibilika ngokushesha, emhlabeni wonke kukhona izingcezu hhayi ningi than 3,500. Eziphilayo abalulwe Incwadi Red.

Sharks olwandle - umbukwane oluthakazelisayo oxosha ngesikhathi esifanayo. Umzimba womuntu ungakwazi futhi injabulo, futhi shí ukushaqeka. Ubani wabona hhayi kuphela izithombe oshaka, kodwa futhi umhlambi abazingeli ezimhlophe mathupha, ngeke ngikukhohlwe lokhu kuze kube phakade. Phela, ngisho imidwebo zezinhlanzi okuzingela ajabulise umcabango. Umhlaba oshaka - an amazing, kumnandi futhi iyingozi. Zasendulo nezanamuhla isidalwa kuhlangana nomzingeli enobudlova umthambo esilwaneni esiyingqayizivele, benze kunakwe, njalo udala mbuzo: "Shark - kuba inhlanzi noma isilwane?"