Imithetho yezemvelo kanye imiqondo yayo eziyisisekelo

Umqondo "ngemvelo" livela lesiGreki elithi "oikos" okusho "wahlala", "ukukhoseliswa", "ikhaya." Ngamunye ezihlukahlukene zabantu emhlabeni has zalo kwendawo okubizwa ngokuthi ekhaya. Ikakhulu, i-womuntu uye yaba yikhaya yonke le mbulunga enguMhlaba, kuhlanganise isikhala kwalo.

Imithetho kuqala kwemvelo ahanjiswe udokotela omkhulu lasendulo uHippocrates eminyakeni engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili edlule. Wakwazi ukuchaza hhayi kuphela umphumela oqondile sezulu, isimo sezwe, amanzi nezinkathi impilo abakhileyo ezindaweni ezahlukene, kodwa futhi zaba ngokuqhathanisa incazelo anthropological Amaqembu ezizwe abahlala kule Afrika, osogwini olusenyakatho-Asia nabaseYurophu iMedithera. Imisebenzi yakhe aqukethe ubufakazi obuningi ithonya yokuphila futhi yizici zemvelo ukwakheka zezimfanelo ezingokomoya futhi komzimba.

Kamuva, ekhulwini le-17, isayensi entsha - geography wezokwelapha. Useke wafunda umthelela izimo zezenhlalo nezemvelo linqoba ezindaweni ezahlukene, empilweni yomphakathi bezwe. Umsunguli walesi nezesayensi kwakungabantu udokotela Italian B. Rammatsini.

Ezinye umnikelo imithetho yezemvelo esethula usosayensi odumile Russian VI Vernadsky. Ngokusho definition wakhe we-Biosphere kuyinto igobolondo Zomhlaba lapho ukuphila eba ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo. Ngokuphambene ekhona ngesikhathi ibona ukuthi inkinga zomzimba - it is a isimbembembe unomphela yezimo ezithize, Vernadsky wafakazela ukuthi ophilayo ndaba uyakwazi ngempela ukushintsha kobuso iplanethi, ukwakha isimo semvelo ephelele evumayo zokuthuthukiswa yayo. inqubo ngamunye kuhlobene ngaphakathi uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. Futhi isintu kuphela ingxenye encane uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, futhi ngokushesha le ndoda ngokwakhe - kuwuhlobo izinto eziphilayo.

Futhi, lolu usosayensi omkhulu kungokwalabo lesembili isifundiso noosphere. Lo mqondo kusho qualitatively entsha isigaba - sphere isizathu noma "igobolondo Ukucabanga". Lona isigaba eliphakeme yentuthuko uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, ngokuqondile ahlobene ekuzalweni nokuthuthukiswa impucuko kuwo. I noosphere ziyinkathi lapho umsebenzi womuntu ezinengqondo iba isici ovelele kule ukuthuthukiswa planethi.

Noma yiliphi iqoqo izingxenye wezinto ezingaphili nezinto eziphilayo, okuvame ukuba bafeze lo wamabhayisikili ka ndaba, ngokuthi semvelo. Leli gama lalisetshenziselwa ehlongozwayo ngu Arthur Tansley ngo-1935. imithetho Social ngemvelo, noma, ngaphezulu nje, ngemvelo yomuntu, ukucacisa uhlobo ubuhlobo imvelo. Ngesisekelo ubudlelwane enjalo wabeka morfofiziologicheskie ukusabela komzimba womuntu ukuthonya imvelo e inqubo ontogeny.

Kukhona lezisekelo ahlukahlukene emvelweni, ezithinta ezihlukahlukene imikhakha yokuphila eziphilayo. Kodwa ngokuyinhloko yilezo zihlobene ngokuqondile ekuphileni nasempilweni yabantu. Ikakhulukazi, kungenzeka ukuhlonza imithetho main kwemvelo eziphathelene nempilo yabantu:

• imiphumela engaqinile ngokuvamile musa zibangele noma iyiphi izimpendulo uhlelo lwemvelo, kodwa akusho ukuthi ngenxa yokuzuza, abakwazi kubangele izinqubo ashukumisayo enobudlova futhi iyingozi.
• Buka yomzimba kukhona ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi ezungeze imvelo ihambisana ngokugcwele zonke ikhono zofuzo ukuzivumelanisa uhlobo emelelwa izinguquko zalo kanye ekushintshashintsheni.
• niche Ecological (indawo) kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo amelwe imvelo, kufanele zigcwaliswe. Ngokwesibonelo, ubhadane lwengculaza iye wabikezela ososayensi phambi ukuthola izimpawu namanxusa causative lesi sifo. Base lesi sibikezelo kwaba ukuthi uzowanqoba iningi izifo wobuntu liye esula niche semvelo.
• Biosphere impendulo. imithetho yezemvelo abanjalo ukuthi ukusetshenziswa izinhlelo zemvelo, akekho umuntu unelungelo eqe imikhawulo kuvunyelwe, ukuvumela lezi izinhlelo ukuze alondoloze ngokugcwele impahla esiyingqayizivele ukuzithiba, self-inhlangano nokuzihlonipha, ngokuba nezingxabano yesondlo. Kungenjalo, amandla impendulo ukuphikisana namandla emvelo njengoba kuphakeme kakhulu ithonya lomuntu.

Isayensi "ngemvelo" - iqoqo elikhulu kwemithetho okumele ilandelwe uma isintu ingafika ngokuvumelana nobunye nemvelo. Kodwa, ngeshwa, ngokuvamile dengwane esivuna nezifiso zabo siqu kanye nezidingo, futhi eziningi imithetho eyisisekelo ngemvelo kuthiwa nje indiva, elibangela nemiphumela cishe ungalungiseki nokubhujiswa omkhulu.